2020屆二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解中如何突破說明本和議論文讀文及解題策略

1、2020 屆二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解中如何突破說明本和議論文讀文及解題策略1 語言特點(diǎn)：閱讀理解主要考查考生對詞匯和句式的掌握和運(yùn)用情況。說明文因其生僻詞匯多、句式復(fù)雜等特點(diǎn)，相對于其他體裁的文章來說難度更大。2 結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：說明文的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡練，文章很少表達(dá)作者的感情傾向。說明文通常采用以下結(jié)構(gòu)形式：(1)總分式。事物說明文常用“總分”式、 “總分總”式和“分總”式結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)遞進(jìn)式。事理說明文常用這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式，通常由淺入深、由表及里、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，逐層遞進(jìn)，一層一層地剖析事理。(3)并列式。文章各部分的內(nèi)容沒有主次輕重之分。(4)對照式。通過兩個(gè)事物的比較和對照說明其異同。3 閱讀策略說明文

2、閱讀量大，生僻詞匯多，句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，這就需要考生有方法、有技巧地去閱讀。一般我們采用的方法有三種：細(xì)讀、略讀和跳讀。(1)細(xì)讀重點(diǎn)。重點(diǎn)，就原文而言，就是文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、主要內(nèi)容和態(tài)度；就答題而言，就是問題所對應(yīng)的題源句。以這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量，需要重點(diǎn)閱讀的原文詞句就不會(huì)很多。宏觀方面：文章結(jié)構(gòu)；文章主題句；各段首末句；體現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句。微觀方面：有轉(zhuǎn)折處；重要標(biāo)點(diǎn)；句子主干。(2)有選擇地略讀或跳讀。在快速瀏覽了題干，初步把握文章大意及結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，可大膽地有選擇地進(jìn)行略讀或跳讀，這樣不但可以加快閱讀速度，還更容易總體把握全文。在閱讀中可略讀或跳讀的內(nèi)容包括：繁瑣的例證為了說明問題，作者可

3、能會(huì)借用形象的例子，有時(shí)候會(huì)比較繁瑣，雖能說明問題，但讀者需要花很多時(shí)間去閱讀。如果例子所說明的問題不明了，可通過略讀來理解；若例子所說明的問題比較明了，則例子部分可一帶而過。并列多項(xiàng)列舉有時(shí)許多功能相同的項(xiàng)目并列列舉，那么只讀其中一兩項(xiàng)即可，無需全讀。無關(guān)大局的生僻詞匯閱讀中經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一些生詞，如果這些生詞對理解全文沒有影響或影響不大就可略過。較長的人名、地名 有許多較長的表示人名、地名等的專有名詞， 閱讀時(shí)可一掃而過或干脆用其首字母代替，不必試圖把整個(gè)專有名詞 讀出來。在略讀過程中，要特別注意對解題有重要意義的詞、句、段等， 并將其用下劃線標(biāo)注出來，以免回頭再查看時(shí)費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力。文體分類練（四

4、）一一議論文（限時(shí)30分鐘）A（2019 -山西太原五 中階段檢測）Visitorsto Henn na, arestaurant outside Nagasaki, Japan, are greeted by an unusual sight: Their food beingprepared by a row ofhumanoid robots. The name of the“head chef ” is Andrew.Using his two long arms, he stirs batter （ 面糊）in a metal bowl, then pours it onto a h

5、ot grill. In a nearby hotel, robots check guests into their rooms and help with their luggage.CEO Hideo Sawada, who runs the restaurant and the hotel, predicted that 70% of the jobs at Japan's hotels would beautomated （ 自動(dòng)化）in the next five years. He said,“Since you can work them 24 hours a day,

6、 and they don't need vacation, eventually it's more cost - effective to use the robot.This is_seemingly worrying.In fact, in America, one ofthe few bright spots in recent years has been employment in restaurants and hotels. In the company Panera, because of its new kiosks, an app that allows

7、 customers to place orders online, the chain is now processing more orders overall, which means it needs more total workers to meet consumers' demand. Customers who use Starbucks' app return more frequently than those who don't. Starbucks employed 8 percent more people in the U . S. in 2

