商貿(mào)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

1、p1-3 unit1 text1text 1 an introduction to logisticspre-text practice.Discussion:”logistics means having the right thing,at the right place,at the right time.”do you think so?討論:物流意味著在正確的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，交付正確的物品，你是這樣認(rèn)為的嗎？What is logistics?什么物流？para1the word logistics comes from the French ”logistque” ,which is

2、derived from ”loger” meaning quarters(as in quartering troops).it is related to the word ”lodge”(which is a much older word in English ,but from the same latin root).it entered English in the 19th century.物流這個(gè)詞來(lái)自法語(yǔ)“l(fā)ogistque”,它來(lái)源于“l(fā)oger”意思是營(yíng)房 (如在仔細(xì)的意義,是軍隊(duì))。與這個(gè)詞有關(guān)是“住宿”(那是一個(gè)很老的英文單詞,但是來(lái)自相同的拉丁語(yǔ)根),它在19世紀(jì)

3、進(jìn)入英文單詞中。 para2logistics became a topic for discussion in the business world in the 1960s and 1970s and began its rise to prominence in the 1980s.it was truly in the 1990s,however,that logistics began to garner the appreciation it deserved .in the year 2000 and beyond ,the creation of flexible and ef

4、fective supply and value chains will no less than define the success or failure of organizations and perhaps even entire business types.20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代，物流開始成為工商界討論的話題，到20世紀(jì)80年代，物流的地位顯著提高。然而，它真正突出是在1990年代 ，物流才開始獲得它應(yīng)有的欣賞。在2000年以及以后的時(shí)間里,靈活的創(chuàng)造性、有效供給和價(jià)值鏈將足以定義組織的成功或失敗,也許甚至是整個(gè)經(jīng)營(yíng)類型。para3there are various defi

5、nitions of logistics .the terms are defined as follows:有多種不同的物流的定義,定義有如下幾個(gè)方面： logistics(business definition) is defined as a business planning framework for the management of material , sevice ,information and capital flows .it includes the increasingly complex information ,communication and control

6、 systems required in todays business environment.物流（商業(yè)定義）是解釋作為為管理原材料，服務(wù)，信息和資金流的一種商業(yè)計(jì)劃架構(gòu)。它包括被現(xiàn)代商業(yè)環(huán)境所需要的不斷增加的復(fù)雜的信息，交流和控制系統(tǒng)。the council of logistics management (1992) defined the logistics as the process of planning ,implementing and controlling the efficient ,cost-effective flow and storage of raw mat

7、erials ,work in process inventory ,finished goods and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to the customer needs.物流管理委員會(huì)(1992)定義了物流過(guò)程的計(jì)劃、實(shí)施和控制管理效率,有效成本流動(dòng)和儲(chǔ)存的原材料、半成品、成品及相關(guān)的庫(kù)存信息,從原產(chǎn)地到消費(fèi)地以滿足客戶的需求為目的。Activities involved in logistics涉及物流的活動(dòng)para4fr

8、om the above we can see ,definition of logistics includes customer service ,transportation ,warehousing and storage ,plant and warehouse site selection ,inventory management ,procurement,material handling,packaging,demand forecasting,waste disposal,return goods handling.從上述對(duì)物流的定義我們可以看出，物流包括客戶服務(wù)、運(yùn)輸、倉(cāng)

9、儲(chǔ)、工廠和倉(cāng)庫(kù)的選址、庫(kù)存管理、采購(gòu)、物料搬運(yùn)、包裝、需求預(yù)測(cè)、廢棄物處理和退貨處理。para5customer service is a very important part of any organizations logistics effort .it is the output of the entire logistics system ,that is, customer service and some resulting level of satisfaction are what the logistics system ultimately provides the b

10、uyer .a pioneering study that examined the state-of-the-art of customer service in major corporations defined customer service as ”a customer-oriented philosophy that integrates and manages all of the elements of the customer interface within a predetermined optimum cost-service mix.”each element of

11、 a firms can affect whether a customer receives the right product at the right place in the right condition for the right cost at the right time .thus customer service means providing the necessary level of customer satisfaction at the lowest possible total cost.客戶服務(wù)是,是物流組織的努力的的方向中一個(gè)非常重要的部分。它是整個(gè)物流系統(tǒng)

