文化常識(shí)中英文對(duì)照;;

1、.十二屬相中國民間有一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗，人一出生，就有一種動(dòng)物做他的屬相。屬相，也叫“生肖”，是中國民間傳統(tǒng)的紀(jì)年和計(jì)算年齡的方法。中國古代的紀(jì)年法是帝王年號(hào)與“干支”并用，其中“干支紀(jì)年法”從史書上有明文記載的公元前841 年（庚申年），一直沿用到現(xiàn)在。“干”是“天干”，有十個(gè)字組成，這十個(gè)字是：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸?！爸А笔恰暗刂А?，由十二個(gè)字組成，這十二個(gè)字是：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥。把天干的十個(gè)字和地支的十二個(gè)字按順序配合起來，可以得到60 種排列，如：甲子、乙丑、丙寅這60 種排列周而復(fù)始，循環(huán)使用，每六十年叫做“一個(gè)甲子”。如公歷的2001 年，

2、是農(nóng)歷的辛巳年，公歷的2002 年，是農(nóng)歷的壬午年；而六十年后，2061 年又是辛巳年， 2062 年又是壬午年。從東漢（25 220）時(shí)開始，人們又用鼠、牛、虎、兔、龍、蛇、馬、羊、猴、雞、狗、豬12 種動(dòng)物來配十二地支，組成了十二生肖，也叫十二屬相。這就是子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龍、巳蛇、午馬、未羊、申猴、酉雞、戌狗、亥豬。這樣，子年是鼠年，丑年是牛年，寅年是虎年于是，每個(gè)人一出生，就有一種動(dòng)物作他的屬相。子年出生的屬鼠，丑年出生的屬牛，寅年出生的屬虎，以此類推?，F(xiàn)在，中國人在用公歷紀(jì)年和計(jì)算年齡的同時(shí)，仍然習(xí)慣用屬相紀(jì)年和推算年齡。;.twelve symbolic animalsit

3、 is traditional in China,when a perpon is born,oneanimal(shuxiang)is used to symbolize this year.Shuxiang,also calledshengxiao(any ofthe 12 animals representing the Earthly Branches),isa traditionalway in China to number the years and to recorda personsage.The ancientChinese peopleinventedthe method

4、to designate theyearsby the Heavenly Stems consist of thecharacters:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,and gui.And theEarthly Branches are composed of 12characters:zi,shu,yin,mao,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.Combining each of the 10 Heavenly Stems with one of the 12Earthly Branches in sequence cr

5、eates 60 chronologicalsymbols.For example jiazi,yichou,bingyin,etc.These60symbols are used in circles and thus each year has achronological symbol.For example,2001 corresponds toxinsi,2002 to renwu in the lunar calendar;after 60years,2061,once again,corresponds to xinsi,and2062,to renwu.Later,people

6、 used 12 animalstocorrespond to the 12 Earthly Branches,formingthe12Symbolic Animals,namely Earthly Branch One;.Rat,Earthly Branch Two Ox,Earthly Branch Three Tiger,Earthly Branch Four Rabbit,Earthly Branch Five Dragon,Earthly Branch Six Snake,Earthly Branch Seven Horse,Earthly Branch Eight Sheep,Ea

7、rthly Branch Nine Monkey,Earthly Branch Ten Rooster,Earthly BranchEleven Dog,EarthlyBranch Twelve Pig .Thus the zi year is theYear of the Rat,and the chou Year is the year of the Ox,and the yinYear is the Year of the Year ofTiger,etc.Therefore,whena personis born,he has an animalas hisaymbolicanimal

8、.Theyear2002 was a renwu year under lunarcalendar,alsotheyearof Horse,and so childrenborninthisyea areallHorsebabies.Even though the Chinesepeople now number theyears andtheir age under the Gregorian calendar,the stillcontinue to use the symbolicanimals.As longas peopleknow a person probable age and

9、 his symbolicanimao,people can inferhisexact age and yearof birth.小孩兒滿月與抓周;.在中國，小孩兒的滿月酒和抓周儀式獨(dú)具特色。在孩子的成長過程中，這兩個(gè)儀式有里程碑式的紀(jì)念意義。小孩兒出生滿一個(gè)月的那天，孩子的家人一般要招呼親朋摯友，邀請(qǐng)他們一起來慶祝孩子滿月。按照中國的傳統(tǒng)，這一天，家里會(huì)充滿了喜慶和節(jié)日的氛圍，滿月就要辦得熱熱鬧鬧才行。不過最近這些年，這個(gè)習(xí)俗在城市尤其是年輕夫婦中有逐漸被淡化的趨勢(shì)。但是，小孩兒滿月對(duì)于每個(gè)家庭來說，仍然是一個(gè)非常值得紀(jì)念的高興的日子?！白ブ軆骸敝械摹爸堋笔切『簼M一周歲的意思。關(guān)于“抓周

