專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ) 結(jié)果和討論（課堂PPT）

1、1How to write results and discussion徐騰蛟：講演 材料收集楊青青：ppt制作 材料收集2 Title（標(biāo)題）Abstract（摘要）Keywords（關(guān)鍵詞）Table of contents（目錄）Nomenclature（術(shù)語(yǔ)表）Introduction（引言）Method（方法）Results（結(jié)果）（結(jié)果）Discussion（討論）（討論）Conclusion（結(jié)論）Acknowledgement（致謝）Reference（參考文獻(xiàn)）Appendix（附錄）一篇完整規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文3科技論文的結(jié)果科技論文的結(jié)果l科技論文的結(jié)果是以資料、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表的方

2、式來(lái)表達(dá)與論文有關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)、觀察結(jié)果，在此基礎(chǔ)上形成適當(dāng)結(jié)論并作簡(jiǎn)要的說(shuō)明。它既是作者對(duì)自己原先設(shè)計(jì)的目的或所提出問(wèn)題的直接回答，也是下文邏輯推理、深入討論的依據(jù)。原則上結(jié)果不要展開(kāi)討論。 4lHow to write resultsl寫(xiě)作要求l寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)l寫(xiě)作方法l結(jié)果中的圖表lHow to write discussionl寫(xiě)作要求l寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)l寫(xiě)作方法5結(jié)果寫(xiě)作要求結(jié)果寫(xiě)作要求1. 簡(jiǎn)單扼要，主次分明，詳略得宜； 2. 不外加研究者的評(píng)論、評(píng)價(jià)、分析和推理；3. 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一般用數(shù)值表示，但不用原始實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，不要全部運(yùn)算過(guò)程，而是列出經(jīng)加工或統(tǒng)計(jì)處理的數(shù)值；4. 應(yīng)用插圖、表格、照片目的在于

3、直觀和形象性；5. 根據(jù)“材料與方法”中的觀測(cè)指標(biāo)逐項(xiàng)敘述結(jié)果時(shí)，若內(nèi)容過(guò)多，可分成段落，加小標(biāo)題，使資料層次分明6結(jié)果寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)結(jié)果寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)(1) 對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)或觀察結(jié)果的表達(dá)要高度概括和提煉。概括和提煉。 不能簡(jiǎn)單地將實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄數(shù)據(jù)或觀察事實(shí)堆積到論文中，要突出有科學(xué)意義科學(xué)意義和具代表性具代表性的數(shù)據(jù)。(2) 數(shù)據(jù)表達(dá)可采用文字與圖表相結(jié)合文字與圖表相結(jié)合的形式。 如果只有一個(gè)或很少的測(cè)定結(jié)果，在正文中用文字描述即可；如果數(shù)據(jù)較多，可采用圖表形式來(lái)完整、詳細(xì)的表述，文字部分則用來(lái)指出圖表中資料的重要特性或趨勢(shì)。切忌在文字中簡(jiǎn)單地重復(fù)圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)切忌在文字中簡(jiǎn)單地重復(fù)圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)，而忽略敘述其趨勢(shì)、

4、意義以及相關(guān)推論(3) 適當(dāng)解釋適當(dāng)解釋原始數(shù)據(jù)，以幫助讀者的理解。(4) 文字表達(dá)應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚。 避免使用冗長(zhǎng)的詞匯或句子來(lái)介紹或解釋圖表。為簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚起見(jiàn)，不要把不要把圖表的序號(hào)作為段落的主題句圖表的序號(hào)作為段落的主題句，應(yīng)在句子中指出圖表所揭示的結(jié)論，并把圖表的序號(hào)放入括號(hào)中。 7結(jié)果寫(xiě)作方法結(jié)果寫(xiě)作方法l“結(jié)果”部分的敘述方法，應(yīng)客觀地介紹實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果、通常使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句、判斷句和形式主語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句、判斷句和形式主語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句，這是為了從修辭上增強(qiáng)敘述的客觀性客觀性和確實(shí)性確實(shí)性。l實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果常用圖表加以概括。使得結(jié)果表達(dá)得簡(jiǎn)明扼要，而且上下左右數(shù)

5、據(jù)容易比較對(duì)照，可說(shuō)是一種簡(jiǎn)練的論文寫(xiě)作方法。圖表是科技文獻(xiàn)的特征之一，特別是生物學(xué)科技文獻(xiàn)常用圖表形式概括試驗(yàn)資料。圖表簡(jiǎn)明、扼要、形象、具體，并具有鮮明的對(duì)比性，使讀者一望而知全局及其與左右前后的相互關(guān)系。8 e.g. Although the growth of soybeans was not influenced by the time of day when bentazone was applied，the differences in weed control following applications at various times of day were great e

