書面表達中組詞成句的原則與訓練

1、書面表達中組詞成句的原則與訓練句子是運用語言的自然單位，是表達思想的基本形式。好的文章中的句子一般都具有結構規(guī)范完整、內容清晰簡潔、語言精練生動的特點。把握這幾個方面是寫好句子的關鍵。 一、句式規(guī)范     一個句子能否正確地表情達意，除了正確運用詞語之外，還跟句子構造是否符合語法規(guī)則，是否符合語言習慣和語言表達的需要有關。在組織句子時，一般應注意以下幾點： 、選好句子結構     在句子的組織形式上，漢語為意構法，往往根據(jù)意思、邏輯或時間等順序來安排。而英語屬形構法，其句子的形成要靠結構上的空間搭架。寫作英語句子時，首先要將句子的主

2、謂語確立下來，如果有從句，還要選好連接詞。不管多復雜的句子，只要把主要成分的位置固定了，其它的成分就會按關系就位。另外，英語中還有一些常見句型和詞語間的固定搭配。所以在寫英語時一定不能用漢語進行思維，而要按英語句子的結構形式、常見句型、詞語搭配來組詞成句。例：1492年哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸時該多高興??！How pleased Columbus was to discover America in 1492! 本句涉及到了英語中主系表結構、感嘆句句式和be pleased to do 這一搭配。 、把握詞序不同     英漢語句子中主語、謂語動詞、賓語或表語等主要成分

3、的詞序基本上是一致的。但各種定語位置和各種狀語的次序在兩種語言中則有同有異，變化較多。一般說來，英語中的修飾語呈后置傾向，而漢語里的修飾語呈前置傾向。例： I dont think these buildings are strong enough. 我認為這些建筑不是十分堅固。 She likes sports very much. 她非常喜愛體育運動。 It is not a good idea to build houses along the lines where two of the earths plates join together.沿著地球兩個板塊的結合部建造房屋不是一個好

4、主意。 、保持一致關系     英語句子中的一致關系包括主謂一致、人稱和數(shù)的一致、時態(tài)一致、語態(tài)一致、語氣一致、指代一致、比較對象一致、句法結構一致以及邏輯關系一致等。寫作時，應注意保持以上諸方面的一致關系。例： 誤：First make a fire and then you should make the coffee. 正：First make a fire and then make the coffee. 原句句子結構不一致，前半句用了祈使句，后半句用了完整的陳述句。 誤：Being a student , we all wish to learn En

5、glish well. 正：As students, we all wish to learn English well. 前一句中的a student 與主語we在數(shù)上不一致。 不協(xié)調：Tom went up to the headmaster and was given a prize. 協(xié)調：Tom went up to the headmaster and received a prize.     在同一個句子中，如果動作的執(zhí)行者相同，謂語動詞的語態(tài)就要盡量保持一致。前面一句and后面部分的語態(tài)做了不必要的轉換。 、切合表達需要   

6、  從語言的“動態(tài)”去分析，即從語境的分析比較中，可以看出即使都是合乎語法規(guī)范的句子，也常有優(yōu)劣之分。例如，句式選擇與文章體裁關系就比較密切，不同文體對句式常有不同要求。如口頭通知在語言敘述上多使用短句和祈使句，書面通知中則常使用被動句，句子也比口頭通知要長一些。例： Therell be an outing（郊游）this afternoon. Please gather at the school gate at three oclock.（口頭通知） Therell be an outing this afternoon. Every student is requested

7、to gather at the school gate at three oclock.（書面通知） 練習：根據(jù)英語句子結構的組織方法，改正下列譯文中的錯誤。 1、他跑過去迎接來訪者。He ran over for welcoming the visitors. 2、你認為我們該讀什么樣的書？Do you think what kind of book should we read? 3、我來這里并不是請求你幫助的。I came here not to ask you for help. 4、我們本學期在學校每隔一天上一次物理課。We have physics lessons this te

8、rm at school every other day. 5、老人想起了他的兒子，眼淚直流。The old man thought of his son, tears came down from his face. 參考答案： 1、改為He ran over to welcome the visitors.動詞不定式作目的狀語是常見的，而for+動名詞作目的狀語除了用于use等個別詞外是很難見到的。 2、改為What kind of book do you think we should read?這里的do you think是插入語，特殊疑問句中的插入語通常放在疑問詞之后，而且在加上類

