高考英語(yǔ)歷考生最關(guān)注的十大考點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)全集

1、語(yǔ)法總結(jié)全集名詞和主謂一致一、 名詞的分類英語(yǔ)中名詞主要可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。1可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞一般都有單復(fù)數(shù)。單數(shù)時(shí)，名詞前可加不定冠詞 a/an ；復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，前面可加數(shù) 詞，名詞本身要改成復(fù)數(shù)形式。可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)有規(guī)則和不規(guī)則兩種變化。規(guī)則的名詞，只要在單數(shù)名詞之后加“ s” ，"es"或去"y"力口 " ies "就行，如： an umbrella, twelve umbrellas ; a factory, three fctories 。不規(guī)則的名詞變化則要靠積累記憶，如： amouse, tenmice；a poli

2、ceman, sixpolicemen 。有少數(shù)可數(shù)名詞， 如 sheep， works （工廠） ， Chinese 等， 它們的單復(fù)數(shù)同形： a sheep, four sheep ； a chemical works, five chemical works 。此外，還有一些可數(shù)名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如 clothes ， trousers ， cattle ， police ， people（ 人，人民 ） 等。英語(yǔ)名詞中還有一些合成詞，它們的復(fù)數(shù)形式有三種可能： 1 ）后面的部分變成復(fù)數(shù)形式： grown-ups ， boy students ， grandchildren 。 2 ）前

3、面的部分變成復(fù)數(shù)形式：passers-by ，lookers-on ， sons-in-law 。 3 ）前、后都變成復(fù)數(shù)形式：men doctors ， women drivers 。2不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞沒有單復(fù)數(shù)的變化，前面也不能加a/an ，或數(shù)詞。但是我們可以用量詞來表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量，單復(fù)數(shù)表現(xiàn)在量詞上，如： a piece of paper ； two pieces of paper 。 在有些情況下， 不可數(shù)名詞也可用 a/an ， 表“一種”、“ 某種”的意思， 如 have a wonderfultime ， receive a good education ， be m

4、ade into a fine paper 。有時(shí)為了表示量大，不可數(shù)名詞的后面也可加“ s ” ，如 sands ， ashes ， waters 等。但是我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)不可數(shù)名詞的時(shí)候，特別要記住英語(yǔ)中有一些名詞，它們無(wú)論在什么情況下，前面都不能用 a/an ，后面也不可加“s” ，如weather ， information ，等。3有的名詞既可是可數(shù)名詞，也可是不可數(shù)名詞英語(yǔ)中有相當(dāng)一部分的名詞，既可以是可數(shù)，也可以是不可數(shù)，它們的意義有時(shí)略有不同，有時(shí)則完全不同。如： difficulty, success, time, work， paper ， glass ，等。4用于表示可數(shù)與不可

5、數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量“多” “少”的常用詞和詞組跟可數(shù)名詞連用的如： few, a few, many 。跟不可數(shù)名詞連用的如： little, a little, much?？蓴?shù)與不可數(shù)都能用的是： a lot of , plenty of 。二、主謂一致1通常被看作單數(shù)的主語(yǔ)部分1）不定式、動(dòng)名詞和主語(yǔ)從句。eg. To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.What he said was different from what he did.2）表示“時(shí)間” “距離” “金錢數(shù)量”的名詞。eg. Twenty years is quite a long t

6、ime.10 kilometers doesn t seem to be a long distance to Mira.300 dollars is too much for this old coin.3）數(shù)學(xué)式子。eg. Two plus five is seven.4）書報(bào)雜志、國(guó)家、單位的名字。eg. The Times is published daily.The United States is a big country.5）前面用a kind of, a sort of 或 this kind of, this sort of等詞組的名詞。eg. This kind of t

7、ree（s） often grows well in warm weather.6）代詞either, neither 作主語(yǔ)。eg. Either of the plans is good.Neither of them was carrying a weapon.7） many a/ more than one 加單數(shù)名詞，或one out of 加復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)。eg. Many a young man has tried and failed.More than one employee has been dismissed.One out of ten thousand comput

