新目標(biāo)英語中考系列五：短語動詞和句型

1、新目標(biāo)英語中考系列五:短語動詞和句型【考點直擊】1. 短語動詞的辨析;2. 英語句子的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu);3. 初中階段主要句型的用法?！久麕燑c睛】短語動詞是中考的重要內(nèi)容之一。在初中階段,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了不少短語動詞, 把他們加以歸納總結(jié), 進(jìn)行重點復(fù)習(xí)是十分必要的。 英語中有許多短語動詞在意義上 是一個整體, 其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動詞, 有的相當(dāng)于不及物動詞, 有的兼有及物動詞和不 及物動詞的特征。1. 短語動詞的分類(1動詞+介詞常見的有 look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞 后。如:Dont lau

2、gh at others.Tom asked his parents for a bike.(2動詞+副詞常見的有 give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞, 既可放在副詞前邊, 又可放在副詞后邊; 賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞, 則要放在副詞前 邊。如:Youll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.(3動詞+副詞+介詞常見的有 go on with, catch up with等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后

3、邊。如:Go on and Ill catch up with you in five minutes.After a short rest, he went on with his research work.(4動詞+名詞+介詞常見的有 take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。 這類短語動詞的賓語只能 放在介詞后邊。如:You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of our time.(5動詞+形容詞常見的有 leav

4、e open, set free, cut open等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞,則賓語可放在 形容詞的前邊,也可放在后邊;賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞,則必須放在形容詞前邊。 如:The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.(6動詞+名詞常見的有 take place, make friends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如:This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.2. 短語動詞的辨析(1be made in(在 生產(chǎn)或制造 , be

5、made of(由 組成或構(gòu)成 (2come down(下來 ; 落 , come along(來; 隨同 , come to oneself(蘇醒 , come true(實現(xiàn) , come out(花開;發(fā)芽;出現(xiàn);出來 , come over(過來;順便來訪 , come in(進(jìn)來 , come on(來 吧;跟著來;趕快 , come up with(找到;提出 (3do ones best(盡最大努力 , do well in(在 干得好 , do ones homework(做作業(yè) , do some reading(閱讀 (4fall asleep(入睡 , fall behi

6、nd(落在 . 后面 , fall off(從 掉下 , fall down(到下;跌倒 (5get down(下來;落下 , get on(上車 , get to(到達(dá) , get up(起床 , get back(回來;取回 , get off(下來 , get on well with(與 相處融洽 , get married(結(jié)婚 , get together(相聚 (6give up(放棄 , givea hand(給與 幫助 , give a concert(開音樂會 (7go back(回去 , go on(繼續(xù) , go home(回家 , go to bed(睡覺 , go

7、over(過一遍; 仔細(xì)檢查 , go out(外出;到外面 , go wrong(走錯路 , go on doing(繼續(xù)做某事 , go shopping(買東西 , go boating(去劃船 , go fishing(去釣魚 , go hiking(去徒步旅行 , go skating(去滑冰 , go straight along(沿著 一直往前走 (8have a look(看一看 , have a seat(坐下 , have supper(吃晚餐 , have a rest(休息 , have sports (進(jìn)行體育活動 , have a cold(感冒 , have a

8、cough(咳嗽 , have a good time(過得 愉快 , have a headache(頭痛 , have a try(嘗試;努力 (9look for(尋找 , look out(留神 ; 注意 , look over(仔細(xì)檢查 , look up(向上看; 抬頭看 , look after(照顧 ; 照看 , look at(看; 觀看 , look like(看起來像 , look the same(看起來像 , (10make friends(交朋友 , make phone calls(打電話 , make money(賺錢 , make the bed(整理 床鋪

9、, make a noise(吵鬧 , make a faces(做鬼臉 , make ones way to(往 走去 , make room for(給 騰出地方 , make a decision(做出決定 , make a mistake(犯錯誤 , make up ones mind(下決心 (11put on(上演;穿上;戴上 , put up(掛起;舉起 , put down(把某物放下來 , put away(把 某物收起來 , put off(推遲 (12take off(脫掉衣服 , take photos(照相 , take time(花費時間 , take out(取出

10、 , take a seat(坐 下 , take an active part in(積極參加 , take care of(照顧;照料;注意 , take exercise(做運動 , take ones place(坐某人的位置;代替某人的職務(wù) , take turn(輪流 (13talk about(談話;交談 , talk with(和 交談 (14turn on(打開電燈,收音機(jī),煤氣,自來水等 , turn off(關(guān)上電燈,收音機(jī),煤氣,自來 水等 , turn down(關(guān)小;調(diào)低 , turnover(把 . 翻過來 (15think of(認(rèn)為;想起 , think ab