12、的輸出環(huán)節(jié)，也就是說(shuō)，客戶服務(wù)和一些會(huì)產(chǎn)生客戶滿意水平的事物是物流系統(tǒng)最終提供買方的，開創(chuàng)性研究。一項(xiàng)對(duì)主要大公司的先進(jìn)的客戶服務(wù)進(jìn)行調(diào)查的前沿研究將客戶服務(wù)定義為“以客戶至上為宗旨，處理好與客戶服務(wù)有關(guān)的一切事項(xiàng)，達(dá)到預(yù)定的最優(yōu)化的成本-服務(wù)組合?！惫镜拿恳粋€(gè)組成因素都可影響一個(gè)客戶是否收到正確的產(chǎn)品在正確的地方在正確的條件在正確的時(shí)間以正確的成本。因此顧客服務(wù)就是提供必要的水平的顧客滿意度是以最低的總成本。para6transportation refers to the physical movement of goods from point of origin to point o

13、f consumption and can involve raw materials being brought into the production process and finished goods being shipped out to the customer .transportation includes activities such as selecting the mode of transportation (air,rail,water,pipeline,road);choosing the specific path ;complying with wariou

14、s local transportation regulations ;and being aware of both domestic and international shipping requirements .transportation is often the single largest cost in the logistics process .therefore ,it is an important component that must be managed effectively.運(yùn)輸是指產(chǎn)品從原產(chǎn)地到消費(fèi)地的物理性移動(dòng)，包括原材料進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域和產(chǎn)成品送至客戶手中。

15、運(yùn)輸包括諸如選擇運(yùn)輸方式(航空、鐵路、水、管道、公路);選擇特定的路徑;符合當(dāng)?shù)氐慕煌ǚㄒ?guī),并且要注意國(guó)內(nèi)、國(guó)際運(yùn)輸要求。運(yùn)輸通常在物流過(guò)程中單項(xiàng)成本最大的一部分。因此,這是非常重要的一部分,必須有效管理。para7warehousing and storage .warehousing is an integral part of every logistics system .it plays an important role in providing a desired level of customer service at the lowest possible total cos

16、t .products must be stored at the plant or in the field for later sale and consumption unless consumers need them the instant they are produced .generally ,the greater the time lags between production and consumption ,the lager the level of inventory required .specific storage activities include :de

17、cisions as to whether the warehousing facilities should be owned ,leased ,or rented;warehouse layout and design;product mix considerations;safety and maintenance;security systems;personal training;and productivity measurement.倉(cāng)儲(chǔ).倉(cāng)庫(kù)是每一個(gè)物流系統(tǒng)中不可分割的一部分, ,它在以盡可能低的總成本提供了一個(gè)理想的客戶服務(wù)水平中起著重要的作用。產(chǎn)品必須被儲(chǔ)存在工廠或其他地方

18、，等待日后的銷售和消費(fèi)，除非產(chǎn)品一生產(chǎn)出來(lái)就有客戶需要它們。通常，從生產(chǎn)到消費(fèi)的時(shí)間間隔越長(zhǎng)，所需的庫(kù)存量越大。 懼意的庫(kù)存活動(dòng)包括:決定是否應(yīng)該擁有倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)設(shè)施、出租，或租入;倉(cāng)庫(kù)布局和設(shè)計(jì);產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)安全性和維修;考慮,安全系統(tǒng);個(gè)人培訓(xùn);和生產(chǎn)率的測(cè)量。para8facility location.whether facilities are owned or rented,the location of plants andor warehouse is extremely important.the strategic placement of plants and warehouses

19、near the companys major markets can improve the firms customer service per facility location can also allow lower volume-related transportation rates in moving product from plant to warehouse,plant to plant,or warehouse to customer.the first consideration in selecting a site is the locatio

20、n of the firms various markets.the needs of the customer and the location of raw materials,component parts and subassemblies are also major considerations,for the company must be concerned with inbound movement and storage of materials in addition to outbound flows.設(shè)備擺放位置。無(wú)論設(shè)施是自有的，還是租賃的，工廠或倉(cāng)庫(kù)的位置是非常重

21、要的。將工廠和倉(cāng)庫(kù)戰(zhàn)略性地布置在公司主要的市場(chǎng)附近，就可極大地提高公司的客戶服務(wù)水平。適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)施選址也可以允許降低運(yùn)輸產(chǎn)品從工廠到倉(cāng)庫(kù)，工廠到工廠，或者倉(cāng)庫(kù)到消費(fèi)者的運(yùn)輸率。優(yōu)先考慮的要選擇的地點(diǎn)是公司的多個(gè)賣場(chǎng)?？蛻粜枨蠛驮牧系臄[放位置、零部件和組件也要主要考量,因?yàn)楣颈仨氷P(guān)心的是運(yùn)動(dòng)和儲(chǔ)存材料入除了出庫(kù)流量。 needs and manufacturing requirement.maintaining raw materials,component part,and finished goods inventory is not available for use elsewhere

