藥學(xué)英語上冊匯總

1、一、課文部分Unit One Text A Introduction to Physiology8 / 8文檔可自由編輯打印building blockconnective tissueepithelial tissueanabolismcatabolismdeoxyribonucleic acidglucoseglycogen gonad homeostasismatrixnitrogenosmolalityosmoreceptorpotassiumtrachea bronchi plasma membraneblood clottingglial cellatriaventriclecar

2、diovascular systemrespiratory systemgastrointestinal tracturinary tractreproductive system endocrinefecesglucagon gangliaembryobody fluidfertilized egg課文中句子（英譯漢）:1. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities; how it feeds, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spaw

3、ns new generations.它研究生物體如何進行各種活動，如何飲食，如何運動，如何適應(yīng)不斷改變的環(huán)境，如何繁殖后代。2. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology-the replication of the genetic code for example-many are specific to particular groups of organisms.盡管從生物學(xué)整個范疇看，生物體某些活動過程是相似的，如基因編碼的復(fù)制，但許多過程還是某些生物群體特有的。3. Althou

4、gh there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs.盡管我們對志愿者進

5、行了重要的生理研究，但是實驗條件需要精確控制，我們當(dāng)前大多生理知識源于對其他動物如青蛙、兔子、貓、狗等的研究。4. The heart consists of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles, which form a pair of pumps arranged side by side. The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air, while the left ventricle pum

6、ps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues.心臟有四個腔，其中有兩個心房和兩個心室，構(gòu)成了一對并排存在的泵。右心室將去氧的血液泵至肺中，血液在肺中吸收空氣中的氧氣，而左心室把從肺回流來的有氧血液泵出至身體其他部位，供應(yīng)給各組織。5. The carbon dioxide produced by the respiratory activity of the tissues is carried to the lungs by the blood in the pul

7、monary artery where it is excreted in the expired air. 組織呼吸活動中釋放的二氧化碳由肺動脈中的血液運送至肺，然后呼氣排除體外。6. This activity depends on electrical signals which, in turn, depend on the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the extracellular and intracellular fluids. If there is an excess of potassium in the

8、extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.這一活動取決于電信號，而電信號反過來決定于存在于細(xì)胞外和細(xì)胞內(nèi)體液中鈉和鉀離子的濃度。如果細(xì)胞外液中鉀離子過多，心肌細(xì)胞興奮性增強，從而引起不規(guī)律的收縮。7. If the body tissues are being built up, as is the case for growing children,

9、pregnant women and athletes in the early stages of training, the daily intake of protein is greater than the normal body turnover and the individual is in positive nitrogen balance.如果機體組織正處于生長期，比如生長期的兒童、孕婦和處于早期訓(xùn)練階段的運動員，那么蛋白質(zhì)的日常攝入量比正常機體所需要的多，此時個體處于正氮平衡狀態(tài)。8. A negative feedback loop is a control syste

10、m that act to maintain the level of some variables within a given range following a disturbance. A feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables. Thus an osmoreceptor should respond to changes in osmolality of the body

11、 fluids but not to changes in body temperature or blood pressure.負(fù)反饋環(huán)是在機體出現(xiàn)紊亂時，將一些變量控制在限定范圍內(nèi)的一個控制系統(tǒng)。負(fù)反饋需要一種能對不確定的變量作出反應(yīng)而對其他生理變量不應(yīng)答的感受器。因此，滲透壓感受器能對機體體液滲透的變化產(chǎn)生應(yīng)答，而不是對體溫和血壓的變化產(chǎn)生應(yīng)答。9. The body is actually a social order of about 100 trillion cells organized into different functional structure, some of w

12、hich are called organs. Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostasis conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live

13、and function properly.機體實際上是把100萬億個細(xì)胞組成了不同的功能結(jié)構(gòu)的社會秩序，其中一些功能結(jié)構(gòu)被稱為器官。每個功能結(jié)構(gòu)或多或少維持著細(xì)胞外液即內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)。只要內(nèi)環(huán)境處于正常狀態(tài)，機體細(xì)胞就繼續(xù)生存并正常運行。課后漢譯英：1.我們每天攝入的食物必須滿足需要，任何多余的東西必須排出體外才能維持平衡。Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained.2. 人類細(xì)胞有將大分子分解成小分子的能力，從而為自身活動釋

14、放足夠的能量。Humen cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for thier activities.Unit Three Text B The other side of antibioticspersonal experienceointmentmumpsmeaslesfungichemotherapyantimicrobial agentstaphylococcuserythromycinbactericidal agentb

15、acteriostatic agentpara-aminosalicylic acidisoniazidaseptic measureprevalenceanaphylactic reactiontetracyclinechloramphenicolmastitisprecautiondiarrheaanalcross-infectionsuper-infectionstreptomycincomplicationstuberculosislong-range valuecure-allsnarrow-spectrumbroad-spectrumcurrently available medi

16、cineantibioticsanaphylactic reactionacquired resistanceallergydosage form課文句子：1. Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be iso