8、016 than it did in 2015, the year it launched the app.Of course, whether automation is a net benefit for workers in restaurants and hotels and not just a competitive advantage for one chain over another will depend on whether an improved customer experience makes Americans more likely to dine out an

9、d stay at hotels, rather than brown - bagging it or looking for the Airbnb to book unique homes.語篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章通過描述機(jī)器人在餐廳和旅 館進(jìn)行工作的場景以及應(yīng)用軟件的使用，引發(fā)了自動(dòng)化對餐飲業(yè)和旅 店業(yè)就業(yè)市場的討論。1 . Why does the writer describe the unusual sight in paragraph 1?A. To promote robots. B . To introduce the topic.C To voice his opin

10、ion. D To show the background.解析： 選 B 推理判斷題。文章第一段描述日本一家餐館以機(jī)器人為大廚、一家旅館由機(jī)器人為客人提供服務(wù)，用這兩個(gè)例子來吸引讀者的注意，并引入自動(dòng)化的主題。故選B 項(xiàng)。2 What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 mean?A Automation may be a challenge to human jobs.B Automation may increase business costs.C Workers may fail to focus on their tasks.D

11、Many companies may fail to survive.解析：選A 句意理解題?！?This is seemingly worrying. ”是一個(gè)承上啟下的句子，This 指的是第二段中的“ Since you can workthem 24 hours a day, and . to use the robot. ”，表示我們可以讓機(jī)器人每天工作24 小時(shí)，而且機(jī)器人不需要假期，使用機(jī)器人更加劃算。 但下一句又說近年來餐廳和旅館的就業(yè)形勢很好，所以畫線部分應(yīng)是表達(dá)“這似乎是對人類工作的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)”，故選 A 項(xiàng)。3 What can we learn from the two

12、cases in paragraph 3?A The two companies are trying to take over the market competitively.B Automation could open up more job chances for humans.C Starbucks employed more people than Panera did in2016.D Automation helps the shops become famous online.解析：選B 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“which means itneeds more tota

13、l workers to meet consumers' demand ”可知， 自動(dòng)化的發(fā)展意味著需要更多的工人以滿足消費(fèi)者的需求，即自動(dòng)化將會(huì)為人類提供更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。故選B 項(xiàng)。4 What is the author's attitude toward the future of automation?A Objective.B Positive.C Cautious.D Doubtful.解析：選A 推理判斷題。綜觀全文，尤其是由文章最后一段內(nèi)容可知， 作者既不隨意肯定自動(dòng)化的結(jié)果，也不支持人為抵制自動(dòng)化，屬于客觀的描述，故選A 項(xiàng)。 positive 意為“肯定的”

14、； cautious意為“謹(jǐn)慎的”； doubtful 意為“懷疑的”。B（2019 濟(jì)南高三模擬）We humans love to stare into our smart devices. We gaze for hours about 10 hours and 39 minutes a day at our computers, smartphones,tabletsand televisions. Is all this staring bad for us? It might be, mainly because as we stare at our devices we are

15、exposing ourselves to blue light.Blue light is a type of electromagnetic （ 電磁的 ） radiationwith a very short wavelength that produces a high amount of energy. While it's true that light can damage our eyes under certain circumstances, there's no scientific evidence suggesting that blue light

16、is harmful to our eyes. But many people still think it is, which is why blue - light -blocking glasses are so popular. So do the glasses work?“ Everyone is very concerned that blue light may be causing damage to the eye, but there's no evidence that it may be causing serious damage J Dr. Rahul K

17、hurana, clinical spokesman for the American Academy of Ophthalmology, told Business Insider .Blue light exposure is nothing new. In fact, the sun is the largest source of blue light. Moreover, blue light is also present in LED light. But if blue light isn't harmful, then why are we constantly ru

18、bbing our eyes when we're looking at our screens? The answer is eyestrain （眼疲勞）：More than 60 percent of people experience eye problems associated with digital eyestrain. And blue light, it seems, isn't the cause. Instead, our eyes are so strained because most of us blink less when we stare a

