十八單元電子信息類專業(yè)英語(yǔ)第18單元B譯文

1、Passage B Characteristics 特點(diǎn)Multimedia is one of the most innovative ways of using a telecommunications network to achieve effective communications(1)between people and(2)for access to information. This chapter describes the essential ingredients of multimedia and gives a wide variety of examples of

2、 applications in a wide range of industrial settings. 多媒體是一種使用電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)人們之間的有效通信和獲取信息最創(chuàng)新的方式。這一章描述了多媒體的基本成分,而且舉出各種各樣的在廣泛的工業(yè)設(shè)置應(yīng)用的例子。Four Key Ingredients四個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素Multimedia communications is defined here as the combination of four key ingredients:多媒體通信在這里被定義為四個(gè)關(guān)鍵成分的組合: Two or more of the five media of commun

3、ication (audio, data, fax, image, and video);兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的五個(gè)溝通的媒體(音頻、數(shù)據(jù)、傳真、圖像和視頻); Interactive capabilities between the communicating parties;通信各方之間的互動(dòng)功能; Communications with Human Users. Multimedia systems involve communications with human users as senders or receivers of information, or both. By contra

4、st, single medium systems, such as data and fax, can involve inter-machine communications with no human user present while the communication is underway. It is the human element that benefits from more than one medium of communication, and also from the interactive capabilities of multimedia systems

5、.1 與人類用戶通信。多媒體系統(tǒng)涉及與人類用戶發(fā)送方或接收方的信息或兩者兼而有之的通信。相比之下,單一的媒介系統(tǒng),如數(shù)據(jù)和傳真,可以涉及跨機(jī)器通信而且沒(méi)有人類用戶在場(chǎng)反而溝通正在進(jìn)行。這是人類受益于多個(gè)通信媒介,以及多媒體互動(dòng)功能的元素。1 Synchronization. Multimedia systems require two types of synchronization between the different media. Continuous synchronization is required for audio/video, for instance, to coor

6、dinate lip movement with speech. Synthetic synchronization is required by the designer of the system to organize the presentation of material in the desires manner (e.g., the sequencing of video clips with data and graphics).同步。多媒體系統(tǒng)需要兩種類型的不同媒體之間的同步。對(duì)于音頻/視頻來(lái)說(shuō)，連續(xù)同步被需要,例如,嘴唇運(yùn)動(dòng)配合演講。合成同步系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)者用渴求的

7、方式組織物質(zhì)的呈現(xiàn)(如,用數(shù)據(jù)和圖形對(duì)視頻片段進(jìn)行測(cè)序)。Videoconferencing is a typical example of multimedia, combining two media (audio and video), interaction, human users, and synchronization. By contrast, broadcast television allows no backward channel for the information receiver to interact with the information provider

8、, and it is therefore not regarded as a multimedia communication. 多媒體視頻會(huì)議是一個(gè)典型的例子,結(jié)合兩種媒體(音頻和視頻),相互作用,人類用戶和同步。相比之下,廣播電視不允許針對(duì)信息接收器的反向通道影響信息提供者,因此它不被視為一個(gè)多媒體通信。The types of interaction in multimedia systems are as follows:互動(dòng)多媒體系統(tǒng)的類型如下: Search and browse. These correspond to database access functions for

9、 extracting the required multimedia information from storage.搜索和瀏覽。這些對(duì)應(yīng)于數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)訪問(wèn)功能即從存儲(chǔ)中提取所需要的多媒體信息。 Interactive “buttons”. A frame of information (i.e., a screen or portion of a screen) may contain buttons that can be selected(e.g. , using a cursor)to control the presentation of information, and to pas

10、s on to another frame. Examples of “buttons” are lists of options, menu selections, and portions of the displayed information that can be selected to obtain additional information on that subject.互動(dòng)“按鈕”。即一幀信息（屏幕或屏幕的一部分）可能包含可以選擇的按鈕,(如,使用游標(biāo))來(lái)控制信息的展示,并傳遞到另一個(gè)框架?！鞍粹o”的例子是列表的選項(xiàng),菜單選擇,和部分陳列的信息,可以選擇它來(lái)獲取額外的關(guān)于這

11、個(gè)話題的信息。 Windowing. One frame of information overlaps a background frame, and the size of frames can be changed by the user so as to view portions of several frames simultaneously. 窗口。一幀的信息重疊一背景幀,用戶可以改變幀的大小目的在于同時(shí)查看多個(gè)框架各部分。 Fast Forward, rewind, pause, and skip. “Tape recorder” commands to control the

12、 sequence and speed of presentation of information can be used, not just with audio and video information but also to control a sequence of frames of data, fax, and image.2快進(jìn),快退、暫停、跳過(guò)?！颁浺魴C(jī)”命令用來(lái)控制可以被使用的信息的顯示順序和速度,這不僅伴隨音頻和視頻信息而且用來(lái)控制數(shù)據(jù)幀序列,傳真,和圖像。2 Conversational interaction. When a human user is presen

13、t at each end of the communication channel, a wide range of conversational interactions are possible, including audio discussion, displaying data and images in shared screens, and pointing to, editing and annotating the contents of the shared screen.會(huì)話交互。當(dāng)人類用戶存在于通信通道的兩端時(shí),一個(gè)廣泛的對(duì)話交互是可能的,包括音頻討論,顯示數(shù)據(jù)和在共

14、享屏幕中的圖像,以及指向,編輯和注釋的共享屏幕的內(nèi)容。Enabling Technologies支持技術(shù)Multimedia communications has come about as a result of the development of a number of technological capabilities. These capabilities are described in the following subsections.多媒體通信是作為許多技術(shù)能力的發(fā)展的結(jié)果。下面的分段將描述這些功能。 Fast-Packet Networks. The high bandw