8、ers was infected with the virus.2通常被看作復(fù)數(shù)的主語(yǔ)部分1）一些只有復(fù)數(shù)的名詞如 clothes, trousers, police 等。eg. These trousers are dirty.但要注意比較： A new pair of trousers is what you need。2）代詞both 作主語(yǔ)。eg. Both of them have received high education.3需要進(jìn)行分析才能確定的主語(yǔ)部分1）代詞 all, some, 作主語(yǔ)。所代的名詞是可數(shù)名詞，就看作復(fù)數(shù)；是不可數(shù)名詞，就看作單數(shù)。eg. All is r

9、eady. （= Everything is ready.）All are present. （= All the people/students. are present.）2） a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half of.等詞組作主語(yǔ)。所修飾的名詞是可數(shù)名詞，就看作復(fù)數(shù)；是不可數(shù)名詞，就看作單數(shù)。eg. 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.90% of the graduates from the high school go to universi

10、ty.3）關(guān)系代詞who, which, that 作主語(yǔ)。由先行詞決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。eg. The student who is talking with the principal is Tom.The students who have chosen physics will have a test tomorrow.但要注意 one of . 與 only one of.所修飾的先行詞。eg. He is one of the students in our class who have been to Beijing.He is the only one of the students

11、who has been to London.4）一些表示集體意義的名詞如family, team, class 等。當(dāng)這些名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一個(gè)整體時(shí)，看作單數(shù)；當(dāng)它們強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這個(gè)集體中的成員時(shí)，看作復(fù)數(shù)。eg. Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.My family are all early risers.4出現(xiàn)在句首，用連詞或介詞連接的兩個(gè)名詞或詞組1)用 both.and. 連接的兩個(gè)名詞看作復(fù)數(shù)。Both Kate and Jean are football player

12、s.not only.butalso.連接的兩個(gè)名詞，2) 用 or, either.or.,neither.nor.,由靠近動(dòng)詞的名詞決定單復(fù)數(shù)。Either you or I am to go.Not only the students but also the teacher has to observe the rules.等連接的兩個(gè)名詞，and 連接的3) 用 as well as, (together) with, like, besides, but, except 由第一個(gè)名詞決定單復(fù)數(shù)。eg. His eyebrows as well as his hair are now

13、 white.No one but these two peasants has been there.實(shí)際上這些都是介詞短語(yǔ)提前，不是并列的主語(yǔ)。4)用and 連接的兩個(gè)名詞有幾種情況：a) 看作復(fù)數(shù)。eg. Tom and Mary are primary pupils.b) 在有 every . and every ., each . and each .兩個(gè)名詞表示的是一件東西或一個(gè)人時(shí)，看作單數(shù)。eg. Every boy and every girl in our country has the right to go to school.Bread and butter is w

14、hat he eats for breakfast every day.高考真題試析：01 年 23 題As a result of destroying the forests, a large of desert covered the land.A. number; has B. quantity; hasC. number; have D. quantity; have選Bo因?yàn)榈谝桓窈蟮拿~desert是不可數(shù)名詞，所以 A C兩項(xiàng)排除；又desert做主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)形式。02 年(春) 26 題He is the only one of the students who a w

15、inner of scholarship for three years.A. is B. are C. have been D. has been選D。因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句白先行詞是由only one of修飾，所以應(yīng)看成單數(shù)；另外后面有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) for three years ，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。03 年 28 題The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took pictures of them.A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a lar

16、ge amount of選B?？崭窈竺娴拿~是復(fù)數(shù)，所以不可以選 D,而many后不跟of用，所以A項(xiàng)排除；the number of 的確是放在可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的前面，但意思是“ 的數(shù)量”，不符合題意。03 年(春) 28 題Where and when to go for the on-salary holiday yet.A. are not decidedB. have not been decidedC. is not being decidedD. has not been decided選D。此句是不定式做主語(yǔ)，看成單數(shù)。而C項(xiàng)的時(shí)態(tài)不對(duì)，所以只有D=- 3 -04年（春）30.題N

17、o one in the department but Tom and I that the director is going to resign.A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know選Ao謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該跟 no one 一致，所以選 A。05年（春）28題We have only a sofa, a table and a bed in our new apartment. We need to buy more furniture.A. any B. many C. littleD. some選D。后面的名詞是furniture，不可數(shù)。

