英語寫作7（課堂PPT）

1、敘述法敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身的時時間、過程間、過程或空間空間的排列順序表達主題句的一種寫作手段。按時間展開（development by time）按過程展開（ development by process）按空間展開（ development by space） 敘述法敘述法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義 當一段文字是記敘一連串接著發(fā)生的事物時，必須依照事物發(fā)生的時間，按先后順序排列，方可一目了然。 如： Toward the end of the afternoon everything begins to close.

2、The bank closes first. Mr Fisher locks the bank doors promptly at four oclock. Miss Mary Smith leaves the Post Office an hour after that. A half hour later Barney Jones locks his grocery store, and Miss Minie Mason leaves school. If the three-thirty train is on time, Ben Cook walks past the Farmers

3、Bank at Five-thirty. By six oclock everything is closed along Main Street except the gas station, the restaurant, and the drugstore. By six oclock most people are at home getting ready for dinner. After lunch, while the other girls were sunbathing, Pat and I returned to the water. Soon cramps spread

4、 from my stomach to my legs. Immobilized by pain and fear, I yelled for help. My friend thought I was joking: so she ignored me. However, Sister Theresa came to my rescue when she noticed my plight. She pulled me out of the water and administered resuscitation. When regaining consciousness, I realiz

5、ed how close I had come to death. My experience with near death reminds me every day how close we all are to death in our daily lives. 在這個段落里，作者用了after lunch; while.; soon; when.等時間連接語按時間的先后順序記敘了一件發(fā)生在午飯后的事。Now , nowadays, between and Since, later, afterwards, earlier, formerlyIn the first/second/ pl

6、aceTo begin with, at the turn of the centuryAt birth, in childhood, in infancy, in adolescence, as an adult, in adulthood, in old age, at deathNext, then, subsequently, later, in conclusion. 為了講清楚如何做一件事情，我們通常按其步驟的先后順序逐項說明。 在這一類文章里，如果文章中的說明至今有效，須在行文中使用現(xiàn)在時。 for example: There are four separate stages

7、in making bread. The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm water. This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour. The resultant batter mixture is then left for an hour. At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture, along with salt and oil. The main step

8、 in the second stage is a thorough kneading of the dough, after which it is left to rise. The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves; the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins and left to prove (rise). In the final stage the bread is cooked in a hot oven. The whole process of making

9、 bread finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool on wire racks.這個段落采用過程敘述法描述了做面包的的過程。作者用了The first stage begins by., At the next stage., The third stage involves. 和In the final stage. 等連貫性詞語詳細地按照先后順序介紹了四個步驟。 描寫事物時，有時需要按照事物發(fā)生的地點(location)及相互空間關系(spatial relationship)排列，才能使讀者獲得較清

10、楚的概念。 空間順序指按物體的空間位置（自左至右，由近到遠，由上至下，由下到上，由里到外，由外到里，由中間到兩邊等順序）來展開段落。如： This is a dining room. It is not large, but it is not small. It is medium-sized. The table, which is round, is in the middle of the room. The chairs are around the table, and the table-cloth is on the table. The glasses and china a

11、re on the shelves and in the cabinet. The buffet is in the back of the table. The large picture, which is above the buffet, is between the two small pictures. The plant is on the floor to the right of the buffet. It is in the corner. 讀完這段用空間順序展開的文字后， 我們可以想象出餐廳里的擺設。 Great Britain is an island that li

12、es off the northwest coast of Europe. The nearest country is France which is 20 miles away from which Great Britain is separated by the English Channel. The island is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the North Sea to the east. It comprises the mainland of England, Wales and Scotland

13、. Scotland is in the North, while Wales is in the west. Ireland, which is also an island, lies off the west coast of Great Britain. It consists of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. Great Britain together with Northern Ireland constitutes the United Kingdom. Thus, the United Kingdom is compose