10、兒”，最早記載于北齊?！白ブ軆骸币簿褪窃谛『簼M周歲那天，吃中午的長壽面之前，擺上經(jīng)書、筆、墨、紙、硯、算盤、錢幣、賬冊(cè)、首飾、花朵、胭脂、吃食、玩具等，如果是女孩兒則要加擺鏟子、勺子（炊具）、剪子、尺子（縫紉用具）、繡線、花樣子（刺繡用具），再由大人將小孩抱來，令其端坐，父母及他人不給予任何的引導(dǎo)或暗示，任孩子隨意挑選，看他先抓什么，后抓什么，并以此為依據(jù)來預(yù)測(cè)孩子可能存在的志趣和將從事的職業(yè)以及前途。One-Month-Old Feast and One-Year-Old Catch(zhuazhou) of babies;.In China,One-Month-Old Feast and

11、 One-Year-Old Catch of a baby are ofunique Chinese characteristics.These two ceremonies aremilestone-like significance in the growing process of a baby.On the day when a baby isa month old,thefamilyof the baby willinvitetheirfriendsand relativesto a ceremony to celebratethe occasion.Ina traditional

12、One-Month-Old Ceremony,there will be a rejoicingandfestive atmosphere in the family and the feast is supposed tobe lively and joyful.However,in recent years this custom has beengradually abandoned among young people.Nevertheless,One-Month-OldFeast still remains a memorable and happy moment for every

13、 family.Zhou in the word zhuazhou means a baby is one year old.The earliesthistorical record about zhuazhou appearde during the Dynasty ofNorthern Qi.On the day when ababy is a year old , the familyof thebaby will lay out sutras,brush pens,ink sticks,paper,inkslabs,abacus,copper coins,accountbooks,j

14、ewelries,flowers,rouges,foods,toys,etc.Forgirls,scoops,scissors,rulers,thread,scissor-cut will be added.Theparents then put the baby in front of these articles and make it sit;.up.Nobody will give and instruction or cue to the baby so that it isleft free to choose by itself.Watching the baby catch t

15、he articles itlikes,the family can then make predictions about its potentialinterests,future career and development.婚禮結(jié)婚是人生中的一件大事。傳統(tǒng)的中式婚禮古樸而又熱鬧，隆重、喜慶并且禮節(jié)周全，場(chǎng)面的鋪陳頗具特色，不過在現(xiàn)代，尤其是在城市里，已經(jīng)很少見了。花轎是傳統(tǒng)婚禮的核心內(nèi)容之一。結(jié)婚時(shí)，新娘要坐在花轎里從娘家被抬到男方家中。花轎一般分四人抬，八人抬兩種，又有“龍轎”“鳳轎”之分。除去轎夫之外，還有持笙鑼、傘、扇等的隨行人員，一般的轎隊(duì)少則十幾人，多則幾十人，很是壯觀。傳統(tǒng)

16、的中式婚禮中，新娘要蒙著紅蓋頭，在伴娘的伴隨下，由新郎手持的大紅綢牽著，慢慢地登上花轎。在新娘成花轎去往男方家里的途中，顛花轎是必不可少的熱鬧場(chǎng)面。轎夫一起左搖右擺使花轎不穩(wěn)，新娘坐在里面也是左搖右晃。有的時(shí)候，新郎甚至不得不代替新娘或者;.和新娘一起向眾人抱拳施禮求饒，而這個(gè)時(shí)候，眾人歡笑不止，實(shí)際上是為了增添新人成婚之日的喜慶氣氛。中式傳統(tǒng)婚禮的最重要的部分便是拜堂成親。新人走到天地桌前，上面擺放有裝滿糧食的斗，斗的四周寫上“金玉滿斗”四個(gè)大字，以紅紙封口，斗內(nèi)四角放若干硬幣，以供拜完天地后看熱鬧的親朋好友掏出來求取吉利之意。斗中要插一柏枝，枝上綴有銅錢，這個(gè)柏枝便被稱作“搖錢樹”。斗旁放

