新托福寫作（提高）教程

1、.新托福寫作（提高）教程Contents (目錄)Unit One: 議論文寫作提高技能l Lesson One: 分析命題，寫出論點(diǎn)句 l Lesson Two: 辨別議論文類別 (新托福考試中涉及的四種議論文)l Lesson Three: 尋找有利證據(jù)并列出提綱l Lesson Four: 寫作實(shí)題練習(xí)一l Lesson Five: 寫作實(shí)題練習(xí)二l Lesson Six: 寫作實(shí)題練習(xí)三Unit Two: 綜合寫作提高技能l Lesson One: 綜合寫作中閱讀篇與聽力篇之間關(guān)系詳解l Lesson Two: 二種綜合寫作模板l Lesson Three: 模擬練習(xí)l Lesson

2、Four: 實(shí)題練習(xí)一l Lesson Five: 實(shí)題練習(xí)二l Lesson Six: 實(shí)題練習(xí)三l Lesson Seven: 實(shí)題練習(xí)四附錄1：四類議論文分別舉例說明：附錄2：議論文范文28篇新托福寫作綜述新托福寫作部分變化比較大。 舊托?？荚囍兄挥幸黄h論文寫作。新托福在此基礎(chǔ)上又新推出了一篇綜合寫作。綜合寫作要求考生先讀一篇文章，再聽一段與閱讀文章有關(guān)的聽力，然后在此基礎(chǔ)上寫出一篇綜合文章。綜合文章要總結(jié)出閱讀和聽力中的要點(diǎn)，并對(duì)二篇文章中的要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較，說明二者之間的關(guān)系。新托福中對(duì)議論文寫作的要求與舊托福一致。 insightfulnessWriting Section 寫作部分

3、Task寫作要求Based on寫作素材Type of Task寫作類型Timing時(shí)間Recommended length字?jǐn)?shù)要求Integrated Writing Task綜合寫作Read a passage and listen to a related lecture讀一篇文章，聽一段與文章有關(guān)的錄音Summarize and compare lecture and passage總結(jié)、比較閱讀與聽力Reading: 3 minutes閱讀：3分鐘Lecture: 2 minutes聽力：2分鐘Writing: 20 minutes寫作：20分鐘150-225 words150-22

4、5個(gè)字Independent Writing Task獨(dú)立寫作Your own knowledge and experience個(gè)人知識(shí)與經(jīng)歷Give your opinion of an issue or express your personal preference對(duì)某一問題發(fā)表個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)或表達(dá)個(gè)人偏好30 minutes30分鐘300 words300字l Lesson Four: Argumentation 議論文 thesis paper議論文寫作包括以下種類：l 駁斥性議論文 Refutation essay l 分析性議論文 Analysis essayl 評(píng)論性議論文 Comm

5、ent Essayl 理由性議論文 Reason-Statement Essayl1) 駁斥性議論文 Discuss the pros and cons, advantages and advantages etc.w 駁斥性議論文: 有爭(zhēng)議的觀點(diǎn) w Should Capital Punishment be abolished? Anti-abortion = anti-killing pro-abortion pro-choicew Does money mean everything? w Although abuses of the system are inevitable, soc

6、ial welfare payments are essential to protect the rights citizens have to a guaranteed minimum income in a democratic society. Discussw Many people think the main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and it is the waste of resources and space to provide expensive hi-tech media such as com

7、puter software, DVD and video. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?范文：(加駁斥段)Many people think the main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and it is the waste of resources and space to provide expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, DVD and video. To what

8、 extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs are being increasingly introduced to public libraries. Some people start to argue that limited space and resources should not be wasted on these media. However, I personally think hi-tech med

9、ia should be encouraged, for the good of both the libraries and the general public.(thesis statement) First and foremost, people go to libraries in order to fulfill their thirst for knowledge and information, in which case the library itself has become the place where the latest technology is first

10、introduced to the general public. The use of hi-tech media such as computer software enables people to get real life experiences of the latest technological achievements, which were once only read in books. Furthermore, hi-tech media e.g. computer software, videos and DVDs can store information long

11、er than traditional means. Since one of the major functions of libraries is to provide information, the longer the storage of information, the better. In terms of space saving, hi-tech media can actually save space. Take for example the Encyclopedia Britannica, a traditional set consists of over 30

12、volumes and take about one complete shelf section to store all these volumes. But a small computer disc is enough to store all these information. This particular example clearly demonstrates the advantages of hi-tech media over traditional books and publicatons in views of space saving. In fact, if