6、nough to be equated with success or failure in practical terms9Titlecolumn headingsbodyfootnotesCareful planning of the tables and figures is important to ensure that the sequencing of these tells a story.Tables and illustrations should follow a sequence that clearly relates to the text and tells th

7、e story of the paper.Use the fewest tables and illustrations needed to tell the story.Strictly follow the journals “Instructions to authors”.10圖表的制作與說(shuō)明圖表的制作與說(shuō)明(Figures and Tables)-1 l圖（Figures） (1)名稱(chēng)名稱(chēng)： 各種繪圖和照片通Figure，可縮寫(xiě)為Fig.，+復(fù)數(shù)為Figs.。第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)， 按出現(xiàn)順序用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)碼編號(hào)， 例如 Fig. 5 (2)圖標(biāo)題圖標(biāo)題： 圖標(biāo)題與圖表題不同，一般放在圖的下端

8、，上端與圖隔開(kāi)一行，下端與正文隔開(kāi)一行。(3)位置位置： 圖應(yīng)放在正文第一次提到有關(guān)內(nèi)容的地方，最好與有關(guān)文字放在同一頁(yè)上。如果圖面不寬， 可與文字并排。如為單面打字頁(yè)面，文左，圖右；如果為雙面印刷的書(shū)頁(yè)，右手頁(yè)圖在右邊，左手頁(yè)圖在左邊。(4)座標(biāo)座標(biāo)： 曲線圖一般把自變量放在橫坐標(biāo)上，把應(yīng)變量放在縱座標(biāo)主。因?yàn)樽x者主要關(guān)心的是應(yīng)變量，它的變化通過(guò)高度最容易看出。(5)百分比圖百分比圖： 畫(huà)圓形百分比圖時(shí)，文字應(yīng)當(dāng)向著一個(gè)方向。 11圖表的制作與說(shuō)明圖表的制作與說(shuō)明(Figures and Tables)-2l表(Tables) (1)名稱(chēng)名稱(chēng)： 科技文獻(xiàn)中各種表格通稱(chēng)Table，第一字母大寫(xiě)

9、按出現(xiàn)順序用阿拉伯字碼編號(hào)，例如Table 12。(2)表格標(biāo)題表格標(biāo)題； 每一表格上端都應(yīng)有一個(gè)標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題應(yīng)能概括本表的內(nèi)容；書(shū)寫(xiě)要求和格式與論文標(biāo)題相同。(3)位置位置： 表應(yīng)放在正文第一次提到有關(guān)內(nèi)容的地方，最好與有關(guān)文字放在同一頁(yè)上。(4)欄標(biāo)題欄標(biāo)題： 每一欄應(yīng)有標(biāo)題。必要時(shí)可注明數(shù)量單位，如空間不夠，可在表格腳注中說(shuō)明。 12圖表的制作與說(shuō)明圖表的制作與說(shuō)明(Figures and Tables)-2(5)腳注腳注： 表中某一部分需要補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)，可用腳注。腳注可在說(shuō)明部分的右上角用小一號(hào)的字母按順序標(biāo)注。腳注內(nèi)容直接放在表后。(6) 數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)字： 每一欄的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字應(yīng)按位數(shù)對(duì)齊。(7

10、) 寬度寬度： 表格寬度應(yīng)略短語(yǔ)正文， 如超過(guò)頁(yè)面可橫過(guò)來(lái)，上面應(yīng)在左側(cè)。(8)長(zhǎng)度長(zhǎng)度： 表格最好不要轉(zhuǎn)頁(yè)，如超過(guò)一頁(yè)長(zhǎng)度，可轉(zhuǎn)第二頁(yè)。在第二頁(yè)上仍應(yīng)列出各欄的標(biāo)題，并在右上方注明“Table5 （continued）”字樣。13l圖表說(shuō)明 : 突出重點(diǎn)，明確差異。不是逐次重復(fù)圖表的內(nèi)容，而是將一組數(shù)據(jù)與另一組作對(duì)比，把自己的結(jié)果同別人的結(jié)果比，只擇其重要者，能支持自己的論點(diǎn)的部分，加以重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明。對(duì)圖表的說(shuō)明既不應(yīng)過(guò)分詳細(xì)，也不應(yīng)過(guò)分簡(jiǎn)單。 圖表的制作與說(shuō)明圖表的制作與說(shuō)明(Figures and Tables)-314l圖表說(shuō)明的時(shí)態(tài)如果圖表沒(méi)有表示特定的時(shí)間，而泛指一般值況(如上列表1)