17、一桿秤、一面鏡、織布機(jī)杼、一燈或一蠟燭。新郎在右，新娘在左，并肩站在天地桌前，執(zhí)事人高聲喊道：“一拜天地，二拜高堂，夫妻對(duì)拜”。民間的說法認(rèn)為，男女只有在拜過天地后才能算作是正式夫妻，因此對(duì)這個(gè)拜堂的儀式非常重視。還有民間習(xí)俗有這樣有趣的研究，即如果新郎在結(jié)婚的當(dāng)天因故不能拜天地，就讓他的姐妹抱只公雞來代替。坐完花轎、拜完天地、接下來新人要入洞房了。洞房是一直延續(xù)下來的叫法，新人入了洞房以后，按照習(xí)俗，新郎新娘的同輩親友聚集在洞房里，對(duì)新郎新娘開一些充滿暗示的玩笑。這時(shí)即便過頭一點(diǎn)，新郎新娘也不會(huì)生氣，而是想辦法巧妙化解，因?yàn)橛H朋好友鬧洞房圖的是高興和熱鬧。WeddingMarriage is

18、 the most important thing in the life.In China, atraditionalwedding is simpleand lively,ceremonious,andjoyful.There;.are some unique features in this ceremony,but inmodernsociety,especially in the city ,it is hardly seen any more.The bridalsedan isthe core of the traditionalwedding.Inwedding,thebrid

19、e should sit in the sedan, then be lifted from her mothers hometo her husband home.Generally,there are two kinds of sedan,thatis ,four-lifter and eight-lifter,also divided into dragonsedanandphoenix sedan.There are so many suites who holdgongs,umbrellas,fans and so on,besides lifters,In group,there

20、aremore thantenpeopleat least,andtheoccasionis very magnificent.Ina traditionalweddin,accompaniedwitha bridesmaid,thebridewearinga red veil and ledalong by the bridesgroom who holds a red silk inhis hand,enters the bridal sedan.On the way to the husbandshome,lifters jolt the sedan as it is necessary

21、 in a joyfulwedding.Lifters swing the sedan from left to right,causing the brideto sit unsteadily inside.Some times the bridegroom has to substitutefor his brideor beg to everyoneelse,while,alllaughtoaddingto thejubilance.The wedding ceremony is the most important part of a traditionalChinese weddin

22、g. The newlyweds go to the table for heaven and earthwhere thereisa dou(a kindof basket)fullof grain.Thedou iswritten;.with red paper.There are many coins placed in the four corners of thedou to provide theluck meaning to the guests.There is a cypressbranch,called ready source of money,decorated wit

23、h coppercoins.Besides,onesteelyard,a mirror,aloom,alampor a candlearealsoplaced near the dou.Afterwards, the groom stand on the leftside,thebriderightby hisside,whilethedirectorprompts,Firstbowto the heaven and earth;second bow to the parents;third bow to eachother.Accordingtothe folksaying,theywill

24、 not be theformalcoupleuntil bowing to the heaven and earth.As a result,people pay a greatattentiontothisceremony.An interestingcustom isthatif thegroomcannot come to this ceremony,he should ask his sister to hold a cockinstead.After taking the bridal sedan,bowing to the heaven,its time for thenewly

25、weds to go to the bridal chamber.According to custom,theirrelativesand friendsget togetherin the bridalchamber to banterthenewly weds.At this time,the newlyweds will never get angry enven ifthe teasing games are a bit outrageous,but will try to skillfullydissolve since the relatives and friends inte

26、nd to delight them.;.旗袍與中國傳統(tǒng)服飾旗袍源自清代滿族女性服飾，被譽(yù)為中國傳統(tǒng)服飾文化的典范。它不僅在整體造型的風(fēng)格方面符合中國文化和諧的特點(diǎn)，而且它的裝飾手法也展現(xiàn)著濃厚的東方特質(zhì)。另外，穿旗袍可以增加形體的修長感，配上中高跟鞋，更可以抬升人體的重心，將東方女性的端莊、典雅和含蓄的美展露出來。因此旗袍在中國民族服裝中獨(dú)領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷，久盛而不衰。中國男子的傳統(tǒng)服飾比較有代表性的為長袍、馬褂，長袍和馬褂都是滿族男子的服裝，盤領(lǐng)、窄袖，馬褂是對(duì)襟，大都有馬蹄袖，長袍為大襟。也有馬褂、長袍相連的兩部形式，這種形式的長袍只有下半截，連扣在馬褂的內(nèi)下擺。長袍馬褂給人的感覺是既不乏莊重，又