13、all information were stored by hi-tech media, the libraries could provide us with a lot more information. Some people argue against hi-tech media. They say hi-tech media waste library space. They say so because they dont really comprehend the words “hi-tech media”. Their arguments are really made ou

14、t of ignorance. In my opinion, to argue against hi-tech media is comparable to argue against human development. To sum up, hi-tech media have proved to be beneficail for both the library and the readers; it is an investment, which will be worthwhile in the future. 范文：(通篇駁斥)范文：It is often said that t

15、he subjects taught in schools are too academic in orientation and that it would be more useful for children to learn about practical matters such as home management, work, and interpersonal skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?A criticism often heard these days is that the subjects taught

16、 in schools tend to be too academic, and contribute little to preparing a young person for the real-life tasks he or she will have to perform after graduation. They say that academic subjects are rooted in the past, and are not useful for solving modern problems. I disagree with this point of view f

17、or three reasons.My first reason is that it is the duty of parent, not teachers, to prepare their children to deal with the practical affairs of life. The home, not the classroom, is the ideal place to learn about home management and interpersonal skills. As for work abilities and attitudes, they ar

18、e best learned “On the job” and under the supervision of an experienced older worker.My second reason is that academic subjects have withstood the test of time. They represent the accumulated wisdom of our ancestors down through the ages, and, far from being impractical, they equip us with the knowl

19、edge and confidence to make sound judgments about any problems that may crop up. In addition, academic subjects are good for training us in mental discipline, while practical subjects are weak in this regard.My third reason is based on the saying “Man doesnt live by bread alone.” Schooldays devoted

20、solely to instruction in down-to-earth practical matters would be dull indeed! Lessons in the best literature of the world and the epoch-making scientific and geographical discoveries of the past enrich our lives and make us feel that we are part of the great family of mankind.All in all, the teachi

21、ng of academic subjects in schools is entirely appropriate. It is my firmly held view that practical subjects have no place in the classroom. On the contrary, the curriculum should be more academic! 2) 分析性議論文 Analysis essayw 分析性議論文: 分析所討論的事務(wù)或觀點(diǎn)的性質(zhì). 闡述其重要性, 正確性, 必要性或荒謬性, 危害性.w The benefits of making

22、friends of different kinds insightfulnessw The importance of making cities greener w The harmful effects of heavy exposure to TVw In many countries, more and more young people are leaving school and unable to find jobs after graduation. What problems do you think youth unemployment will cause to the

23、 individual and the society? Give reasons and make some suggestions. (2006年3月18日)范文：It is generally acknowledged that families are now not as close as they used to be. Give possible reasons and your recommendations.There is much discussion nowadays as to whether or not the relationship among family

24、members is as close as before. Diverse contributing factors can be identified. In the following I would like to present my point of view.Great changes have taken place in family life along with the development of society. One of them is that the once-extended family tends to become smaller and small

25、er. Many children have to leave their parents at an early age to study or work elsewhere. As time passes, children become emotionally estranged from their parents.Compared with the past, social competition is becoming increasingly fierce. People are urged to concentrate their efforts upon work, so t

26、hat they can achieve success, or at least afford a reasonable standard of living. As a result, they cant afford to spend their leisure hours with their families. The importance of bonds of kinship is gradually fading from their minds.In addition, the availability of various kinds of recreational fac

27、ilities also diverts people from enjoying chats with family members. Their free time is mostly occupied by watching TV, surfing the Internet or playing video games. They come to lose interest in communicating with the other members of their families.In view of such alienation within families, I beli

28、eve that urgent steps must be taken. For members of families who live away from one another, regular contact on the phone can bring them the care they need. Family reunions on holidays or other important occasions can make a difference as well. For those living together, it is a good idea to take so

29、me time off work to spend time with family members. In the final analysis, a close family relationship can surely be maintained as long as we realize the significant role it plays in our lives and attach great importance to it. 3) 評(píng)論性議論文 Comment Essayw 評(píng)論性議論文: 即開放型議論文, 因?yàn)槲恼轮皇强陀^的分析和評(píng)論某一事物的正反兩方面, 或在某一

30、問題上反映出的二種不同看法, 并不下結(jié)論. 常用以評(píng)論電視, 電腦, 安樂死等很難絕對(duì)說好或不好的主題.w Discuss the causes and some effects of widespread drug use by young people in modern day society. Make any recommendations you feel are necessary to help fight youth drug abuse.w Youth drug use is a major problem, but reasons are not clear. Some

31、of the possible reasons are -w Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students how to judge right and wrong and how to behave well. Some say hat teachers should only teach students about academic subjects. Discuss both views and give your opinion.(2006年3月25日)范文：With the i