11、，說(shuō)明可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如果圖表是敘述某一特定時(shí)間的情況(如下表2)，這個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)一般是在過(guò)去，說(shuō)明則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如果圖表是敘述不同時(shí)間的情況， 包括一欄不同的時(shí)間和一欄與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)字，說(shuō)明可根據(jù)具體情況使用不同根據(jù)具體情況使用不同時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)。例如： 對(duì)表2 的解說(shuō)敘事時(shí)態(tài)是過(guò)去時(shí)，但最后一句是敘述經(jīng)常的情況，客觀的真理，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。實(shí)際上在論文中只需對(duì)重點(diǎn)問(wèn)題有目的地加以說(shuō)明。15lIn 1960 the ten leading copper producing countries produced nearly 90% of the world total. The largest

12、producer was USA, one fourth of the world production coming from this source. In fact, the USA was the only country to produce more than a million tons, the other three countries each produced half a million tons or more; in decreasing order they were Zambia, Chile and USSR. This group was followed

13、by two countries, Canada and Congo, producing 350 000 and 300 000 tons respectively. Finally, there was a group of smaller producers, led by Pero and Australia. It is worth noting that copper deposits are distributed relatively evenly in the world because they occur in great quantities in all contin

14、ents except Europe.16圖表的引導(dǎo)句型圖表的引導(dǎo)句型(1) AS can be seen from Table 9,(2) As (is) shown in Graph 2, .(3) As shown in Table 8,(4) As will be seen from Table 5, (5) As can be seen from the figure on page 9,.(6) . Is shown as follows (Table 2)(7) . Is listed in Table 2.(8) is presented in Table 5.(9) is s

15、ummarized in table 2.(10) .is illustrated in Fig. 5.(11) (see Table 2)(12) (P2, fig. 4 and 5.)17科技論文的討論科技論文的討論l討論部分是論文中的精華部分,是把實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果提高到理論認(rèn)識(shí)的部分,也是唯一可以由作者自由發(fā)揮的部分。論文的作者應(yīng)在討論中著重闡述整篇論文中有創(chuàng)造性的內(nèi)容和獨(dú)到的見(jiàn)解并回答： （1）Why is the result （2）so what18Writing requirementsKey pointElementsWriting Methods Tense Voice Useful

16、 sentences 19Writing requirements of discussion1. 對(duì)本次實(shí)驗(yàn)或觀察結(jié)果做出理論解釋和討論 ； 2. 將本次結(jié)果，與過(guò)去及其他研究結(jié)果（不同時(shí)間、不同地點(diǎn)、相同或不同的研究對(duì)象中的研究結(jié)果）相比較，分析異同，解釋產(chǎn)生差別的可能原因，并根據(jù)自己或他人的文獻(xiàn)資料，提出自己的見(jiàn)解，實(shí)事求是，有根據(jù)地與其他作者商榷 ；3. 突出本項(xiàng)研究中地新發(fā)現(xiàn)、新發(fā)明，提出可能原因 ；4. 分析本次研究地不足，還存在哪些尚未解決地問(wèn)題，提出今后急需研究的方向和設(shè)想。20Key point of discussion(1) 對(duì)結(jié)果的解釋要重點(diǎn)突出重點(diǎn)突出，簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚。

17、為有效地回答研究問(wèn)題，可適當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)要地回顧簡(jiǎn)要地回顧研究目的并概括主要結(jié)果，但不能簡(jiǎn)單地羅列結(jié)果。(2) 推論要符合邏輯符合邏輯，避免實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)不足以支持的觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論。 根據(jù)結(jié)果進(jìn)行推理要適度推理要適度，論證時(shí)一定要注意結(jié)論和推論的邏輯性。21(3) 觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論的表述要清楚、明確表述要清楚、明確。 盡可能清楚地指出作者的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論，并解釋其支持還是反對(duì)早先的支持還是反對(duì)早先的工作工作。結(jié)束討論時(shí)，避免使用諸如“Future studies are needed.”之類(lèi)蒼白無(wú)力的句子。(4) 對(duì)結(jié)果科學(xué)意義和實(shí)際應(yīng)用效果的表達(dá)要實(shí)事求是實(shí)事求是，適當(dāng)留有余地。 避免使用“For the first t

18、ime”等類(lèi)似的優(yōu)先權(quán)聲明。在討論中應(yīng)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯來(lái)區(qū)分推測(cè)與事實(shí)區(qū)分推測(cè)與事實(shí)。 選用“prove”，“demonstrate”等表示作者堅(jiān)信觀點(diǎn)的真實(shí)性； 選用“show”，“indicate”，“found”等表示作者對(duì)問(wèn)題的答案有某些不確定性； 選用“imply”，“suggest”等表示推測(cè)； 或者選用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can”，“will”， “should”，“probably”，“may”，“could”， “probably”，“possibly” 等來(lái)表示論點(diǎn)的確定性程度。22Elements to Include in the DiscussionState the study