17、lated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs. The American press, radio and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. 抗生素可以消除或者控制很多種感染疾病，以致幾乎每人生病時都習(xí)慣于使用它而受益，但是如果一個人沒有這樣的親身經(jīng)歷，他必定是離群索居

18、才會不知道這些特效藥物或真實或推測的優(yōu)點。美國的出版物、電臺或電視臺用大量的篇幅報道了有關(guān)對細(xì)菌的化學(xué)戰(zhàn)中獲得的這些顯著成績。2. Anaphylactic reaction happens less frequently and is less severe when the antibiotics is given by mouth. It is most apt to occur in people with a history of allergy, or a record of sensitivity to penicillin. Other untoward reactions t

19、o antibiotics are gastrointestinal disorderssuch as sore mouth, cramps, diarrhea or anal itchwhich occur most frequently after use of the tetracycline group but have also been encountered after use of penicillin and streptomycin. These reactions may result from suppression by the antibiotic of bacte

20、ria normally found in the gastrointestinal tract. With their competition removed, antibiotic-resistant staphylococci or fungi, which also are normally present, are free to flourish and cause what is called a super-infection. Such infection can be extremely difficult to cure.口服抗生素將使過敏頻率降低或降低嚴(yán)重性。青霉素過敏

21、或有過敏史者更容易發(fā)生。3. However, these drugseven allowing for the diverse abilities of the many narrow-spectrum ones and the versatility of the broad-spectrum onesare not the cure-alls they often are billed as being. In addition, some microorganisms originally sensitive to the action of antibiotics, especial

22、ly staphylococcus, have developed resistant strains. This acquired resistance imposed on the long-range value of the drugs a very important limitation, which is not adequately met by the frequent introduction of new antimicrobial agents to combat the problem.課后漢譯英：2.制藥工業(yè)在探索和開發(fā)新藥的同時還要對抗現(xiàn)有抗生素不斷增長的微生物耐

23、藥性，這將是一條漫長的道路。3.應(yīng)該大力鼓勵醫(yī)生、制藥業(yè)以及公眾態(tài)度的改變。必須將抗生素視為一種應(yīng)被謹(jǐn)慎使用并且僅在真正必需時才使用的寶貴資源。Unit Four Text B Adverse drug reactionsetiologyatopybenoxaprofendexfenfluraminedigoxinfelbamatefenfluramineherbicideimpotenceintracraniallethargymandatoryneonatenephropathyneurolepticpathophysiologypolymorphismtemafloxacintranqu

24、illizertroglitazonewarfarin課文句子：1.Type A reactions, which constitute the great majority of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drugs main pharmacological effect(e.g.bleeding from warfarin) or a low herapeutic index(e.g.nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.2.S

25、uch reactions are usually due to incorrect dosage(too much or too long), for the individual patient or to disordered pharmacokinetics, usually impaired drug elimination. The term “side-effects” is often applied to minor type A reactions.3.The underlying pathophysiology of type B reactions is poorly

26、if at all understood, and often has a genetic or immunological basis. 4.Exposure to drugs in the population is thus substantial, and the incidence of adverse reactions must be viewed in this context.5.It would detect rare but severe adverse drug reactions, but would not be overwhelmed by common ones

27、, the incidence of which would quantify together with predisposing factors.6.The problem of adverse drug reaction recognition is much greater if the reaction resembles spontaneous disease in the population, such that physician are unlikely to attribute the reaction to drug exposure. The numbers of p

28、atients that must be exposed to enable such reactions to be detected are probably greater than those quoted by more than one or two orders of magnitude.課后漢譯英： 1.從臨床來看，大多數(shù)藥物的不良反應(yīng)屬于A型不良反應(yīng)，它主要是由藥物的主要藥理作用或者低治療指數(shù)引起的。2.無法從藥物的主要藥理作用預(yù)期到、與藥物劑量無關(guān)、較嚴(yán)重且死亡率高的不良反應(yīng)叫做B型不良反應(yīng)。Unit Five Text A Combinatorial chemistry

29、and new drugstrillionpathogenpolystyrenepharmacopoeiatrial and errorremedyalkaloidsteroidneurotransmitterendocrine hormonesulphonamidehydrophobichydrophilic課文句子：1.To fight disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organism2.They typically begin by lookin

30、g for signs of a desired activity in almost anything they can find, such as diverse collections of synthetic compounds or of chemicals derived from bacteria, plants or other natural sources.3.By performing dozens or sometimes hundreds of reactions at the same time and then testing to see whether the

31、 resulting peptides would bind to the particular antibody of interest, he rapidly found the active peptides from a large universe of possible molecule.4.Chemists often start a combinatorial synthesis by attaching the first set of building blocks to inert, microscopic beads made of polystyrene(often

32、referred to as solid support).5.The trade off, however, is that keeping track of such large number of compounds and then testing them for biological activity, can become quite complicated.6. Scientists can pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, using se

33、nsitive detection techniques, determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit Seven Text A BiopharmaceuticsAdministerAqueousArterialBioavailabilityCapillaryCirculationDissolutionDynamicEndotheliumGelatinHepaticIntramuscularIntravenousMesentericPermeationPeroralPlasmaPortalProdrugStabili