32、ncreasing popularity of computers and calculators, student literacy is decreasing dramatically. What are the positive and negative effects the progress of science and technology has brought about?It has been widely noted that with the growing use of computers and calculators both in the classroom an

33、d in the home, the level of literacy and mathematical ability of students is dropping. This raises serious doubts about the value of the progress of science and technology. In the following I will discuss the pros and cons of this question.First of all, advances in science and technology have certai

34、nly brought about many benefits for mankind. They have made our lives more comfortable and healthier. In addition, they have eased the burden of work for most people and provided them with more leisure opportunities, while at the same time increasing productivity dramatically. Nevertheless, it can n

35、ot be denied that technology has some negative side-effects. As mentioned above, with computers which check spelling, grammar and calculation for them, students have little incentive to learn how to do these things by themselves. Also the availability of TV programs and videos encourages an unhealth

36、y, sedentary lifestyle.Another aspect of this issue is that technology may be good or bad, depending on how we use it. For instance, dynamite may be used to make road construction easier, or it may be used to kill people. Again, nuclear reactors can supply huge amounts of cheap electricity, but if t

37、hey are carelessly handled they can cause devastating pollution.We can conclude that the progress of science and technology has both positive and negative effects. What we must do is make sure the positive ones are encouraged and the negative ones are eliminated as far as possible. Among other thing

38、s, this means that students are warned not to let computers and calculators do all their work for them. Insightfulness4) 理由性議論文 Reason-Statement Essayw 理由性議論文: 先表明態(tài)度和立場(chǎng), 然后列舉理由w Why do I prefer to spend most of my time reading?w Why do I prefer to live in a big city instead of a small town?w Why tea

39、ching is the job I like best? Marching into the 21st century, what, in your opinion, is the greatest invention of the 20th century? Why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.范文：(2001年5月考題)As we march into the twenty-first century, many people ponder the question of what humanity

40、has accomplished in the previous century. Furthermore, many are determined to decide which device or concept stands above the rest as the greatest twentieth century invention. In my opinion, the Internet deserves this title for its ability to connect, to influence and to inspire.As the brainchild of

41、 the CIA, the Internet was initially used to connect agency computers. Now, through e-mails and online communicate devices, hundreds of millions of people can send and receive information with the click of a button. The Internet “telephone”, with its speak and display functions, may soon replace the

42、 conventional telepone as a means of communication. The Internet may also replace conventional forms of media. Newspapers, magazines and television news programs have all lost some of their influence with the rise of Internet news services, message boards and web logs or “blogs”. Many people now inc

43、orporate reading news online and posting their thoughts on it into their daily routines. People currently have opportunities to search for and contribute to the worlds shared news and information.Just as they are compelled to leave a mark on the Internet with their message board comments, many peopl

44、e have chosen to use the Internet as a tool for advancing themselves and their products. Political candidates and established businesses in every country have turned to web pages and Internet advertisements in an effort to gain supporters and customers, respectively. Perhaps the most exciting aspect

45、 of the Internet is that it offers new businesses inspiration to expand by providing a low-cost substitute to traditional brick-and-mortar growth.Everyone that has come into contact with the Internet understands its importance. It allows millions to communicate, to learn and to create. As the above

46、examples show, the Internet, a great benefactor of our development, is the twentieth centurys greatest invention.So If I were given the choice, I would definitely choose a entertaining class to attend. I long for the relaxation and enthusiam on both the part of the teachers and the students. This ty

47、pe of class will enable students to learn more knowledge and in a more relaxed atmosphere. Unit One: 議論文寫作提高技能基礎(chǔ)課程中講了議論文寫作的基本模式 五段式。提高課程重點(diǎn)講解在此基本模式基礎(chǔ)上寫一篇高分議論文的技巧。托?？荚囎h論文寫作應(yīng)先完成以下步驟，然后才可以下筆寫作：Step 1: Read the essay topic，write your thesis statement 分析命題, 寫出論點(diǎn)句Step 2: identify the task辨別議論文類別Step 3: Bra

48、instorming and work out an outline - 尋找有力論據(jù)并寫出提綱Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. additive下面將寫議論文的這3個(gè)步驟逐一講解l Lesson One: 分析命題，寫出論點(diǎn)句 Step 1: Read the essay topic，write your thesis statem

49、ent分析命題, 寫出論點(diǎn)句看到命題后的第一步是認(rèn)真分析命題提出的要求，確保寫作時(shí)不會(huì)走題。 如果你寫走了題，答非所問，你可能一分也得不到。例如：In the future, students may have the choice of studying at home by using technology such as computers or television or of studying at traditional schools. Which would you prefer? 這道命題是讓你說出你的偏好（your preference），你是更喜歡在家利用電腦學(xué)，還是在學(xué)