9、似該題的插入句后，主句的語序應由原來疑問倒裝語序變?yōu)殛愂稣b語序。 3、改為I didnt come here to ask you for help.不定式作目的狀語時，其否定式的構成一般不直接在不定式前面加否定詞not，而應該否定句子的謂語。對其他類型狀語的否定方式通常也是這樣。如：The car didnt stop because it ran out of pertrol.（車子并不是因為汽油用完了才停的。） 4、改為We have physics lessons at school every other day this term.當句子中同時出現(xiàn)地點、時間和頻度狀語時，英語句子

10、的習慣語序是：地點頻度時間。 5、在英語中，主謂語齊全就是一個完整的句子，兩個完整的句子之間必須有連詞進行連接，原句可改為When the old man thought of his son, tears came down from his face. 二、結構完整     一個完整的句子是由至少包含一個主語和一個謂語的一組詞構成的。結構不完整的情形通常有下列一些： 1、 錯誤省略     用詞簡潔是句子寫作的一個基本原則，但是省略也得遵循一定的規(guī)則，不可隨意省掉一些屬于固定搭配或有助于理解句意的詞。例： 錯誤：Youd bett

11、er do it as were told. 正確：Youd better do it as told to.     原句中as從句系一個省略結構，補全后為as you were told to do it，這一結構的主謂部分在省略時應該主語和謂語同時省略，后面不定式若要省略必須保留不定式符號to。 2、斷句     句子結構不完整，寫出的句子常常只是一個不能獨立存在的短語或從句。 斷句：How we should cut off the electricity. 完整句：How should we cut off the elec

12、tricity？ 完整句：This is how we should cut off the electricity. 3、連寫句     當兩個或兩個以上的獨立句子被錯誤地用逗號隔開或根本就沒有標點符號相連時，就形成了連寫句。例如： She cleaned the room, her mother prepared the supper.     改正這種句子可以根據(jù)句意采用以下四種方法中的一種或多種： 中間用句號使各個句子獨立。She cleaned the room. Her mother prepared the supper

13、. 如果兩個句子意思聯(lián)系緊密，也可用分號分開，分號后的句子以小寫字母開頭。She cleaned the room; her mother prepared the supper. 兩個句子若同等重要，可用并列連詞and, but, for等連成并列句。并列連詞前可以加上逗號，也可不加。She cleaned the room, and her mother prepared the supper. 如果兩個句子有一個比另一個地位更重要，則可以將次要的那個句子改為從句。When she cleaned the room, her mother prepared the supper. 

14、0;   值得一提的是however, therefore（因此），besides（再說）, now, then等連接性副詞不能像and, but, for等連詞那樣單獨連接兩個完整的句子，必須借助于句號、逗號或分號來使句子完整。例如： He said the story happened in Japan;however, he was wrong.     有的句子從語法結構上看是完整的，但從意義上說卻是不完整的，如Guangzhou is one of the biggest cities. 這一句就最好加一個in China這樣的狀語來

15、限定其范圍。     句意不完整的另一種現(xiàn)象是一個主次分明的句子有了兩個以上的中心。例如：I was walking in the park this afternoon, and saw a tiger.改正的方法主要是將其中的次要部分改為從句、修飾語或同位語。該句可以改為When I was walking in the park this afternoon, I saw a tiger. 練習：將下列句子改為結構完整或意義完整的句子。 1. While I was traveling in a city that I had never visited.