11、out(考慮 3. 句子的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)根據(jù)句子所用動詞的不同,句子可歸納為五個基本句型。(1主語 +連系動詞 +表語。例如:My mother is a doctor.Her voice sounds nice.(2主語 +不及物動詞。例如:He runs fast.We study hard.(3主語 +及物動詞 +賓語。例如:Children often sing this song.He studies English.1 常用 -ing 形式 , 而不用不定式作賓語的動詞有:enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, sugg

12、est, mind等。例如:She enjoys reading novels and swimming.I finished reading the book last night.2 常用不定式,而不用 -ing 形式作賓語的動詞有:wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。 例如:Where do wish to sit?Tom agreed to lend some money.3 有些及物動詞既可用不定式,由可用 -ing 形式作賓語,但意義不同。這類動詞常見的有: remember, forget等。例如:Please remember to

13、 post the letter for me.請記住替我發(fā)了這封信。I remember posting the letter.我記得那封信寄過了。Stop 的用法同上面的詞相仿,不過 stop 后面跟不定式不是作賓語,而是作狀語。試比 較下列句子:He stopped to smoke. 他停下來吸煙。He stopped smoking. 他停止吸煙了。4 有些及物動詞的賓語,既可用不定式,又可用 -ing 形式,意義基本相同。這類動詞常見的 有:like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如:I like to swim in summer.I

14、 like swimming in summer.(4主語 +及物動詞 + 間接賓語 +直接賓語。例如:My father bought me a new bike.He gave me an apple.1 及物動詞之后跟有雙賓語,往往一個指人,一個指物。指人的為間接賓語,指物的為直接賓語。一般情況下,間接賓語在前,直接賓語在后。如果要把間接賓語放在直接賓語之后,間接賓語前需加介詞。例如:Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me.Show me your new book, please. =Please sho

15、w your new book to me.2 把間接賓語放在直接賓語之后,間接賓前有時加介詞 to, 有時加介詞 for, 這主要取決于 謂語動詞。一般在動詞 give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加 to 。在動詞 buy, make, get等之后加 for 。例如:Would you lend me your dictionary, please? =Would you lend your dictionary to me, please? Toms mother bought him a pair of new shoes. =Toms mother bough

16、t a pair of new shoes for him. (5主語 +及物動詞 +賓語 +賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如:We keep our classroom clean and tidy.I hear someone singing in the next room.1 及物動詞指后跟有復(fù)合賓語,一個是賓語,一個是賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語之間有 邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例如:We call him Jack.Dont get your hands dirty.2 在及物動詞之后,用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語和用 -ing 形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示的意思往往不同。用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語指事情的全過程;用 -ing

17、 形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語指正在進(jìn)行的動作的一部分。例如:I heard him sing that song. (我聽他唱過那首歌。 When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.(我回來時,聽見他正在房間里唱歌。 3 在感官動詞 see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役動詞 let, make, have等的復(fù)合賓語種, 不定式須省去 to 。但變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r,省去的 to 要加上。例如:I saw him go into the room.He was seen to go into the ro

18、om.4. 初中階段主要句型的用法。1. Its time to (for . 表 “ 時間到了;該干 的時間了 ” 之意。Its time to go home.Its time for school.注意:to 的后面接動詞短語,而 for 的后面接名詞。2. Its bad (good for . 表示 “ 對 有害(有益的 ” 含義。Please dont smoke. Its bad for your health.Please take more exercise. Its good for your health.3. be late for (school 是 “ 上學(xué)(遲到

19、” 之意。 for 后面還可以接 meeting 或 class 。He was late for school this morning.Dont be late for class, please.4. had better do / not do sth. 表示 “ 最好做 /不做某事 ” 之意。You had better put on the coat when you go out. Its cold outside.We had better stop to have a rest.注意:用 had better時,后面一定要直接跟動詞原形,決不能加 to do sth. 否定一

20、定用在 第二個動詞之前,是動詞不定式的否定式。5. be (feel afraid of . 表示 “ 恐怕 ” , “ 害怕 ” 之意。He is afraid of snakes.Mary feels afraid of going out alone.6. enjoy doing sth. 是 “ 喜歡 (愛好 做某事 ” 之意, doing 是動名詞作動詞 enjoy 的賓語。 enjoy 有欣賞之意。Are you enjoy living in Beijing?Do you enjoy listening to music?7. stop doing sth. 停止做某事stop

21、to do sth. 停下來做某事Its time for class. Stop talking, please.When she saw me, she stopped to talk with me.8. Let (make sb. do 讓(使某人做某事。Lets go to school.Father made his son clean the room again.注意:當(dāng) make sb. do sth. 用于被動語態(tài)時,第二個動詞前面就一定要加 to 了。如: His son was made to clean the room again.he was made to wo