19、t our digital devices. So if eyestrain is the issue, blue -light -blocking glasses are probably of little use.語篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文，主要探討了藍(lán)光是否對我們的眼睛有害的問題。5 . What do we know about blue light?A. It is a kind of nuclear radiation.B . It has the shortest wavelength.C. It may come from electronic devices.D . It

20、consumes a great deal of energy.解析：選C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句" It might be, mainly because as we stare at our devices we are exposing ourselves to blue light. ”可推知，電子設(shè)備會(huì)發(fā)出藍(lán)光。6. What causes the popularity of blue - light -blocking glasses?A. Evidence of their benefits to eyes.B . Belief in blue light

21、9;s harmful effect.C. Widespread use of smart devices.D . Scientific understanding of blue light.解析：選 B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的"there's noscientific evidence suggesting that . which is why blue-light-blocking glasses are so popular ”可知，防藍(lán)光眼鏡流行的原因 是人們認(rèn)為藍(lán)光會(huì)對眼睛有害。7 . What can be inferred from paragraph 4

22、?A. Blue light exposure is hardly avoidable.B . Eye problems are not easy to deal with.C Blue light may connect with tired eyes.D Rubbing eyes makes people strained.解析：選A 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的前三句“Blue lightexposure is nothing new. In fact, the sun is the largest sourceof blue light. Moreover, blue light is a

23、lso present in LED light. ”可知，陽光是藍(lán)光最大的來源，而且藍(lán)光也存在 LED 燈中。 由此可推知，接觸藍(lán)光幾乎是不可避免的。8 According to the text, wearing blue - light - blocking glasses may be A tiringB harmfulC uselessD beneficial解析：選C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“So ifeyestrain is the issue, blue - light - blocking glasses are probably of little use. ”可

24、知，戴防藍(lán)光眼鏡可能是沒有用處的。C（2019 濰坊高三模擬）It's not easy feeling like you're always under the spotlight being judged for each little mistake you make. Your mind is in an endless circle playing what you said and did over and over again. You wish you had a time capsule to go back and make things right if

25、you find mistakes. You fear what others will think about you and that they will reject and dislike you. You seek to be socially perfect.Academically, you work long endless hours just to make those excellent marks. Although most would say “ it's good to have high standards ， ” they have no idea a

26、bout the internal hell you put yourself through to achieve perfection. If you come up less than your desired goal you feel as though you have failed, but you're far from failing, you just don't see it that way. So instead you are telling yourself that you're stupid, and not smart. The pr

27、essure you place on yourself weighs you down and you wear the “ not good enough ” label each and every day.You not only have high standards for yourself but you also have them for others. If people don't perform up to your expectations, then you think they are incompetent. This causes a lot of f

28、rustration because you can't trustanyone toget things right. So instead of being a team player you fly solo （ 單 飛 ） and try to do two or three jobs at once.Yourunrealistic expectations cause you to criticize and judge others and that leads to problems in other areas of your life.The attempt to b

29、e perfect is called perfectionism and it's the unachievable American dream that's damaging our emotional and mental health. We strive for perfection with our body, in our performance, and in our relationships.Inasocietythatoverstatesmistakes,isitanywonderth at_so_many young people attempt th

30、e impossible task of being perfect?We all have flaws, fears, and make mistakes, and that's perfectly OK. It's our imperfections that make life interesting and they help us grow into a stronger and more adaptable person. We don't have to strive to achieve the impossible. We are designed t

31、o be perfectly imperfect.語篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章通過對“完美主義者”的心 態(tài)和做法的描述，向我們指出，完美是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。正是我們的“不 完美”使得我們的生活變得有趣，幫助我們成長。9 . What might be the most suitable title of the text?A. Far From FailingB . Perfectly ImperfectC. Perfectionism PhenomenonD . Unachievable American Dream解析：選B標(biāo)題歸納題。文章通篇討論完美主義者的心態(tài)和做 法，并在最后段得出結(jié)

32、論 “It's our imperfections that make life interesting and they help us . We are designed to be perfectly imperfect. "，由此可知，正是我們的“不完美”使得我們 的生活變得有趣，幫助我們成為更強(qiáng)大且適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)的人，我們沒必要去實(shí)現(xiàn)不可能的事情，不完美反而造就更好的我們。故選 B項(xiàng)。10 Which of the following is a perfectionist most likely to agree?A Nobody is perfect.B Be gen