18、而且整句的意思是“要買些家具”，是肯定意義,所以選Do05年（春）42題Telephone messages for the manager on her desk but she didn ' t notice them.A. were leftB. was left C. was leavingD. were leaving選Ao句子的主語(yǔ)是 messages,是復(fù)數(shù)，另外它與動(dòng)詞“留（在桌上）”的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)。05年31題Professor Smith, along with his assistants,on the project day and night to meet t

19、he deadline.A. work B. working C. is working D. are working選C。謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)跟Professor Smith 一致，應(yīng)該是單數(shù)。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)一、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞可以有十六種變化，但現(xiàn)在常用的是十二種，其中有九種是高中學(xué)生必須掌握的，還有三種只要理解。現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞do為例，十二種時(shí)態(tài)的形式列表如下:進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在do/doesis/am/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing過去didwas/were doinghad done*had been doing將來shall/will

20、do*shall/willbedoing*shall/willhavedone過去將 來would do（打星號(hào)的為理解項(xiàng)目）1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。eg. He gets up at six every morning.There is a big tree in the back yard.every day,B）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never,once a week, 等。C）表示一種真理、自然規(guī)律等，在間接引語(yǔ)中也仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。eg. The scienti

21、st explained that the earth goes round the sun, but no one believed him then.D）在時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中，代替將來時(shí)。eg. If he is not busy, he will come to the party tomorrow.E）注意第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞后面要加“s”。2. 一般過去時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。注意，即使是剛剛發(fā)生的事情，時(shí)間非常短，也要用過去時(shí)態(tài)。如： Why! It ' s you Mary! I didn ' t know you were here!B）常用的時(shí)間狀

22、語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, just now,等。C）動(dòng)詞過去式的規(guī)則變化（加ed）和不規(guī)則變化。3. 一般將來時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。B）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：tomorrow, next moth, in two weeks, 等。C）除了用shall/will之外的將來表達(dá)法：a） is/am/are going to do ,意為“打算、準(zhǔn)備、馬上就要“。eg. It ' s going to rain.b） is/am/are to do ,意為“（計(jì)劃好/安排好）要 ”eg. The new underground ra

23、ilway isto be opened to traffic next year.c） is/am/are about to do ,意為 "馬上就要” 。eg. Hurry up! The plane is about to take off.d）某些動(dòng)詞（主要是一些表示位置移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞）可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示將來的動(dòng)作。eg. The train leaves for Beijing at 8:30 this evening.He is going to London next week.4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：表示在說話的同時(shí)或最近一個(gè)階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。B）常

24、用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：now, these days, at present, at the moment,等。C）有時(shí)可以和always, constantly, forever等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，表示說話人的某中特殊的感情。eg. He is always thinking of others.Mrs Smith is constantly quarrelling with her neighbours.D）有些瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示“馬上就要.”eg. The old man is dying.E）英語(yǔ)中有些表示狀態(tài)、感覺、心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，如know, understand,beli

25、eve, like, love, see, hear, seem,等等。5. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在做的動(dòng)作。B）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this time yesterday, at 9:00 last night,等。C）有些動(dòng)詞（主要是一些表示位置移動(dòng)等的動(dòng)詞和瞬間動(dòng)詞）的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表示過 去將來的意義。eg. I was told that she was leaving for Australia the next morning.*6.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。B）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this time tomorrow, at 9:00

26、next Sunday morning,等。eg. What will you be doing at 9:00 on June 7next year?7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：a.表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。（只有部分延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如live, work, study,等可以表示這一意義）eg. I have lived in Shanghai since I was born.He has been married for half a year.b.表示過去做過的某一個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。eg. I have seen this film. It ' s fan

27、tastic!Jack is playing video games, because he has done his homework.B）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：a. since 1990, for 9 years, 等。b. already, yet, just, now,this week , never , ever , so far , uptill now , lately , in the past / last few years , 等。C）b組所表示的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)與過去時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：雖然現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)b組表示的動(dòng)作也是發(fā)生在過去，但它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，而過去時(shí)態(tài)只表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)

28、作，敘述一個(gè)事 實(shí)。試比較：eg. 1） He went to Beijing two days ago.He has gone to Beijing.2） Henry lost his mobile phone yesterday, but found it later.Henry has lost his mobile phone again.D）瞬間動(dòng)詞要表示“一直到現(xiàn)在"，不能直接用“完成時(shí)態(tài)加for ”的方式，必須用其他句型。eg.他離開上海已經(jīng)三天了。He has left Shanghai. He left three days ago.He has been away