27、顯得灑脫和舒適。2001 年 APEC會(huì)議各國元首穿著“唐裝”集體亮相，掀起了一股以穿“唐裝”為時(shí)尚的風(fēng)潮。將“唐裝”作為中式服裝的通稱，主要因?yàn)閲舛挤Q華人居住的地方為“唐人街”，所以“唐人”作為中式服裝的通稱，主要是因?yàn)閲舛挤Q華人居住的地方為“唐人街”，所以“唐人”穿的衣服自然就叫做“唐裝”了。當(dāng)今的“唐裝”是由清代的馬褂演變而來的，它的款式結(jié)構(gòu)有四大特點(diǎn)：一是立領(lǐng)，上衣前中心開口，立式領(lǐng)型；二是連袖，即袖子和衣服整體沒有接縫，以平面裁剪為主；三是對(duì)襟，也可以是斜襟；四是直角扣，也就是盤扣；另外從面料來說，則主要使用織錦緞面料等。;.另外，中國不動(dòng)地域和不同民族的服飾也各有特色。比如，肚

28、兜就是關(guān)中和陜北的傳統(tǒng)的貼身服飾，肚兜的形狀就像背心的前襟，上面用布帶系在脖頸上，下面兩邊各有一條帶子系在腰間，它可以避免肚子受涼，夏天時(shí)兒童穿在外面也顯得天真爛漫。在兒童穿的肚兜上嘗嘗繡有虎頭像和“五毒”圖案，給予了大人希望孩子健康成長的美好祝愿。再比如，中國少數(shù)民族彝族的服飾也很有特點(diǎn)。彝族婦女的頭飾大致有纏頭、包帕、繡花帽三類，其中紅河地區(qū)婦女的頭飾更是琳瑯滿目，以銀飾為貴為美。披風(fēng)是彝族男女皆備的特色服裝，以動(dòng)物皮毛、毛麻織品和草編織制品為原料，以青、藍(lán)二色為主。Cheong-Sam and Traditional Chinese CostumesThe cheong-sam has

29、its origin in the Manchu females costumes in theQing Dynasty and has been regardedas the model of Chinese traditionalhabilatoryculture.As forthe reason,the cheong-sam not onlyaccordswithe the characteristic of harmony within Chinese culture in termsof the style ,but also shows rich oriental idiosync

30、racy with regardto ornamental techniques.In addition,the cheong-samwill give morepominence to a ladysslenderfigure,and also help to heightenthe centerof gravityof humanbodies together withe high-heel shoes,so taht civility,elegance and;.dignety will be fully displayde.Therefore,the cheong-sam develo

31、pedits own trend ,which has been long lasting.As for the traditional clothes of Chinese men ,the long gown andmandarin jacket are typical.Both of them have roundnecks and narrowsleeves. The mandarin jacket can be seen as a kind of Chinese-stylejacketwithbuttonsdown the front,mostlywithsleeveslikea h

32、orseshoof.However,the front of long gowns,with buttons on the right,isbasicallylarge.Thereis alsoa type of garment combiningthe long gownand the mandarin jacket ,and they will only have the under-halfpart,buttoning in the under lap of the mandarin jacket.The long gownand mandarin jacket will giver t

33、he impression of comfortableness andease as well as sobriety.In 2001,the presidents struck a pose on the stage in Chinese stylecostumes at the APEC Forum,and thus a trend of wearing Chinese stylecostumes came into being.The very reason why clothing with Chinesestyle has been labeled as Chinses -styl

34、e costumes is that the placewhere overseas Chinesd reside in has been calledChinese townandconsequently the cosstumes which the Chinese wear are called Chinese;.style costumes.Current Chinese-style costumes were transformed fromthe mandarin jacket of the Qing Dynasty,and there are four majorcharacte

35、risticsinterms of design.First,Chinese-stylecostumes havea stand-up collar and buttons in very middle of the front of thejacket;second,there is no seam between sleeves ande jacket;third,thecostumes are jackets with buttons down the front or in diagonal way;last,they have right-angled buttons.In addi

36、tion,with regard to theoutside material,Chinesecostumes are mostly made with silk.Moreover,the feature of clothing varies with areas andnationalities.For instance, hte bellyband is the traditionalclose-fitting costume in Central China and north of Shanxi.Thebellybandisjustlikethe frontof vestwitha l

37、acetyingto the neckand itan preventchildrenfrom catchinga cold.Thechildrenswearingof bellyband will also show their naivety.Most bellybands willl beembroidered with the pattern of atiger head and the FivePoisons,which contain a parents nice expectation of wishing theirchildren health.To take the cos

38、tumes of the YiNationality as anotherexample,they are rather distinctive with three types of womens hadwears including decorating brocade round the head and acap with anembroiderde case.Especially in the area of Honghe,womens head wears;.are full of beautiful colors and styles.They prefer silver orn

39、amentsto show their riches and beauty.However,the manteau can be regardedas the distinctivecostumes forallpeople of the YiNationality,whichare mostly made of fur ,delaine,hemp and straw and whose colors aremainly cyan and blue.課文老鼠為什么怕貓?jiān)诠糯?，人們使用十二地支來給時(shí)辰命名的。但是地支的名稱很古怪，人們總是記不住，所以引起了許多麻煩。玉皇大帝就想出了一個(gè)辦法，準(zhǔn)備