22、.it is sufficient to note that inventory carrying costs can range from 14 to over 50 percent,depending on the product.successful inventory control involves determining the level of inventory necessary to achieve the desired level of customer service while considering the cost of performing other log

23、istics activities.庫(kù)存管理平衡庫(kù)存成本和銷售損失成本（如當(dāng)客戶需要貨物時(shí)卻沒有庫(kù)存的損失）。,是金融必要性至關(guān)重要,因?yàn)榫S護(hù)的充分供應(yīng)產(chǎn)品滿足顧客需求和生產(chǎn)requirement.maintaining原料、組成部分和成品庫(kù)存不是可供利用elsewhere.it足以注意庫(kù)存成本的范圍,可以攜帶從14歲到超過(guò)50%,這取決于product.successful庫(kù)存控制包括確定存貨水平必須達(dá)到預(yù)期的水平的顧客服務(wù)的目的,在考慮成本的執(zhí)行其他的物流活動(dòng)。para10procurement deals with the buying of goods and services tha

24、t keep the organization functioning.it includes the selection of supply source location,determination of the form in which the material is to be acquired,timing of purchases,price determination,quality control and many other facets.the changing economic environment of recent years,marked by wide var

25、iations in availability and cost of materials,has made procurement even more important in the logistics process.采購(gòu)協(xié)議與購(gòu)買商品和服務(wù),保持組織的選擇functioning.it包括供應(yīng)水源的位置,確定材料的形式獲取、定時(shí)的采購(gòu),價(jià)格的決心,質(zhì)量控制和許多其他facets.近年來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的變化，材料的種類和價(jià)格可選擇的余地較大，使得采購(gòu)在物流過(guò)程中的地位越來(lái)越重要。para11material handling is concerned with every aspect of t

26、he movement or flow of raw material,work in process inventory,and finished goods withen a plant or warehouse.a firm incurscosts every time an item is handled.since handling generally adds no value to a product,these operations should be kept to a minimum.poor material handling can lead directly to l

27、oss of or damage to the goods,thus customer dissatisfaction.material handling can act well reducing inventory,lowering costs,and increasing producticity.物料搬運(yùn)涉及原材料、在制品和產(chǎn)成品在工廠或倉(cāng)庫(kù)中的移動(dòng)或流動(dòng)的各個(gè)方面。a公司incurscosts每次一個(gè)項(xiàng)目handled.since處理一般增加任何價(jià)值的產(chǎn)品,這些操作應(yīng)該被維持在一個(gè)minimum.poor可以直接通向物料搬運(yùn)貨物滅失或者損壞,因此客戶dissatisfaction.m

28、aterial處理可能起作用,減少庫(kù)存降低成本、增加producticity。para12packaging focuses on protecting the product while it is being transported and stored.pakaging can make it easier to store and move products by reducing handling and thereby material handling costs.in a marketing sense,the package acts as a form of promoti

29、on or advertising.its size,weight,color,and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge about the product.包裝通過(guò)減少裝卸進(jìn)而降低物料的搬運(yùn)成本，包裝可使產(chǎn)品儲(chǔ)存和流動(dòng)更容易。從銷售角度來(lái)看，包裝可以作為促銷和廣告的一種形式。.its尺寸、重量、顏色和印制的信息吸引顧客和傳達(dá)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)品。para13demand forecasting address the need for precise amount of product and service that

30、 customers will require in the future.knowledge of future demand levels enables logistics managers to distribute their resources to activities that will serve that demand .sophisticated computer models,trend analysis,sales force estimates,or other methods can help such forecast.需求預(yù)測(cè)的地址需要具體數(shù)量的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),客

31、戶將需要在future。通過(guò)對(duì)將來(lái)需求水平的預(yù)測(cè)，物流管理著可以將資源分配至可以服務(wù)于需求的活動(dòng)中去。sophisticated電腦模式,趨勢(shì)分析、銷售隊(duì)伍的估計(jì),或其他方法可以幫助這些預(yù)測(cè)。para14other activities such as waste disposal,return goods handling,etc.are also important.since every bit of packaging is ultimately discarded,logistics managers must also consider the societal costs ass

32、ociated with waste disposal.the handling of returned goods,often reffered to as reverse distribution,is an important part of the logistics process .buyers may return items to the seller due to product defect,overages,incorrect items received,or other reasons.often the returned goods cannot be transp

33、orted,stored,andor handled as easily,resulting in higher logistics cost.其他的活動(dòng),如廢物處理處置、退貨處理等,也important.因?yàn)槊恳粯赢a(chǎn)品的包裝最終都要被丟棄，物流的管理者也必須考慮與處理廢棄物相關(guān)的社會(huì)成本。 the處理退貨,經(jīng)常reffered為反向配送,是一個(gè)重要的組成部分,.buyers物流過(guò)程可以將產(chǎn)品退回賣方產(chǎn)品缺陷,由于流量、不正確的物品或其他reasons.often收到的退貨不能運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存、或處理容易,導(dǎo)致了更高的物流成本。p14-15 unit1 text3what is supply cha

