-英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、含義與構(gòu)成1. 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種即主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。2. 構(gòu)成：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)為be + 過(guò)去分詞（be有時(shí)可用become 或get等代替）Be隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣的變化而變化。3. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式有： 一般時(shí)態(tài)：be + 過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)is/ am/ are donewas/ were donewill/ shall be donewould/ should be done English is spoken in many countries. Romeo and Juliet

2、 was written by Shakespeare. Many believe that one day the earth will be destroyed if people do not learn to live in peace. 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：be + being + 過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)is/ am/ are being donewas/ were being donewill/ shall be being donewould/ should be being done His plan is being carried out successfully. The n

3、ew curtains were being hung when the visitors showed up. The car will be being cleaned by my brother. 完成時(shí)態(tài)：have + been + 過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)have/ has been donehad been donewill/ shall have been donewould/ should have been doneIve been robbed. The outcome of the election was announced before all of the vo

4、tes had been counted. Everything will have been done by the end of this month. 【練一練】1. (2010 湖南) This coastal area _ a national wildlife reserve last year. A. was named B. named C. is named D. names2. (2010 全國(guó)1) The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _.A. is made

5、B. would make C. was to be made D. had made3. (2010 上海) The church tower which _ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. A. has restored B. has been restored C. is restoring D. is being restored 4. (2010 北京) In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end

6、 of the words _.A. are dropped B. drop C. are being dropped D. have dropped 5. (2010 陜西) It is reported that many a new house _ at present in the disaster area.A. are being built B. were being built C. was being built D. is being built 6. (2010 福建) Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen fo

7、r the money making jobs they _ before they leaving their hometowns.A. promised B. were promisedC. have promised D. have been promised 7. (2010 天津) Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting _ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo.A. are exhibiting B. is exhibiting C. are being

8、 exhibiting D. is being exhibiting8. (2010 四川) Youve failed to do what you _ to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you.A. will expect B. will be expected C. expected D. were expected. 用法1. 要用到被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況1） 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者：Frank was hit by a car. A new idea has been suggested. 2） 說(shuō)話(huà)者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者認(rèn)為沒(méi)有必要指出： This

9、 bridge was built in 1700. The house is being repaired. 3） 說(shuō)話(huà)者希望所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容顯得更加客觀(guān)，避免就一些自己不太肯定的事表態(tài)：此類(lèi)通常為表示"據(jù)說(shuō)"或"相信" 的詞組，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等組成，如： It is said that據(jù)說(shuō)；It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道；It is believed that大家相信；It

10、is hoped that大家希望； It is well known that 眾所周知 It is said that Japans industrial progress after the war was very remarkable.4） 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者為物時(shí)，英語(yǔ)中常用被動(dòng)表達(dá):The windows were broken by strong window.5） 習(xí)慣用法常以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式出現(xiàn)。I am determined to take medicine.2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)特例:可以接雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)eg. He gave me a prestent yesterday. I

11、was given a prestent by him yesterday./ A prestent was given to me by him yesterday.（也就是說(shuō)間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)都可以作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)。）使役動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to"：eg.I often make him clean the blackboard.He is often made to clean the blackboard by me.類(lèi)似用法的詞可以概括為:五看三使（室），二聽(tīng)一感覺(jué)。即3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

12、+ be +過(guò)去分詞:Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以產(chǎn)生工農(nóng)業(yè)需要的電。 4. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如： My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing has never been heard of before. 5. 主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義1） 系動(dòng)詞look. Sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove,w

13、ash(洗起來(lái)) ，seem + adj. / n. 構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu):The steel feels cold. His plan proved (to be) practical.2） 表示開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut等：Work began at 7oclock this morning. The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day. 3） 表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性特征的動(dòng)詞，如read, write, act, iron, cut, drive, sell, wash,

14、clean等。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞一般不單獨(dú)使用，常有一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)：This coat dries/ washes/ irons easily.The book sells well.This novel reads well. . 4） blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等: I was to blame for the accident. Much work remains. 5） 在need, require, want, worth （形容詞）, deserve + V-ing 表示被動(dòng)： The door needs repairing. = The

15、 door needs to be repaired. This book is worth reading.6） 在“be+形容詞+to do”中，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。eg. The girl isn't easy to get along with.【練一練】翻譯下列句子：1、 這道菜嘗起來(lái)很香。2、 這門(mén)鎖不上。3、 這刀子很好用。4、 你的頭發(fā)該理了。5、 這個(gè)問(wèn)題正在討論之中。6. 不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況：1）不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 結(jié)束）, fail, happen, las

16、t, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等沒(méi)有無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 After the fire, very little remained of my house. 【試比較】rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。 （錯(cuò)） The price has been risen. （對(duì)） The price has risen. （錯(cuò)） The accident was happened

17、last week. （對(duì)） The accident happened last week. （錯(cuò)） The price has raised. （對(duì)） The price has been raised. （錯(cuò)） Please seat. （對(duì)） Please be seated. 2） 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen

18、to, take part in, walk into, belong to等：例：This key just fits the lock. 這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。 3） 系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(常用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng))，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn：例：It sounds good. 聽(tīng)上去不錯(cuò)。 高中英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)講解1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法（動(dòng)詞用原形或第三人稱(chēng)）1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： ev

19、ery, often，always，sometimes, never，seldom, on Sundays等 I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀(guān)真理，客觀(guān)存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)?。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth i

20、s round.4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀(guān)狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在

21、時(shí)。注意：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，條件句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediatelyHe is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。典型例題(1)He

22、 said he _me a present unless I_ in doing the experiment.A. had not given; had not succeededB. would not give; succeedC. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在時(shí)間，條件或讓步主語(yǔ)從句中一般不用將來(lái)時(shí)。本題有He said，故為過(guò)去式。主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，故選B. 此處用一般過(guò)去式代替了過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。(2) 表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來(lái)事項(xiàng)，行程等活動(dòng)。 The museum opens at ten t

23、omorrow.博物館明天10點(diǎn)開(kāi)門(mén)。(實(shí)際上每天如此。)注意： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替過(guò)去時(shí)1 )"書(shū)上說(shuō)"，"報(bào)紙上說(shuō)"等。 The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì)很冷的。 2) 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。 Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins.注意：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)1) 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)：hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, kno

24、w, find , say,remember. I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.2) 句型 " It is since"代替"It has been since "3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.25 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替進(jìn)行時(shí)1) 句型：Here comes ； There goes Look, here comes Mr. Li.2、 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法

25、（動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式）1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth &quo

26、t;到時(shí)間了" "該了" It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該了" It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。 It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺(jué)了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示寧愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢(xún)問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。I thought you might

27、have some. 我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christine was an invalid all her life. (含義：她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去) 注意： 用過(guò)

28、去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。1）動(dòng)詞 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?3）used to / be used toused to + do："過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk. (過(guò)去

29、常常散步)be used to + doing： 對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)典型例題- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442.A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看 出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。3、一般將來(lái)時(shí)（動(dòng)詞用s

30、hall(第一人稱(chēng))/will+do, be going to do, be about to do, be to do ）1)shall用于第一人稱(chēng)，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱(chēng)，在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱(chēng)。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。 a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is goin

31、g to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能與 tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。5） be going to /

32、will用于條件句時(shí)， be going to表將來(lái) will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6） be to和be going to be to 表示客觀(guān)安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主觀(guān)的打算或計(jì)劃。I am to play foot

33、ball tomorrow afternoon. (客觀(guān)安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀(guān)安排)注意：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如： Here comes the

34、bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are close

35、d before you leave the room.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái) 意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 Im leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week?4 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(動(dòng)詞用have /has done )現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：

36、have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。區(qū)別：比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, already, recently，lately，till /

37、 until, up to now, in the pastyears, always, 3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。） I have seen this film.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） Why did you get up so e

38、arly?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來(lái)了。 He has been in the League for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago.( 三年前入團(tuán)，join

39、ed為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.5、過(guò)去完成時(shí)(動(dòng)詞用had done)1）

40、概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去-|-|-|->其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前 那時(shí)現(xiàn)在2） 用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose

41、等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本，未能" We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the gu

42、ests had left when he arrived at the party.典型例題1、 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has left C. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left 答案D. "把書(shū)忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書(shū)"這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書(shū)"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去

43、的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中 when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。注意：had no when 還沒(méi)等 就had no sooner than 剛 就 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.注意：用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替完成時(shí)1)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When she saw the mouse， she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I

44、 lost it.2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 When I heard the news, I was very excited.3)敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.6、將來(lái)完成時(shí)(動(dòng)詞用will / be going to have done)1) 構(gòu)成will / be going to have done.2) 概念a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。b. 動(dòng)作完成：

45、表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.7、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（動(dòng)詞用be(am, is , are) + doing）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。We are waiting for you.b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel

46、.(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer.d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀(guān)色彩。 You are always changing your mind.典型例題2、 My dictionary _, I

47、have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。8、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(動(dòng)詞用was/were +doing)1）概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。2） 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)

48、生。3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, whileMy brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.It was raining when they left the station.When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.典型例題31) Mary _ a dress when

49、she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。同時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep.read； was fallingB. was reading； fellC. was reading； was fallingD. read； fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當(dāng)之時(shí)"

50、;。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過(guò)去時(shí))，是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。9、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)1) 概念：表示將來(lái)某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。Shell be coming soon.Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.注意：將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說(shuō) Ill be having a talk with her.2）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Soon, tomorro

51、w, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening10、不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞have , belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, im

52、agine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.4) 系動(dòng)詞seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou

53、seem a little tired.11、用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí). This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。 This is the first t

54、ime (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all? - No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)）