40、選十二種動(dòng)物，用它們和十二地支相配，幫助人們記憶。但天下的動(dòng)物太多了，怎么選呢？玉皇大帝定了一個(gè)日子，讓動(dòng)物們自己去天庭報(bào)名，前十二種動(dòng)物將被選上。動(dòng)物們很興奮，都希望自己是十二個(gè)幸運(yùn)的動(dòng)物中的一個(gè)。貓和老鼠是鄰居，又是好朋友，它們也想去報(bào)名?？墒秦埧倫鬯瘧杏X，它怕自己起不來，就讓老鼠第二天叫自己起床。第二天早晨，老鼠早早地就醒了，可是它忘了叫醒貓，就急急忙忙出發(fā)了。走到半路時(shí)，一頭牛從后面趕上了老鼠。你的個(gè)子大，步子也大，它每走一步，老鼠得跑好幾步。老鼠心想：“路還遠(yuǎn)著呢， 我都快跑不動(dòng)了， 必須想個(gè)辦法才行?！彼蛯?duì)老牛說： “牛大哥，我給你唱支個(gè)歌吧，這樣走路會(huì)輕松些。”老牛說：“好呀。

41、”老鼠就唱了起來，可是牛什么也沒聽見，還問：“你怎么不唱？”老鼠說：“我;.在唱呢，你沒聽見嗎？哦，可能是因?yàn)槲覀€(gè)子太小，離你的耳朵太遠(yuǎn)，你才沒聽見。如果我騎在你的脖子上，你就聽得見了?！崩吓Ｕf：“好主意。”于是，老鼠就爬到了牛脖子上唱起來：“牛大哥牛大哥，過小河爬山坡，要問世上誰最棒？牛大哥和我”老牛一聽，跑得更快了。它們跑到天庭門口時(shí)，看見誰也沒來，牛高興地叫起來：“我第一！我第一！”牛還沒說完，老鼠就已經(jīng)從牛身上滑下來，先一步占到了牛的前面。就這樣，老鼠的了第一名，牛排在了第二名。不久，其他的動(dòng)物也一個(gè)一個(gè)到了，它們是：虎、兔、龍、蛇、馬、羊、猴、雞、狗和豬。老鼠高高興興地回到家后，這才

42、想起好朋友貓。它跑到貓的家里一看，貓還在睡大覺呢。貓沒有被選上，氣壞了。從這以后，貓一見老鼠就咬，老鼠也總是怕看見貓。對(duì)話孫靜怡：我給你出一個(gè)謎語，請(qǐng)你猜一猜：“全國十二個(gè)，人人有一個(gè)，外國不曾有，請(qǐng)問是什么？”瑪麗亞：外國沒有，中國有，這我可猜不出來，我是外國人?。O靜怡：這是日本前首相田中角榮訪問中國時(shí)，給周恩來總理出過的一個(gè)謎語。當(dāng)時(shí)周恩來聽了哈哈大笑，回答說：“十二生肖?！?.瑪麗亞：說到生肖，我正好有個(gè)問題要問你。你說這十二生肖到底是怎么來的呢？孫靜怡：這個(gè)中國古代歷法有關(guān)系。你知道地支嗎？瑪麗亞：聽說過，它是中國古代的紀(jì)年方式，可是和動(dòng)物有什么關(guān)系呢？孫靜怡：古代的人們想記住自己的出生年份，可是那些地址的名字太麻煩，所以就找比較形象的東西來幫助記憶，最后想到用十二種動(dòng)物代表十二個(gè)地支。每年用一種動(dòng)物做代表。順序就是：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龍、巳蛇、午馬、未羊、申猴、酉雞、戌狗、亥豬。也就是說，子年出生的人，都屬鼠，丑年出生的人都屬牛據(jù)說什么年出生的人就有這種動(dòng)物的一些特點(diǎn)，這十二種動(dòng)物就叫做十二生肖，也叫十二屬相?，旣悂啠哼@個(gè)辦法不錯(cuò)，要是我，怎么也不可能記住那些復(fù)雜的名稱。孫靜怡：是啊，用可愛的動(dòng)物來代表年份，容易記住，也比較有趣，所以這種習(xí)俗到現(xiàn)在還有?，旣悂啠何矣幸粋€(gè)問題：中國人大都覺得貓很可愛，可為什么在十二生肖里卻沒有貓呢？孫靜怡：一種說法是因?yàn)楣糯€