14、d of four parts. The largest of these is England which is divided into 43 administrative counties. The capital city is London which is situated in southeast England.這個段落主要是采用由外到里的空間順序法進行描寫的。先從外圍描述大不列顛的地理位置，接著從內(nèi)部仔細介紹它的各個組成部分 英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士的相對位置，同時描述了愛爾蘭島的相對位置，最后作者又特意指出英國首府倫敦的地理位置。 Under, below, beneath,

15、 down, over, above, on the top of, inside, beside, along North, northern, to the left, to the right To the north, on the left, on the right At the back of, in front, in the middle Next to, close to Adjacent, parallel to, intersection, horizontal. Surface. 一段文字僅有理論性的論點是不夠的，還需要實例來支持或證明論點。往往以實例來說明主題。請看

16、下面一段文字： There are several advantages of learning to type. For example, typing is faster and less tiring than writing. Typed paper is neater, and it helps you get better grades. Besides, learning to type can help you find a summer or part-time job easily. 作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別

17、在于： 舉例法舉例法側重通過舉出典型事例典型事例來解釋作者觀點，且事例可多可少； 列舉法列舉法側重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面力求全面。 我們來看下面這個用舉例法展開的段落。 It is very difficult to evaluate another persons performance objectively. For example, Linda recently wrote irresponsible remarks about her instructor because she was failing the course. Her friend Jack wrote a ma

18、rvelous description of the same instructor because he was receiving an A in the course. Both Linda and Jack were not fairly evaluating the instructor. They were influenced by the grades they were earning and were biased in their judgment. 作者運用列舉法，是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對topic sentence中擺出的論點進行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以

19、按照所列各點內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間等進行。 如下面一段話： Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I droppe

20、d my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldn

21、t get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.根據(jù)本段主題句中的關鍵詞組everything I did went wrong，作者列舉了8點內(nèi)容，分別由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡分明、內(nèi)容連貫。 for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, on

22、e another , still another, first, second, also等。 另一種通過舉例或細節(jié)展開段落的方法是從細節(jié)到歸納，即先鋪敘細節(jié)，把歸納性的中心句放在段尾。 段落中的細節(jié)和例子往往按照它們的重要性或趣味性排列：分量輕輕或趣味性弱弱的靠前，分量重重或趣味性強強的致后。 Basketball, football and volleyball are team sports, which require two teams playing against each other. They compete with one another to get the best

23、 score. Dual sports, on the other hand, are played between two persons. Both players have to make the greatest effort to beat their opponent. Dual sports include such sports as tennis, ping-pong, and boxing. Individual sports require neither a team nor an opponent. Typical individual sports are swim

24、ming, running and walking. So there are three main kinds of sports: team sports, dual sports and individual sports. Use examples, details or generalization to develop the following topic sentence (50-80 words): There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. There are many diff

25、erent forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go

26、skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them. 當段落的主題是要指出兩件事物的相同點(similarities)和不同點(differences)時，可用類比和對比的方法來說明，但類比或?qū)Ρ鹊膬杉卤仨殞儆谕活悇e。 將同類的事物按照某種特定的規(guī)則進行比較分析是一種常用的思維方法。通過對比，更容易闡述所述對象之間的異同和優(yōu)缺點，例如： The heart of an

27、 electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute. 在這段文字上， 作者為了突出電子計算機運行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進行了比較，

28、 - a thousand times faster than - ;而后，又將這一概念具體到了 a problem上，通過對比使讀者從 - a long time - in one minute上有更加直觀的認識。 As food is to the body, so is learning to the mind. Our bodies grow and muscles develop with the intake of adequate nutritious food. Likewise, we should keep learning day by day to maintain o

29、ur keen mental power and expand our intellectual capacity. Constant learning supplies us with inexhaustible fuel for driving us to sharpen our power of reasoning, analysis, and judgment. Why do so many graduates gravitate into business instead of into teaching? Part of the reason is the ever-widenin

30、g pay gap between these two professions. A secretary, an office clerk or a bank employee can earn monthly income as high as RMB 2，000, and when one is promoted to the position of a business executive or manager, the salary is even higher. But a college graduate with a masters degree can only get a salary of RMB 1，000 per month for his