持續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞4頁(yè)

1、持續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)詞有持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間性動(dòng)詞之分，使用中應(yīng)注意兩者的區(qū)別。持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作可持續(xù)一段時(shí)間，此類動(dòng)詞有 do, live, have, keep, wear, sleep, wait, work, play, stay, know, sing, dance, write, study, rest, talk, walk等.瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞表示不能持續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束，此類動(dòng)詞有 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, leave, move, borrow, buy, die, lend,

2、 join, catch, get, win, fail等 一、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。常見(jiàn)的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。二、瞬間性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在一瞬間，非常短暫。亦稱終止性動(dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, e

3、nter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及瞬間性動(dòng)詞。三、用法1、以上兩類動(dòng)詞都能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已結(jié)束，例如：He has studied English for three years.（他學(xué)英語(yǔ)已有3年了。）He has joined the Party.（他已入黨了。）Mum isnt at hom

4、e. She has gone to the library.（媽媽不在家，她去圖書館了。）2、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中能與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，而瞬間性動(dòng)詞則不能。例如：His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.（他的父母跟老師談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。）My mother has lain in bde for 3 days.（我母親生病臥床已經(jīng)三天了。）My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.（我父母親從1950年起就住在上海了。）3、瞬間性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中如要與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連

5、用，通常有兩種方法： （1）用意思相當(dāng)?shù)某掷m(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)替換，例如：He has been in the army/a soldier for htree years.（他參軍已有3年了。）不能用has joinedShe has been up for quite some time.（她起床已有好久了。）不能用has got up Has your brother been away from home for a long time?（你哥哥離家已有好久了嗎？）不能用has left （2）用it issince結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換瞬間動(dòng)詞，例如：電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)映5分鐘了。（兩種方法）The film h

6、as been on for five minutes.Its five minutes since the film began.他離開(kāi)上海已有3天了。（兩種方法）He has been away from Shanghai for three days.It is three days since he left Shanghai.這本書我還給圖書館已有兩周了。（一種方法）Its two weeks since I returned the book to the library.他找到他妹妹已有多久了？（一種方法）How long is it since be found his sis

7、ter?4、瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，例如：I havent seen you for a long time.（好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)到你了。初中課本中的常用瞬間動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞關(guān)系如下：1、gobe away 2、comebe here3、come backbe back 4、leavebe away（be not here）5、buyhave 6、borrowkeep7、diebe dead 8、beginbe on9、finishbe over 10、openbe open11、closebe closed 12、losebe lost13、get to knowknow 1

8、4、turn onbe on15、get upbe up 16、sit downsit/be seated17、joinbe in（）或be amember18、becomebe二者轉(zhuǎn)化a)用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞代替終止性動(dòng)詞 1、用have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has yo

9、ur sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be形容詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1、bemarried代marry 2、beill代fall (get) ill 3、bedead代die 4、beasleep代fall (get) asleep 5、beawake代wake/wake up 6、begone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、beopen代open 8、be closed代

10、close/shut 9、bemissing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be副詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1“beon”代start,begin 2“beup”代get up 3“beback(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be介詞短語(yǔ)”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army

11、3.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替move to常用的就是：leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold。瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞是由動(dòng)詞本身的詞匯意義內(nèi)含的動(dòng)作行為特征確定的，它表示的動(dòng)作行為是瞬時(shí)發(fā)生并完成的，動(dòng)作本身沒(méi)有持續(xù)性。由于其瞬時(shí)終止性，也被稱

12、為終止動(dòng)詞。這類動(dòng)詞嚴(yán)格意義上不能與表示時(shí)段的持續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一起使用，也不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。如果定要用與持續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，則必須把瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞改為相對(duì)應(yīng)的狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞或持續(xù)動(dòng)詞或用It is+持續(xù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)+since+含瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，而用在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中則句意發(fā)生改變。瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞上述語(yǔ)法特征在英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞運(yùn)用中易被忽視而出錯(cuò)。下面以瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞在幾種時(shí)態(tài)中的運(yùn)用分別加以說(shuō)明。一、瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中的用法瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中的用被稱為瞬間現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作的完成與說(shuō)話幾乎是同時(shí)的，轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝，甚至可以是語(yǔ)音未落，動(dòng)作已完成。這一用法常見(jiàn)于快速體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的實(shí)況報(bào)導(dǎo)中。如：1、Jennings shoo

13、ts and yes，its a goal .The crowd are cheering and the other players are running up to congratulate him.詹寧斯射出了一球，哦，好，正中目標(biāo)。觀眾歡呼起來(lái)，其他的隊(duì)員也跑向他向他祝賀。2、Tom passes the ball to Jim,Jim shoots and the goalkeeper leaps for it but Yes ,its a goal. 湯姆傳球給吉姆，吉姆射門，守門員躍起救球，但是球仍射進(jìn)球門。瞬間現(xiàn)在時(shí)也常見(jiàn)于戲法表演、實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)操作等解說(shuō)詞中。如：1、Now I

14、 put the cake mixture into this bowl and a drop of vanilla essence. 現(xiàn)在我把蛋糕混合物放進(jìn)碗里，還有一點(diǎn)香油。2、I place the test tube over the flames ;now you can see that the liquid is beginning to change colour. 我把試管置于火焰上；現(xiàn)在你可以看到液體開(kāi)始變色了。瞬間現(xiàn)在時(shí)還常見(jiàn)于一些專門和日常用語(yǔ)中。如：1、I declare the meeting open.我宣布會(huì)議開(kāi)始。(會(huì)議主持人的正式用語(yǔ))2、I pronoun