16、2. I like Mary as much as Jane. 3. “Will you come to the party, too?” “ Id like, but I must finish my homework first.” 4. The hall is different from all other buildings, it is made of glass. 5. This is the best film. 參考答案： 1.改為I was traveling in a city that I had never visited. 原句主干部分是一個時間狀語從句，后面的th

17、at從句是作為定語修飾city的，故原句是一個殘缺句。 2.改為I like Mary as much as I like Jane. 或I like Mary as much as Jane does. 在含有比較結構的主從句中，若主句的謂語動詞是及物動詞，從句中要注意將意思交待清楚，不能隨意省略。 3.原句在Id like后省略了動詞不定式，但按規(guī)則不定式符號to應予保留。 4.改為Being made of glass, the hall is different from all other buildings. 原句是一個連寫句，兩個獨立的句子之間必須用句號或分號隔開，或者加上合適的

18、連詞，也可將其中一個意思次要的句子改為從句或修飾性短語。 5. 改為This is the best film that Ive ever seen. 原句意義不完整，需要加上修飾語來限定其范圍。 三、內容明晰     句子不論長短，不論結構簡單還是復雜，內容都必須明晰。影響句子清晰度的因素主要有： 1、用詞不當     遣詞用字必須準確，否則很可能會造成歧義。例： 模糊：We Chinese workers all enjoy public medical care. 清楚：We Chinese workers all enjoy

19、free medical care.     漢語中的“公費醫(yī)療”不能用public medical care來表示，因為public意為“公有的、公共的”，這里所說的“公費醫(yī)療”實質上就是“免費醫(yī)療”。 2、代詞指代不明     代詞必須有所指，而且要指代清楚。請看下面的例子： 模糊：When we got to the factory, they all went out to give us a warm welcome. 清楚：When we got to the factory, the workers all went o

20、ut to give us a warm welcome.     在口語中，代詞you, they, it等常用來含糊地指代人和事，但在書面表達中，指代需要更確切一些。 模糊：Mrs Brown told Mrs White that her son was playing in her garden. 清楚：Mrs Brown told Mrs White, “Your son was playing in my garden.” 3、修飾語錯置     原則上，修飾性詞語應盡量貼近所修飾的詞，否則就可能會造成含義不清或句意改變的

21、情況。例： 模糊：I sat watching the boys playing football by the window. 清楚：I sat by the window watching the boys playing football. “在窗子旁”不可能是孩子們踢球的地方。 模糊：He sent a radio to the shop that was out of order. 清楚：He sent a radio that was out of order to the shop. “出毛病”的是收音機，而不是商店。 4、懸垂成分     懸垂成分

22、是指與句子中任何詞都沒有明顯關系的短語或分句。例： To keep healthy , much exercise is important. To keep healthy 的邏輯主語必須是人，故原句可改為To keep healthy , one should take much exercise. 5、主次不分     不同的思想放在不同的結構中，可以表示出它們相對的重要性。一般說來，重要的內容放在主句中表達，次要的內容放在從句或修飾語中表達；同等重要的內容則放在相同的結構中表達。主次不分，內容就會混亂。例： 模糊：When he suddenly pick

23、ed up a stone and threw it at me, I was talking to him. 清楚：While I was talking to him, he suddenly picked up a stone and threw it at me.     原句中要重點說明的顯然是“他突然撿起石塊扔向我”，而不是“我在和他談話”，故前者應放在主句中來表達?！皳炱鹗瘔K”與“扔向我”是兩個連續(xù)發(fā)生的動作，應該說兩者是同等重要的，故將它們放在了并列結構當中。 練習：改寫下列句子，使句意清楚。 1. At the age of nine, Aqia

24、os mother died. 2. The man felt worse when he was taken good care of in the hospital. 3. I tried to help him, but he refused（拒絕）it. 4. He saw an old woman get on the bus, quickly standing up to offer her his seat. 5. We saw several parrots driving along the road. 參考答案： 1.改為When Aquiao was nine, her

25、mother died.狀語at the age of nine的邏輯主語按語法規(guī)則應為句子的主語Aqiaos mother，而這顯然是不合乎邏輯的。 2.改為The man felt worse though(even though) he was taken good care of in the hospital.如果錯用連詞也會使句意含混不清。 3.改為I offered him my help, but he refused it.原句中的it沒有東西可以指代，在改后的句子中it指代my help。 4.改為Seeing an old woman get on the bus, he