19、s major findingsExplain the meaning and importance of the findingsRelate the findings to those of similar studiesConsider alternative explation of the findingsAcknowledge the studys limitationsMake suggestions for further research23States the studys major findinglThe discussion should begin with a s

20、tatement of the major findings of the study. This should be the first paragraph in the discussion. It should be a direct, declarative, and succinct proclamation of the study results.lE.g. Our results confirm that these nasal and full-face masks are similarly efficient over 15 min of NPPV with COPD p

21、atients recovering from acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.”我們的結(jié)果證實(shí)：對(duì)于那些正在從急性高二氧化碳性呼吸衰竭癥狀恢復(fù)的慢性阻塞性肺病人而言，這些鼻套和面罩 和15分鐘無(wú)創(chuàng)正壓通氣治療的效果是差不多的24Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why the Findings Are ImportantlNo one has thought as long and as hard about your study as you have.lOne of the purposes of

22、the discussion is to explain the meaning of the findings and why they are important, without appearing arrogant, condescending, or patronizing .25Relate the Findings to Those of Similar StudieslThe discussion section should relate your study findings to those of other studies. lQuestions raised by p

23、revious studies may have served as the motivation for your study. lThe findings of other studies may support your findings, which strengthens the importance of your study results. lIt is also important to point out how your study differs from other similar studies.26Consider Alternative Explanations

24、 of the FindingslIt is important to remember that the purpose of research is to discover and not to prove.lit is important to carefully consider all possible explanations for the study results, rather than just those that fit your biases.27Acknowledge the Studys LimitationslEven the best studies in

25、the most prestigious journals have limitations. lIt is far better for you to identify and acknowledge your studys limitations than to have them pointed out by a peer-reviewer or a reader.28Make Suggestions for Further ResearchlAlthough a study may answer important questions, other questions related

26、to the subject may remain unanswered. lMoreover, some unanswered questions may become more focused because of your study.29Things to Avoid When Writing the DiscussionOverpresentation of the resultsUnwarranted speculationInflation of the importance of the findingsTangential issuesThe “bully pulpit” C

27、onclusion that are not supported by the dataInclusion of the “take-home message”, save this for the conclusions section30Overinterpretation of the ResultsThe data are the data: nothing more, nothing less.Unwarranted SpeculationThere is little room for speculation in the discussion.The discussion sho

28、uld remain focused on the your dataand the object of study and/or devices in your study.Inflating the Importance of the FindingsAfter all of the hard work that goes into a study, it iseasy to attribute unwarranted importance to study findings. However, unwarranted inflation of the importance of the

29、study results will disgust reviewers and readers. 31Tangential IssuesIt is important to remain focused on the hypothesis andstudy results. Injecting tangential issues into the discussionsection distracts and confuses the reader.The “Bully Pulpit”Do not use the discussion section to criticize other s

30、tudies.Conclusions That Are Not Supported by the DataConclusions should be a tight packageThe hypothesisStudyData32Writing Methods of Discussionl討論部分按慣例放在“結(jié)果”之后，主要是對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)的各項(xiàng)結(jié)果作出有意義的分析分析。l“討論”部分有關(guān)的本實(shí)驗(yàn)中的特定情況， 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)敘述；有關(guān)作者的分析和判斷用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)敘述。?？墒褂玫诙朔Q(chēng)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句，因?yàn)檫@是作者的主觀主觀認(rèn)識(shí)見(jiàn)解。33結(jié)果與討論的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題結(jié)果與討論的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題TENS

31、E（時(shí)態(tài)）： 通?？萍颊撐牟捎玫臅r(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)，但在列表、進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析或描述不爭(zhēng)事實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)該采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 “Table 4 shows that.”（列表）；“These values are significantly greater than those of the females of the same age ，indicating that the males grew more rapidly” (統(tǒng)計(jì)分析)； “Water was added and the towers became damp ,which proves again that water is

32、wet(不爭(zhēng)事實(shí))。 34l根據(jù)Day(1989)的建議,論文中凡涉及研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)已存在的理論和知識(shí)(包括他人在此之前發(fā)表過(guò)的論文)時(shí)均應(yīng)采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表示對(duì)理論貢獻(xiàn)者們的尊重。以此推理,Results和Discussion的絕大部分內(nèi)容(即涉及研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)已有的理論和知識(shí)的部分)應(yīng)采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。35Tense of Discussion(1) 指出結(jié)果在哪些圖表中列出時(shí)，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。lE.g. Which shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time. (2)回顧研究目的、敘述或總結(jié)研究結(jié)果的內(nèi)容為關(guān)于過(guò)去的事實(shí)，所以通常采用過(guò)去時(shí)。lE.g. After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported ba