15、idth, burst nature of multimedia communications makes it particularly suited to fast-packet telecommunication capabilities such as those provided by ATM and DQDB. Until these networks are widely deployed, multimedia communications can be based on circuit capabilities at a range of bandwidths and low

16、er bandwidth packet capabilities. such as X.25 and frame relay.3Fast-Packet網(wǎng)絡(luò)。帶寬高,多媒體通信爆發(fā)的特性使它特別適合fast-packet電信提供的ATM和DQDB等功能。直到這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)被廣泛部署,多媒體通信在一定范圍的帶寬和低帶寬數(shù)據(jù)包的能力內(nèi)建立在電路上。如X.25和幀中繼。3 High Capacity Storage Systems. The predominance of storage intensive media, such as audio, video, and high resolution i

17、mage in multimedia communications requires high capacity storage systems, such as optical disks.大容量存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)。存儲(chǔ)密集的媒體的優(yōu)勢(shì),如音頻、視頻、和高分辨率圖像在多媒體通信需要大容量存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng),如光碟。 Powerful Processing Capability. The encoding/decoding of a variety of media plus the synchronization of their presentation to the user require powerfu

18、l processors.強(qiáng)大的處理能力。各種媒體的編碼/解碼加上他們呈現(xiàn)給用戶的需要強(qiáng)大的處理器的同步性。 Compression Coding. The development of coding techniques for audio, image, and video has enabled multimedia communications to be compressed into available bandwidth. This enabled many multimedia systems to be developed before the availability of

19、 broadband networks. Broadband communications results in improved quality and lower end-to-end delay.壓縮編碼。音頻、圖像和視頻編碼技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使得多媒體通信成為被壓縮的可用帶寬。這能夠使許多多媒體系統(tǒng)在寬帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可用性之前被開(kāi)發(fā)。寬帶通信導(dǎo)致更高的質(zhì)量和更低的端到端的延遲。 Hypertext. Hypertext is a precursor to multimedia that was developed several years before the technology necess

20、ary for multimedia became available.4 Using only one mediumimageit provided many of the interactive capabilities of multimedia systems and served to prime the market for the true multimedia that is becoming available today.超文本。超文本是多媒體的先驅(qū)，它是先于多媒體技術(shù)被應(yīng)用之前所開(kāi)發(fā)的。4只使用一種多媒體影像，它提供許多多媒體系統(tǒng)互動(dòng)功能,而且對(duì)于真正的多媒體的主要市場(chǎng)今

21、天變得可用。 Windowing. Windowing software gives an interface in which the user can interact with several files or software processes using a single screen. It was originally developed in a single medium situationnamely, imageand was rapidly extended to cater for motion video. It greatly enhances the inte

22、ractive capabilities of many multimedia systems today.窗口。窗口軟件提供一個(gè)接口,用戶可以使用一個(gè)屏幕對(duì)多個(gè)文件或軟件操控。它最初是用一個(gè)單一的媒介狀態(tài)來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā),換句話說(shuō)，即圖像，并且它被迅速擴(kuò)展到滿足移動(dòng)視頻的需要。今天它大大提高了許多多媒體系統(tǒng)的互動(dòng)功能。Business Advantages of Multimedia Communications多媒體通信的業(yè)務(wù)優(yōu)勢(shì)There is a strong latent demand for multimedia communications as evidenced by:這兒有一種為多媒

23、體通信強(qiáng)烈的潛在需求的證明: the use of videoconferencing to display a technical drawing or other object of discussion as well as the head and shoulders of the discussant. This is essentially the use of motion video to provide a still-image capability.視頻會(huì)議的使用用來(lái)顯示技術(shù)圖紙或其他對(duì)象的討論以及討論者的頭和肩膀。本質(zhì)上這就是移動(dòng)視頻為提供一個(gè)靜態(tài)影像的用途。 the

24、use of fax and data communication equipment during the course of a videoconferencing;在視頻會(huì)議過(guò)程中傳真和數(shù)據(jù)通信設(shè)備的使用;the use of modems that allow voice and data communications over one voice-grade line.調(diào)制解調(diào)器的使用允許語(yǔ)音和數(shù)據(jù)通信在一個(gè)聲音等級(jí)。These examples imply a demand for interactive combinations of all five communication

25、s media: audio, data, image, fax, and video.這些例子暗示對(duì)于交互式的所有五個(gè)傳播媒體組合:音頻、數(shù)據(jù)、圖像、傳真和視頻的一種要求。The business effectiveness of multimedia communications can be estimated from the effectiveness of earlier forms of computer mediated communications (CMC) in which users exchange data, sometimes as an accompanimen

26、t to a telephone conversation. Business experience of CMC, and research into its benefits, is more established than for multimedia since it has been used since the mid-1970s. The effectiveness of CMC has been analyzed in business group decision-making situations and in educational settings as an instructional tool.多媒體通信的業(yè)務(wù)有效性可以從早期CMC形式的有效性進(jìn)行估測(cè)，用戶可以交換其中的數(shù)據(jù)，有時(shí)可以作為電話交談的一種陪伴。由于CMC自1970年代中期被使用，CMC的商業(yè)經(jīng)歷和利益相關(guān)的研究比多媒體更多地被建立。CMC的有效性已經(jīng)分析了在商業(yè)團(tuán)體決策的情況而且在教育設(shè)置中作為一種指導(dǎo)工具。Group Decision Making群體決策Studies have shown that there are advantages to CMC in group decision-making situations