29、 from Shanghai for three days.It is three days since he left Shanghai.8.過去完成時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前所做的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去"。所以一般要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)的話，句子中或上下文一定有一個(gè)過去時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)作或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)做比較，才能用。eg. He had learned English before he went to Canada.B）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by the end of last year 等。C）在用間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，主句的動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)，用來替換直接引語(yǔ)中的過去時(shí)態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成 時(shí)態(tài)。eg . He

30、asked the girl,“Where have you been?"fHe asked the girl where she had been.He said, “I cleaned the classroom yesterday. ”fHe said that he had cleaned the room the day before.D）有些動(dòng)詞 （如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等） 的過去完成時(shí)態(tài)可表示過去事實(shí)上沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、計(jì)劃等。eg. I had hoped to attend the par

31、ty, but I was too busy.*9 .將來完成時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前將會(huì)完成的動(dòng)作。B）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by the end of next year 等。eg. You will have studied English for 10 years by the time you finish high school.10.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)A）意義：表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。（同現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的第一種意義）B）常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：since ，for ，so far, up till now等。C）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的比較：只有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的第一

32、種意義的那些動(dòng)詞，它們的現(xiàn)在完成與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行兩種時(shí)態(tài) 表示的意義相同，可以互換使用。eg. I have studied here for 3 years. = I have been studying here for 3 years.而其他的一些動(dòng)詞，使用兩種時(shí)態(tài)，意義就各不相同了。試比較：The little boy has read the text.（小男孩已經(jīng)讀過課文了。）The little boy has been reading the text.（小男孩直在讀課文。）試翻譯：1）從上午九點(diǎn)開始我就一直在做功課。1 have been doing my homework s

33、ince 9 in the morning.2 ）今天的功課我已經(jīng)做好了。I have done today ' s homework.*11 .過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)意義：表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間再結(jié)束。（結(jié)束的時(shí)間點(diǎn)也在過去）eg. He had been searching for the watch for a half hour when we came back.12.過去將來時(shí)態(tài)意義：表示從過去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，一般多用在間接引語(yǔ)中。eg. He told me that he would read the book a second tim

34、e.二、動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞，以及系動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng) 語(yǔ)態(tài)；不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組（如 happen, belong to, take place等）和系動(dòng)詞（如 become,seem, sound, look, taste, 等）沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1 .以動(dòng)詞do為例，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)的表達(dá)方式如下表:進(jìn)行完成現(xiàn)在is/am/are doneis/am/are being donehave/hasbeendone過去was/were donewas/were being donehad been done將來shall/willbedoneshall/

35、willbedone過去將 來would be done各種時(shí)態(tài)在助動(dòng)詞 be上表示，動(dòng)作由過去分詞體現(xiàn)。2 .注意在動(dòng)詞詞組變被動(dòng)的時(shí)候，原來詞組中的介詞或副詞不要漏掉eg. The villagers took good care of the wounded soldier.fThe soldier was taken good care of by the villagers.3 .有些動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞，又是不及物動(dòng)詞，這些動(dòng)詞比較少用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。eg. We begin our class at 8:00 every morning. ? Our class is begun .Our

36、 class begins at 8:00 every morning.4 .有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組可用主動(dòng)形式，表示（從中文里我們所感覺的）被動(dòng)意義。eg. The book sells poorly.His translation reads better than yours.Who is to blame for the accident?高考真題試析：02年23題He will have learned English for eight years by the time he from the universitynext year.A. will graduateB. will

37、have graduatedC. graduatesB. is to graduate選C。雖然句子的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是next year ，但是“他從大學(xué)畢業(yè)”是以 by the time 引出的狀語(yǔ)從句，在狀語(yǔ)從句中，用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)代替將來時(shí)態(tài)。02年24題I feel it is your husband who for the spoiled child.A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamed D. should blame選Ao因?yàn)樵~組be to blame for這一詞組用主動(dòng)形式來表示中文中“該為某事受到責(zé)備”的被動(dòng)意義。0

38、2年29題“Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?”"It.”A. all depend B. all depends C. is all depended D. is all depending選Bo It all depends.是習(xí)慣說法，意思為“要看情況而定了"，不用將來時(shí)態(tài)，也不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。03年32.題I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he it.A. doesn ' t mention B. hadn &