34、in management?什么是供應(yīng)鏈管理para1supply chain management is managing the flow of materials across the supply chain,i.e.,from preparing the raw materials to supplying the finished product to the comsumer,as well as the related counterflow of information,regarding controlling and recording of materials move

35、ment.供應(yīng)鏈管理是管理材料在供應(yīng)鏈中的流動(dòng)，即從準(zhǔn)備原材料到將產(chǎn)成品送至消費(fèi)者手中，也包括控制和記錄材料運(yùn)動(dòng)信息的逆向流動(dòng)。 Some of the activities in this system include: 有些活動(dòng),包括在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)souring;Purchasing;M Distribution planning and management of warehouses; 布局規(guī)劃和管理倉(cāng)庫(kù)Inventory management;存貨管理Inbound and outbound transportation; 、進(jìn)出境運(yùn)輸Linking all these with the

36、 customer services and marketing activities. 將所有這些與客戶服務(wù)和營(yíng)銷活動(dòng).Reasons for developing supply chains發(fā)展原因的供應(yīng)鏈para2these reasons give rise to the notion that in future,we will see supply chains competing with supply chains rather than competition between organizations.這些原因引起的概念,在未來(lái)的日子里,我們將看到供應(yīng)鏈與供應(yīng)鏈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),而不

37、是組織之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。greater competitive advantage; 更大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)greater value to consumers; 更高的價(jià)值,消費(fèi)者reducing the lead time gap; 縮短交貨提前期的差距faster and smaller deliveries to intermediate customers; 更快和更小的傳送到中級(jí)的顧客Benefits of supply chain cooperation供應(yīng)鏈合作的好處para3all parties working together in a formal supply chain rece

38、ive a number of benefits from joint working,these are:在正規(guī)的供應(yīng)鏈中一起工作的所有各方都從共同的合作中受益，這些都是聯(lián)合工作establishing valuable contacts across the supply chain; 在建立有價(jià)值的聯(lián)系供應(yīng)鏈gaining insights into how other organizations conduct their business,enabling them to improve their own; 如何獲得洞見其他組織開展業(yè)務(wù),讓他們來(lái)提高自身identifying op

39、portunities for joint research to improve the outputs of the supply chain. 識(shí)別機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)改善輸出的聯(lián)合研究的專業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈服務(wù)解決方案。para4however supply chains do not just happen,it requires a great deal of management effort and cooperation to achieve a successful supply chain.a number of principles need to be followed in order t

40、o achieve success and we will discuss them in more detail in the notes.these seven principles are listed below:然而供應(yīng)鏈不只是發(fā)生,它需要大量的管理的努力和合作,實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)成功的供應(yīng)chain.要成功就要遵守一些原則，下面我們將詳細(xì)地進(jìn)行討論。 these七個(gè)原則列出begin with the customer by understanding the customers values and requirements. 從客戶入手，了解客戶的價(jià)值和需求。manage logisti

41、cs assets across the supply chain,not just withen the enterprise管理整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈物流資產(chǎn),而不只是每企業(yè)。.organize customer management so that it provides one”face”to the customer for information and customer service. 組織客戶管理,它提供了一個(gè)面向用戶信息和客戶服務(wù)。integrate sales and operation planning as the basis for a more responsive supp

42、ly chain.for example,both functions shound have a single forecast number.this requires sharing realtime demand and forecast information both within the enterprise and across the supply chain. 整合規(guī)劃為銷售和使用的基礎(chǔ)更能供應(yīng)chain.for例子中,兩個(gè)功能shound有一個(gè)單一的預(yù)測(cè)數(shù)字實(shí)時(shí)需求和預(yù)測(cè)需要共享信息的方式既有企業(yè)內(nèi)部和整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈。leverage manufacturing and so

43、urcing for flexible and efficient operations. 利用生產(chǎn)、采購(gòu)和靈活有效地運(yùn)營(yíng)。focus on strategic alliance and relationship management across channel partner.although it is challenging to develop true partnership relationship,the fact is that without strategic partnership,it is impossible to manage the supply chain as a single entity.在渠道伙伴之間注重戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟和關(guān)系管理。雖然建立一種真正的伙伴關(guān)系是一種挑戰(zhàn)，但是沒有這種戰(zhàn)略性的合作，就不可能將供應(yīng)鏈作為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的實(shí)體來(lái)進(jìn)行操控。develop customer-driv