26、 quickly stood up to offer her his seat.句子要表達的中心應該是“站起來讓座”，“看到老婦人上車”只是起身讓座的原因或時間。 5.改為Driving along the road, we saw several parrots.句中driving along the road不是賓語補足語，而是修飾動詞saw的時間狀語，將其前置，使其貼近謂語動詞saw，便可消除歧義。 四、簡潔凝練     簡潔凝練的語言能夠較為清楚地表達思想，更加有力地突出重點。要避免內容羅嗦、結構松散可以從以下幾個方面入手： 1、避免使用空洞、多余的詞語

27、    空洞的詞語是給文章添加的累贅。寫作中應掌握這樣的原則：能用單個單詞表達的盡量不用空洞的短語去表達。例： 冗長：At this point of time Allen has not yet reached a decision about whether he will offer her a job. 簡練：At present Allen hasnt decided whether he will offer her a job. 2、避免不必要的重復     重復使用某些詞語有時可以構成平行的句子結構

28、，或達到強調的目的，但是，無目的的重復則會導致冗長、笨拙的句子的產(chǎn)生。寫作時，應根據(jù)表達需要，決定是否重復表達某些內容。例： 冗長：My hometown is a quiet, peaceful（安寧的）place. It is quiet and peaceful because of the small number of people living there. 簡練：My hometown is a quiet, peaceful place because of the small number of people. 3、避免過多地使用并列句    

29、過多地使用并列句指的是盲目地把幾個并不同等重要的分句用并列連詞連接在一起，結果使全句邏輯關系模糊，讀來令人感到單調乏味。修改這樣的句子，可根據(jù)各個分句間的邏輯關系，將一些次要分句改為從句、修飾語或同位語等。例： 冗長：We were driving out into the country, and we met our first English teacher riding in a bus, and the bus was crowded. 簡練：As we were driving out into the country, we met our first English teach

30、er riding in a crowded bus. 4、避免過多地使用從屬句     英語中比較重要的從屬概念可用從句的形式來表達，其他次要的概念則多用詞或短語來表達，因為句子比短語顯得更重要。過多地使用從句會把次要的與主要的概念混為一談，從而削弱句子重點。糾正過多的從屬結構，可以采用把從句改成修飾語、同位語或簡單句等形式。例： 冗長：He is a man who is honest and who never tells lies. 簡練：He is an honest man, who never tells lies. 5、避免過多使用碎句  

31、;   碎句就是短句。書面表達中過多使用碎句，會破壞信息的連貫性，使表達的內容顯得羅嗦、拖沓。通常通過使用同位結構、非謂語動詞、介詞短語、獨立主格結構、復合句等形式可將碎句巧妙地合并在一起。例： 碎句：It is a beautiful day, and the sun is shining and a breeze（微風）is blowing. 精練：It is a beautiful day with the sun shining and a breeze blowing. 碎句：Carl went to the airport. He wanted to see M

32、rs Black off. 精練：Carl went to the airport to see Mrs Black off. 練習：在不改變句意的情況下，改寫下列句子，使其更加簡潔凝練。 1. There are over fifty students in this school who are going to take part in the sports meet which is planned for next Sunday. 2. Because of the fact that I had a lot of work to do, it wasnt possible for

33、me to accept their invitation. 3. The problem of pollution is serious in our city, but if we try our best to stop the pollution, the pollution will stop. 4. He told us a story; the story was very interesting. 5. Eugene ONeill, was an American writer, and he had an unhappy childhood, and he told the

34、story of his childhood in a play named A Long Dayss Journey Into Night and he said it was written in tears and blood. 參考答案： 1. Over fifty students in this school are going to take part in the sports meet next Sunday. 2. I was too busy to accept their invitation. 3. The problem of pollution is seriou

35、s in our city, but if we try our best ,the pollution will stop. 4. He told us a very interesting story. 5. Eugene ONeill, an American writer, told the story of his unhappy childhood in a play named A Long Days Journey Into Night, which he said was written in tears and blood. 五、語言生動     文章要吸引讀者注意，激發(fā)讀者興趣，語言就需生動，充滿活力。若想使句子形式多樣、語言生動、內容豐富，就必須通過以下方式對句子加以變化，而不是一成不變地使用“主謂賓”或“主系表”的句式來表達一切內容。 1、變化詞語表達方式。例： We are preparing for the coming exam. We are getting ready for the coming exam. 2變化句型。例： Im sorry not to