高考作文之結(jié)構(gòu)-議論文Essay

1、高考作文之結(jié)構(gòu)議論文 Essay 議論文是以議論為主要表達方式，通過擺事實、講道理表達自己的觀點、態(tài)度和主張的一種文體。議論文必須有論題。論題指議論的題目，是要證明的事理，要討論的問題。議論文在現(xiàn)實生活中十分常見，演說稿、評論、雜文、讀后感等都屬于議論文范疇。 議論文三要素論點：要闡明的觀點?？梢允穷}目，也可以在文章開頭、中間或者結(jié)尾出現(xiàn)。論點必須正確。論據(jù)：用來證明觀點的依據(jù)。既要可靠又要充分，事實勝于雄辯，是最好的論據(jù)。論證：用來證明論點的方法（包括步驟）、手段。      論證的方法多種多樣，常用的方法有：  1. 歸

2、納法：從分析典型，即分析個別事物入手，找出事物的共同特點，然后得出結(jié)論。  2. 推理法：從一般原理出發(fā)，對個別事物進行說明、分析，而后得出結(jié)論。  3. 對照法：對所有事實、方面進行對照，然后加以分析，得出結(jié)論。  4. 駁論法：先列出錯誤的觀點，然后加以逐條批駁，最后闡明自己的觀點。 議論文寫作要求論點正確，態(tài)度鮮明；論據(jù)可靠，材料翔實論證嚴(yán)密，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)；語言精煉，準(zhǔn)確易懂 高考議論文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)開頭：簡單解釋要討論的主題。主體：文章的主要部分，運用材料對觀點進行論證。層次分明，一個中心論點通常有幾個分論點支持，不同層次之間要分明，過渡清晰自

3、然。一般一個論點可提出兩到三個論據(jù)，并分別用一兩句話進行闡述。結(jié)尾：用一兩句話提出自己的看法、意見或建議，從而對主體部分作出概況，得出一個符合邏輯的結(jié)論，突出中心思想。注意要與開頭段呼應(yīng)，但不能照搬原句。 范例一 2008上海Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.    你班將組隊參加學(xué)校組織的集體舞比賽（group dancing competition），班長希望大家積

4、極參加。對此談?wù)勀愕南敕?。你的文章必須包括以下?nèi)容：你是否會參加比賽；你做出該決定的具體理由。_ One possible version:  As is known to us all, there will be a group dancing competition in our school next month. Our monitor called on all of us to take an active part in it. While quite a few people have decided not to participate, I have

5、entered for it with great pleasure.Personally thinking, a group dance is quite a good form of entertainment as well as exercise, which brings us not only mental benefits but physical ones. Besides, dancing a group dance calls for teamwork, one of the qualities we will need for our future careers. Th

6、irdly, by practicing it, our classmates can develop a better relationship between each other, helping each other and encouraging each other. Last but not the least, this is a good chance for us to win honor for our class.For the reasons above, it is no surprise that I am so passionate for the group

7、dancing competition. 范例二 2008浙江 人們完成工作的方式通常有兩種：獨立完成和合作完成。兩種方式各有特點。請你以“Working Individually or Working in a Team”為題，按照以下要點寫一篇英語短文：1.       獨立完成：自行安排、自己解決問題。2.       合作完成：一起討論、相互學(xué)習(xí)3.       我喜歡的方式和理由注意：詞數(shù)100-

8、120，文章的題目和開頭已給出（不計詞數(shù)）。Working Individually or Working in a TeamThere are basically two ways to get work done. _ One possible version:Working Individually or Working in a TeamThere are basically two ways to get work done. One is to work individually. In this way, people can decide for themselves

9、 when to start work and how to do it. Whats more, they will be able to learn bow to solve problems on their own.People may also choose to work in a team, where they can learn from each other and help each other. Besides, they may work out better ways to get work done by discussion.Personally, I pref

10、er to work in a team, which offers me a chance to learn how to get along with others and to share my experiences with them. As the work can be divided among several people, it can be done efficiently. Teamwork is always important.  附錄-議論文結(jié)構(gòu)模板一、要求論述兩個對立的觀點并給出自己的看法。（整篇文章可分三部分：引出討論主題A方觀點及論據(jù)B方

11、觀點及論據(jù)結(jié)果及體會） The topic of 主題 is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is heir favorite. They hold their view for the reason of 支持A的理由一 What is more, 理由二 . Moreover, 理由三 . While others think that B is a better choice in the following three re

12、asons. Firstly, 支持B的理由一 . Secondly (besides), 理由二 . Thirdly (finally), 理由三 . From my point of view, I think 個人觀點 . The reason is that 原因 . As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice. 或者There is a widespread concern over the issu

13、e that 主題 . But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that 觀點一 . In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, 理由一 . Furthermore, in the second place, 理由二 . So it goes wi

14、thout saying that 觀點二 . People,however,differintheiropinionsonthismatter.Somepeoplehold the idea that 觀點二 . In their point of view, on the one hand, 理由一 . On the other hand, 理由二 . Therefore, thereis nodoubtthat 觀點二 . As far as I am concerned, Ifirmlysupporttheviewthat 觀點一或二 .Itis not only because 理由

15、二 , but also because 理由二 . The more 理由二 , the more 理由二 .  二、給出一個觀點，要求考生反對這一觀點。 Some people believe that 觀點 . For example, they think 舉例說明（可包含多個例子） . And it will bring them 為他們帶來的好處 . In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing, 反對的理由一 . For another thing, 反對的理由二 . F

16、orm all that I have said, I agree to the thought that 對文章討論主題的相反看法 . 三、利弊型的議論文要求先說明一下現(xiàn)狀，再對比事物本身的利弊，有時也會單從一個角度（利或弊）出發(fā)，最后往往要求考生表明自己的態(tài)度（或?qū)κ挛锴熬疤岢鲱A(yù)測） 1. 說明事物現(xiàn)狀。2. 事物本身的優(yōu)缺點（或一方面）。 3. 你對現(xiàn)狀（或前景）的看法。 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) 議題 . In fact, there are both advantages an

17、d disadvantages in 議題 . Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, 優(yōu)點一 . And secondly 優(yōu)點二 . Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", 議題 is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin wit

18、h, 缺點一 . In addition, 缺點二 . To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 議題 into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the 議題 . 或者Nowadays many people prefer 議題 because it has a significant role in our da

19、ily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First 優(yōu)點一 . Besides 優(yōu)點二 . But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that 缺點一 . To make matters worse, 缺點二 . Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects ov

20、erweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to 個人看法 . From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, 對前景的預(yù)測 . 四、解決方法型議論文（答題性議論文） 要求考生列舉出解決問題的多種途徑。1. 問題現(xiàn)狀。 2. 怎樣解決（解決方

21、案的優(yōu)缺點）。Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) 議題 . It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of a

22、ll, 途徑一 . In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is 途徑二 . Above all, to solve the problem of 作文題目 , we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, 方法 . 或者In recent days, we have

23、to face I problem 議題 , which is becoming more and more serious. First, 現(xiàn)狀 . Second, 進一步舉例說明現(xiàn)狀 . Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, 解決辦法一 . For another 解決辦法二 . Finally, 解決辦法三 . Personally, I believe that 我贊成的解決辦法 . Consequently,

24、 I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because 帶來的好處 . 五、闡述主題型議論文（諺語警句性議論文）要求從一句話或一個主題出發(fā)，按照提綱的要求進行論述。1. 闡述名言或主題所蘊涵的意義。2. 分析并舉例使其更充實。 It is well know to us that the proverb: “ 名言或諺語 ” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means 諺語的含義 . The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is 例子一 .