50、校課堂學(xué)？Do you prefer to study at home using computers or study at school? Study at home versus study at traditional school? Write your thesis statement -寫出論點(diǎn)句一篇好的議論文開頭段要有明確的論點(diǎn)。論點(diǎn)句（thesis statement）就是推出論點(diǎn)的句子。論點(diǎn)句的作用是將文章集中在一個(gè)中心焦點(diǎn)，使讀者明確了解文章的目的。在托福寫作中，評(píng)判一篇文章的好壞，并不在于論點(diǎn)的正確與否。關(guān)鍵在于論點(diǎn)是否明確，論證是否有利。論點(diǎn)句（thesis stat

51、ement）: Studying at school is best for me.同一個(gè)命題會(huì)有不同的論點(diǎn)句。例1：You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by two students. Would you rather have the university assign a student to share a room with you, or would you rather choose your own roommate? Use specific reasons and

52、 details to explain your answer.論點(diǎn)句1： Since I dont get along well with many people, I prefer to choose my own roommate.從這個(gè)論點(diǎn)句中我們可以看出作者將圍繞說明他/她不善于與人交往，因此偏好自己選室友。論點(diǎn)句2：The opportunity to meet new people is an important benefit of a university education, so I believe it is better to let the university c

53、hoose my roommate for me.從這個(gè)論點(diǎn)句中我們可以看出作者將圍繞說明與人交往的好處，因此偏好學(xué)校安排室友。例2：Some people think governments should spend as much money as possible exploring outer space (for example, traveling to the moon and to other planets). Other people disagree and think governments should spend this money for our basic n

54、eeds on Earth. Which of these two opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.論點(diǎn)句：The moon is a better place to explore because it is nearer than the planets.這個(gè)論點(diǎn)句不符合命題要求。命題要求討論“錢花在外空探測(cè)上好，還是地球上解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問題好”。 而不是問考生“探測(cè)外空的哪個(gè)星球好”。 這是考試寫作時(shí)學(xué)員一定要重視的一個(gè)問題。一定要認(rèn)真分析命題。如果你像前面舉

55、例那樣選錯(cuò)了論點(diǎn)，即使是你寫的再好，也可能一分得不到。有些平時(shí)英語相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的學(xué)員，考試時(shí)寫作得低分的一個(gè)重要原因就在于次。沒有認(rèn)真分析命題，在一種似懂非懂的狀態(tài)下就開始下筆寫作，結(jié)果寫走題，或部分走題。有時(shí)對(duì)命題中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的理解的偏差，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致整篇文章走題。例3：To what extent is nuclear technology a danger to life on earth? What are the benefits and risks associated with its use?這個(gè)命題要求討論“核技術(shù)對(duì)地球上生命構(gòu)成多大威脅”。 在寫這道題時(shí)許多學(xué)員都不約而同的站在核技

56、術(shù)的對(duì)立面，說核技術(shù)不好，對(duì)人類構(gòu)成毀滅性威脅。 后來經(jīng)與一些學(xué)生溝通，了解到核技術(shù)這個(gè)詞許多學(xué)員片面理解為核武器。如果這樣，寫出的文章肯定會(huì)部分走題，因?yàn)楹思夹g(shù)不僅可用于制造核武器，還可用于建造核發(fā)電站，用于醫(yī)學(xué)等。 從以上舉例中我們可以看到認(rèn)真分析命題的重要性。有關(guān)“錢花在外空探測(cè)上好，還是地球上解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問題好”的命題有二個(gè)可行的論點(diǎn)：論點(diǎn)句1：While there is still hunger, poverty, and illiteracy on earth, our resources should be focused here and not in outer space.從

57、這個(gè)論點(diǎn)句中我們可以看出作者認(rèn)為錢花在地球上解決饑餓、貧窮、文盲問題，比花在外空探測(cè)上更有價(jià)值。論點(diǎn)句2：Gaining psychological and scientific knowledge through space exploration will benefit us more than trying to solve problems on earth. visionMDS=missile defense system從這個(gè)論點(diǎn)句中我們可以看出作者認(rèn)為錢花在外空探測(cè)上更有價(jià)值。練習(xí)：找出以下各句中的論點(diǎn)句。1） What is one of the most important

58、 decisions you have made? Why was this decision important? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.a) Decisions are important because without them nothing would get done.b) Deciding to leave home to attend school in the US has been so far the most important decision Ive made. yc) Although my parents wanted me to study medicine, I knew that I should follow my heart an