15、ce you man and wife. 我宣布你們結(jié)為夫妻。（牧師證婚用語(yǔ)）3、I sentence you to ten year imprisonment.我宣布判你入獄十年。(法官宣判用語(yǔ))4、We promise you a bike.我們答應(yīng)給你買輛自行車。5、I wish you all a happy New Year.我祝你們新年快樂(lè)。上述專門用語(yǔ)或日常用語(yǔ)一般都用第一人稱和表示說(shuō)話動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞表示與說(shuō)話時(shí)間幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生和守成短暫行為。可作類似用法的詞還有：agree, apologize, deny, name, object, say, suggest, sympath

16、ize, acknowledge.瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)和一般將來(lái)時(shí)用法則表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某個(gè)瞬間或?qū)?lái)某個(gè)瞬間完成或會(huì)完成的動(dòng)作行為，如：1、I met an old friend yesterday.昨天我遇見(jiàn)一位老朋友。2、She will arrive at five oclock.她會(huì)在5點(diǎn)鐘到達(dá)。二、瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的用法瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中分兩種情況：一種沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，一種跟有表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。前者的用法同瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞在一般時(shí)態(tài)中的用法。如：1、John left here at six oclock .約翰在6點(diǎn)鐘離開(kāi)這兒。John has left here.約翰已離開(kāi)這兒

17、了。2、The film began at eight oclock .電影在8點(diǎn)鐘開(kāi)映。   The film has begun.電影已開(kāi)映了。延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)與瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí)，表示的時(shí)間延續(xù)段始于動(dòng)詞發(fā)生時(shí)，越過(guò)說(shuō)話時(shí)刻，向?qū)?lái)時(shí)域延續(xù)到狀語(yǔ)確定的時(shí)間盡頭，說(shuō)明結(jié)果狀態(tài)的持續(xù)，而不是說(shuō)明動(dòng)作本身的持續(xù)，翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)有明顯改變。如：1、I have exchanged job with him for tow months.我跟他調(diào)換了工作，為期兩個(gè)月。（不能譯為：我跟他調(diào)換工作已有兩個(gè)月。）2、Father has come back for three da

18、ys.父親回來(lái)了，準(zhǔn)備呆三天。（不能譯為：父親已回來(lái)三天了。）3、The secretary has gone out for the day.秘書外出了，要在外面呆一天。（不能譯為：秘書已出去一天了。）4、The police have suspended his driving license for one year.警察已吊銷了他的駕駛執(zhí)照，為期一年。（不能譯為：警察已吊銷他的駕駛執(zhí)照一年了。）從上述例句可以看出，用于瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間，因?yàn)檠永m(xù)到將來(lái)時(shí)域，所以總是計(jì)劃性的。這種計(jì)劃性只適用于瞬間意志行為動(dòng)詞，即動(dòng)作發(fā)生的結(jié)果狀態(tài)的持續(xù)可以人為支配的瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)

19、詞。所以延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)只能與瞬間意志行為動(dòng)詞連用，表示結(jié)果狀態(tài)的持續(xù)時(shí)間，而非動(dòng)作的持續(xù)時(shí)間。至于瞬間偶發(fā)事件動(dòng)詞，其一般時(shí)可以與延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則不能。比較：1、I lost my pen for a while.我的筆丟過(guò)一陣子。   I have lost my pen for a while.(×)2、Our business stopped growing for three months.我們的業(yè)務(wù)有3個(gè)月沒(méi)有增長(zhǎng)。Our business stopped growing for three months. (×)3、The

20、fog grounded the airplanes at the airport for 12 hours.大霧把飛機(jī)困在機(jī)場(chǎng)達(dá)12個(gè)小時(shí)之久。The fog has grounded the airplanes at the air-port for 12 hours. (×)至于瞬間永久結(jié)果動(dòng)詞，其任何時(shí)態(tài)都不能飾以延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如不能說(shuō)：1、The man has died for many years 2、The flood has destroyed the bridge for several months. 3、have received the letter fo

21、r a week now. 4、She has killed the chicken for 30 minutes now. 而對(duì)始于過(guò)去某時(shí)延續(xù)到目前為止的時(shí)間，瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞應(yīng)以下列形式表達(dá)：1、I exchanged jobs with him two months ago./ It is has been two months since I exchanged jobs with him.我是兩個(gè)月前跟他調(diào)換工作的。/我跟他調(diào)換工作已有兩個(gè)月了。2、How long ago did you get up?/How long have you been up?你起床多久了？3、The ma

22、n died many years ago./The man has been dead for many years.那人去世許多年了。4、I received the letter a week ago./Its been a week since I received the letter.我一個(gè)星期前接到這封的。這封信我已接到了一個(gè)星期了。上述例句中，把一些瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞改成表示狀態(tài)或持續(xù)動(dòng)詞后，就可以與持續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。下面是一些常用瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞與其對(duì)應(yīng)的狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞或持續(xù)動(dòng)詞。come be   go be    leave be away

23、(from) begin be on   buy have   borrow keep marry be married   die be dead   put on wear 1、John has come here.約翰已來(lái)這里了。   John has been here for three days.約翰已來(lái)這里三天了。2、The Greens have gone to Canada.格林一家去了加拿大。   The Greens have been in Canada for a week.格林一家去加拿大已一周了。3、She has left the city.她已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了這個(gè)城市。   She has been away from the city for one year.她已經(jīng)離開(kāi)這個(gè)城市有兩年了。4、The film has begun.電影已開(kāi)映了。&