33、erous with praise.C There is no best, only better.D A contented mind is an everlasting feast.解析： 選 C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句中的“ you wearthe not good enough label each and every day ”可知，完美主義者總認(rèn)為自己不夠好。C 項(xiàng) （沒有最好，只有更好）符合完美主義者的心態(tài)。故選C 項(xiàng)。11 What can we infer from the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?A More and m

34、ore people are tolerating mistakes.B The society is partly to blame for perfectionism.C Many young people find it impossible to be perfect.D It's unusual for a society to seek perfectionism nowadays.解析： 選 B 句義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中的“ The attempt to beperfect is called perfectionism and . in our relationship

35、s.”可知， 美國夢就是追求完美，這個(gè)無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的夢想正在破壞著我們的情感和心理健康。美國夢代表的是美國社會(huì)，而這個(gè)夸大錯(cuò)誤、追求完美的社會(huì)對年輕人追求完美的行為產(chǎn)生了一定影響，所以這個(gè)社會(huì)應(yīng)為完美主義負(fù)部分責(zé)任。故選B 項(xiàng)。12 What does the author think of imperfection?A It's part of our life.B It's unbearable.C It deserves to be overcome.D It does harm to our mental health.解析：選A 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，我們都有缺點(diǎn)

36、，都會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤，正是這些不完美使得我們的生活變得有趣，幫助我們成為更強(qiáng)大且適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)的人，所以它是我們生活的一部分。故選A項(xiàng)。D（2019 成都第一次診斷）Japan recently lowered its votingage from 20 to 18. This decision was in part to help young people feel more engaged in politics. But it may also signal the change of social views regarding the beginning of adulthood.Adulth

37、ood has traditionally been defined by a combination of age and the achievement of social milestones （ 里 程 碑 ）. Most countries have a legally defined age to determine when a person becomes an adult the age of majority. In Australia, most states consider a person to be an adult in court at 18. The age

38、 of 18 is also consistent with other adult privileges, such as the right to purchase alcohol and to marry. However, 17 -year -olds can serve in the army and get a driver's licence. The law defines adulthood on the basis of age and it also recognizes the process of becoming an adult as involving

39、himself gradually in social responsibility.This legal approach to adulthood is mirrored in other countries, where there are differences between the age of majority and social responsibility given to young people.Socially, determinants of adulthood traditionally focus on a person taking increasing re

40、sponsibility for their lives in various ways. Completing school, taking full - time employment, getting married and parenthood- these areall observable indicators to determine when a person is viewed as an adult.Since the 1980s, however, people have achieved some of these observable milestones at la

41、ter ages. Increased access to education has delayed young people leaving home and developing romantic relationships. Economic changes have also resulted in unstable employment markets and increases in costs of living, prompting many young people to remain at home and dependent on parents.Due to thes

42、e social changes, our expectations of young people and their level of social responsibility have also changed. The recognition of a new life stage - emerging （ 發(fā) 展初期的）adulthood has been recommended to account for the changes to social milestones that have traditionally represented adulthood.語篇解讀：本文是

43、一篇議論文，主要論述了由于教育機(jī)會(huì)的增加、 經(jīng)濟(jì)上的變化等社會(huì)變化，年輕人進(jìn)入成年人生階段的時(shí)間推遲了。13 . What can we learn about adulthood from the text?A. People reach observable indicators much later.B . Age alone is a reliable determinant of adulthood.C . Participation in politics is a responsibility for adulthood.D . Economic changes mainly s

44、hift people's views on adulthood.解析：選 C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一、二句" Japan recently lowered its voting age from 20 to 18. This decision was in part to help young people feel more engaged in politics. ”可知，日本最近將投票年齡從 20歲降至18歲，這一決 定在某種程度上是為了幫助年輕人更好地參與政治；又根據(jù)本段第三 句中的 “it may also signal the change of social views regarding the beginning of adulthood ”可推知，參與政治是成年人的責(zé)任， 故C項(xiàng)正確。14 What right can people enjoy at the age of 17 in most states of Australia?A Voting.B Buying wines.C Getting ma