39、#39; t mentioned C. didn ' t mention D. hasn' t mentioned選Co從前面一句I though 可以看出是過去時(shí)態(tài)，用 but連接的兩個(gè)并列句中的動(dòng)作是發(fā) 生在同一時(shí)間，所以后面的動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該是過去時(shí)態(tài)。04年29題The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power increasedenormously ever since.A. is B. was C. has been D. had been選Co因?yàn)榫渥拥臅r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是ever since ,意即“自從那

40、時(shí)起”（“那時(shí)”指前面講到的1945年），所以是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。04年30題The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people to eat more fruit and vegetables.A. persuade B. will persuadeC. be persuaded D. are persuaded選Do因?yàn)椤叭藗儭焙汀罢f服”是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。05年30題More than a dozen students in that school abroad to study medi

41、cine last year.A. sent B. were sentC had sent D. had been sent選R因?yàn)閷W(xué)生是被送到國(guó)外學(xué)醫(yī)的，所以要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而句末時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表明要用過去時(shí)態(tài)。06年27題Send my regards to your lovely wife when you home.A. wrote B. will write C. have written D. write選Do這是祈使句中的狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)代替將來時(shí)態(tài)。06年32題When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike to

42、become a world champion by his coach and parents.A. expected B. was expectingC. was expected D. would be expected選Co根據(jù)整個(gè)句子的意思，可以判斷，是他的教練和父母期盼馬克成為世界冠軍，所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，時(shí)間在他7歲的時(shí)候，顯然是過去時(shí)態(tài)。07年28.題“Did you tidy your room? "“No, I was going to tidy my room but I visitors.”A. had B. have C. have had D. will ha

43、ve選A根據(jù)前面的疑問句，可判斷談?wù)摰氖沁^去的事情，而且回答的前半句也說明了時(shí)態(tài)：“我正要打掃屋子，但我有客人來訪了”是過去時(shí)態(tài)。07年30題With the help of high technology, more and more new substances in the pastyears.A. discoveredB. have discoveredC. had been discoveredD. have been discovered選Do全句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是in the past years ,是典型的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，而且“發(fā) 現(xiàn)”與“新的物質(zhì)材料”是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、

44、can, may, must根據(jù)意思與習(xí)慣用法，我們可以把can, may, must分成以下兩組用法，方便學(xué)習(xí)與掌握。1 .第一組用法見下表（主要在初中的時(shí)候我們所掌握的）詞義否定疑問can能、會(huì)cancan' tCan.?couldmay可以maymustn' t/may notMay.?mightmus t必須mustneedn' tMust.?must/had toA) cana) can 的肯定、否定、疑問及過去式的例句：eg. Computers can do a lot of things for us.Money cannot buy everythin

45、g.Can you speak French?I could run very fast when I was young.b) can 與 be able tocan 與 be able to 的意思相近，經(jīng)常可以互換使用，但是be able to 除了有一般現(xiàn)在與過去時(shí)態(tài)之外， 還有將來、 完成等時(shí)態(tài)， 所以要表示將來能夠或已經(jīng)能夠做什么事， 就要用 be able to 。eg. You will be able to communicate with foreigners fluently if you finish thecourse.The baby has been able t

46、o one or two simple sentences.在用過去式的時(shí)候， could 與 was able to 的意思不同， could 表示的是“當(dāng)時(shí)能夠做某事”的意思，而was/were able to 表示的是“當(dāng)時(shí)能夠，并且成功地做到了”的意思。試比較：Einstein was able to flee Germany when Hitler came into power.I could pass the examination, but I was too careless.c) could 在疑問句時(shí)用意表示請(qǐng)求，意義同 can ，是一種比較客氣的表達(dá)方式。eg. Cou

47、ld you give me a hand?B) maya) may 的肯定、否定、疑問及過去式的例句：eg. You may choose anyone here you like. May I leave now? Yes, of course/Sure. Go ahead. No, you mustn t. (注：口語(yǔ)中也能用 cannot 。 )I was told that the boss might come to the office before 9b)mustn t 與 may not.mustn t 一般是說話人表示“不可以”或“禁止” ，而 maynot 一般是指按規(guī)定