34、tySuspensionVenousEquilibriumAssayEliminationAbsorptiondosage formgastrointestinal barrierhepatic portal circulation課文句子：1.In the case of systemically acting drug(i.e. drugs that reach these sites via the systemic circulation)，it is generally accepted for clinical purposes that a dynamic equilibrium

35、 exists between the concentration of drug at its site(s) of action and the concentration of drug in blood plasma.2.Strictly speaking, the concentration of drug in plasma water (i.e. protein-free plasma) is a more accurate index of drug concentration at the site(s) of action than the concentration of

36、 drug in whole plasma since a drug may often bind in a reversible manner to plasma protein.3.Only drug which is unbound(i.e. dissolved in plasma water) can pass out of the plasma through the capillary endothelium and reach other body fluids and tissues and hence its site(s) of action. Drug concentra

37、tion in whole blood is also not considered to be an accurate indirect index of the concentration of drug at its site(s) of action since drug can bind to and enter blood cells. 4.It has been assumed that the plasma drug concentration is directly proportional to the clinical effect of that drug.5.Apar

38、t from the intravenous rout of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routs of administering systemically acting drugs involve the absorption of drug from the place of administration into the blood.6.The fraction of an administered dose of drug

39、 that reaches the systemic circulation in unchanged form is known as the bioavailable dose.7.This definition of bioavailability would not be valid in the case of a prodrug, whose therapeutic action normally depends on it being converted into its therapeutically active form prior to or on reaching th

40、e systemic circulation.8.Hence according to the definition of bioavailability, an administered dose of a particular drug in an oral dosage form will be 100%bioavailable only if the drug is completely released from the dosage form into solution in the gastrointestinal fluids.9.Thus any factor which a

41、dversely affects either the release of the drug from the dosage form, its dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids, its stability in the gastrointestinal fluids, its permeation through and stability in the gastrointestinal barrier or its stability in the hepatic portal circulation will influence t

42、he bioavailability exhibited by that drug from the dosage form in which it was administered.課后漢譯英：1.吸收是藥物自用藥部位進入血液循環(huán)的過程。除直接注入血管者外，一般的給藥方法都要經(jīng)過細(xì)胞膜的轉(zhuǎn)運。3.藥物在體內(nèi)分布多數(shù)是不均勻的，且處于動態(tài)平衡狀態(tài)中，即隨藥物的吸收與排泄不斷地變化著。4.藥物進入血液后或多或少地將于血漿蛋白結(jié)合，但這種結(jié)合時疏松的，可逆的，經(jīng)常處于動態(tài)平衡。5. 生物利用度是指不同劑型的藥物吸收進入體循環(huán)的相對分量與速度。它與藥物作用的強度與速度有關(guān)。Unit Nine Tex

43、t A Nonclinical Development of Biopharmaceuticalsanalogmonoclonal antibodyantidrugantigenlymphocytecoagulationcytokinephenotypegenotypeglycoproteinimmunogenicityimmunotoxicityinterleukinliganddeoxynucleotideheterogeneityhomologyinsulinaffinityantisensebioassaybiomarkercounterpart,crossreactivitycros

44、s-recognitiondownstreamhybrid課文句子：1.Modern biologics are biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals(also designated as “biopharmaceuticals”, “biotech drug” or “biotherapeutics”) comprising different compound classes.2.mABs are becoming more prominent and now represent the majority of biologics with more

45、than 150 compounds(30%50% of all biologics in development) in company-sponsored clinical studies. Antibody fragments and fusion proteins have great potential as innovative therapeutic agents with their targeted therapy approach versus functional approaches.3.As is the case for small molecules, some

46、toxicology studies do not necessarily have to be performed before first use in human but can be performed at later stages.4.Immunogenicity as an inherent property of large molecules, like biologics, complicates the nonclinical testing strategy and needs an adapted experimental, as well as bioanalyti

47、cal, testing strategy.5.By contrast, biologics require several types of assay for quantification of the protein itself, its biological activity and the detection and characterization of binding ADAs, neutralizing ADAs and, if necessary(especially for clinical sample analysis), assays to monitor anti

48、bodies that might have been generated in response to host cell proteins and/or other(high molecular) impurities or compound constituents(e.PEG moieties).6.When developing a PK assay strategy, the needs of the nonclinical and clinical development program have to be considered, such as sensitivity of

49、the assay based on nonclinical and estimated clinical dose, planed combination treatments, estimated target levels, PK/PD modeling approaches and so on.7.Looking beyond assay technologies, sample-clean procedures routinely used for small molecules(e.g. solvent extraction and affinity chromatography)

50、 can usually not be used for biologics.8.These assays might suffer from lack of specificity owing to the potentially confounding influence of substances that modulate the biological activity of the compound of interest.9.This is because adequate exposure needed for specific treatment regimens can be hindered by the formation of antidrug antibodies(ADAs) with drug neutralizing or accelerated clearance.10.With molecular weight ranges above those of small molecules, biologics usually cause