48、“不允許”的意思。 試比較：You mustn t leave the bike here.The sign on t he wall reads, “Visitors may not feed the animals in the zoo.”c) may 可放在句首，表示“祝愿” 。eg. May our friendship last forever.d) might有時(shí)用在疑問句中，只是一種比may更客氣一點(diǎn)，而非過去式。eg. Might I have a few words with you , sir?C) musta) must 的肯定、否定、疑問及過去式的例句：eg. Ever

49、yone must obey the rules. Must I finish the work today? Yes, you must. No, you needn t/don t have to.He told me he must/had to see a doctor tomorrow morning.b) must 與 have to用 must 更強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀上“必須” ，而 have to 更強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上的“不得不” 。在間接引語(yǔ)中，主句動(dòng)詞是過去式時(shí)，用 had to 多，但 must 也可以用。have to 有現(xiàn)在、過去和將來三種時(shí)態(tài)。c) must有時(shí)可以表示“偏偏”“非.不

50、可”的意思。eg. Why must you make such a mess when the visitors are coming?2.第二組用法見下表:詞義目士 7E否定疑問進(jìn)行式ca n可能/一士7E/cann otCan.?can' t havedonecan' t be doingmay可能maymay not/mayhavedongmay be doingmust-TEmust/must havedonemust be doinga） can, may, must的第二種用法，是用來表示說話人的一種推測(cè)。其中 may與must的區(qū)別其實(shí)是說話人對(duì)可能性大小所做判

51、斷的區(qū)別，覺得可能性大，就用must,可能性小，就用may。而can與may, must是肯定、否定、疑問分工的不同?，F(xiàn)在時(shí)舉例： Can Tom be in the classroom? Yes, he must be there.或Yes, he may be there, but I ' m not quite sure.或No, he can ' t be there, because he hasn ' t come to school today.過去時(shí)舉例：I must have been asleep. I didn ' t hear your

52、footsteps.David became angry at the meeting. He may have misunderstood what I meant.James can' t have forgotten the examination yesterday. There must have been something wrong with him, I believe.b）表示可能性的否定句中有時(shí)也可用may,但意思與cannot有所不同。may not 一般解釋為“可能不"，而cannot解釋為“不可能”c）表示可能性，也可以用might和could，但

53、并非 may和can的過去式，而是表示說話人覺得可能性實(shí)在是比較小了，有虛擬的意味。跟 may與can 一樣，might用在肯定句，could 用在否定句和疑問句。might do的過去式是 might have done, could的過去式是 could havedone。eg. Could it be Susan at the door?Yes, it might be her.（現(xiàn)在口語(yǔ)中也可用could be 回答）*d） could have done也可以用在肯定句里，表示過去有這種可能，但事實(shí)上沒有發(fā)生（虛 擬語(yǔ)氣的用法）。eg. It was dangerous to do

54、so. You could have killed yourself!二、shall, will, would1. 用在一般疑問句中，表示征求對(duì)方的意見。第一、第三人稱用 shall ,第二人稱用 will或 would。eg. Shall turn on the TV?Shall my brother go with us?Will/Would you do me a favour?2. shall與第二、第三人稱連用，用在肯定、否定句中，表示“命令、允諾、警告、威脅， 及說話人的意愿和決心”。eg. You shall do it at once!He shall have the mon

55、ey when he finish his work on time.You shall fail if you don ' t work hard.If Shylock breaks the law, everything he has shall betaken away from him.3. will在陳述句中可用于任何人稱，表示“意愿、意志、決心”等。有時(shí)也可用在條件句 1eg. I will help you at any time if necessary.The captain will land you safe in Liverpool, if you will b

56、e man.4. will和would可以表示習(xí)慣性反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或在某一條件下，一定回發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 這時(shí)，will 一般指“現(xiàn)在"，would 一般指“過去”。eg. Oil will float on water, because it is lighter.He would take a walk after supper when he lived here.上面例句中的 would可以用used to 來替換。used to 也表示"過去常常"，但used to 還隱含了 “現(xiàn)在不再這樣了”的意思。而 would則沒有這種意思。eg. He used to smoke, but he has given it up now.三、should/ought to1 .可以表示一種必要性、義務(wù)，解為“應(yīng)當(dāng)、應(yīng)該” ?？梢耘c任何人稱連用，并用在肯定、 否定、疑問句中。 但疑問句時(shí)用should更多