22、rk twelve hours a day in the past.9. like to do / like doing sth. 是 “ 喜歡做某事 ” 之意。like to do sth. 是表示比較具體的喜歡做某事; like doing sth. 是表示寵統(tǒng)的喜歡做某事。 如: I like to swim in the swimming pool.我喜歡在游泳池中游泳。 (喜歡的具體的地方游泳I like swimming. 我喜歡游泳(只講喜歡這項運動10. ask (tell sb. to do. (not to do sth. 請(讓某人(不做某事Jim asked his m

23、other to help him with his lessons.When did you tell him not to shout loudly?11. give (lend sb. sth. = give (lend sth. to sb. 給(借給某人某物Mike gave me a new pair of stockings.Please lend us your car.12. be busy doing sth. 表示 “ 忙于做某事 ” 之意。The students are busy getting ready for the exams.Is Mrs Black bus

24、y washing clothes?13. too . to . 表示 “ 太 以致不能 ” 的含義。She is too young to go to school.The old man was too tired to walk farther.14. notuntil 是 “ 直 才 ” 之意。My daughter didnt go to bed until 11 oclock last night.We wont have time to rest until the summer holiday comes.15. so that 是 “ 如此 以致 ” 的意思。Peter is

25、 so clever that all the teachers like him very much.The song is so wonderful that everyone likes to listen to it.16. neither nor 是 “ 既不 也不 ” 之意。Mr. Smith is neither a worker nor a soldier. He is a scientist.Neither you nor I am free.17. enough to do sth. 是 “ 足以去做某事 ” 之意。She is old enough to go to sc

26、hool.Peter was tall enough to reach the apple.19. preferto 是 “ 比起來,還是 好, ”“ 喜歡 而不喜歡 ” 之意。I prefer English to maths = I like English better than mathsHe prefers playing football to playing basketball.20. not at all 是 “ 根本不 ” 之意。I dont know Mr. King at all.David doesnt like singing at all.21. keep sb.

27、 doing sth. 是 “ 使某人繼續(xù)做某事 ” 之意。Mr. Wang didnt come to school on time. She kept me waiting for two hours.Dont keep your mother doing everything for you You should do it by yourself.22. keep sth. + adj. 是 “ 保持某物處于某種狀況 ” 之意。Please keep our classroom clean and tidy.That wool sweater kept her body warm en

28、ough.23. see sb. doing sth. 表示 “ 看見某人正在做某事 ” 之意。When my brother passed the post office, he saw a little boy crying at the door.Did you see a car coming here ?24. see sb. do sth. 是 “ 看見某人做了某事 ” 之意。That girl saw an old woman fall down on the road yesterday. Have you seen the leaves drop into the river

29、 ? 25. hear sb. doing sth. 是“聽到某人正在做某事”之意。 Listen ! Can you hear someone singing on the hill? We heard him talking with Mr. Li loudly just now. 26. hear sb. do sth. 表示“聽見某人做了某事”之意。 He was often heard to sing in his room in the past. Why didnt you hear me come into the sitting rom ? 27. be used for d

30、oing sth. 是“被用來做某事”的意思。 Knives are used for cutting things. Teapot is used for keeping tea warm. 28. Its three metres long / high/ wide. 它是三米長（高、寬）形容詞要放在后面作后置定語。 句型是 It / 主語+ be +數(shù)詞+米/公里+形容詞。 His father is one and seventy metres tall. That river is fifty metres wide. 29. Whats wrong with .? / Whats

31、the problem with .?/ Whats the trouble with .?/ Whats the matter?表示“出了什么毛?。俊薄澳膬翰皇娣?？”“怎么啦？”的含義。 Whats wrong with your car? Whats wrong with you, little girl? Whats the matter with your watch? 30. Would you like (to do .? 是“你想要嗎？”的意思。like 后面可以接名詞，詞組或動詞 不定式。提出一種建議或邀請。 Would you like some fish? Would yo

32、u like to go to the cinema with me? 31. Will you please do sth? 是“你想要做嗎？” Will you please say it more slowly? Will you please not open the window? I feel cold. 32. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 是“做某事花費某人一段時間”之意。 可以用于一般現(xiàn)在時， 一般過去式和一般將來時態(tài)。 It will take us two hours to go over all the words and expr

33、essions. It took Mr Wang half an hour to clean the bedroom. 33. Id like sb. to do sth. 是“我希望某人來做某事”之意。 Id like my friend to help me with my lessons. Hed like Jim to teach him how to use the computer. 34. Theres sth. wrong with .是“某物/人出了問題”，“某物/人有了毛病”之意。 There is something wrong the TV set. = Somethi

34、ng is wrong with the TV set. There must be something wrong with the car. It doesnt move. 35. I dont think that + clause 是“我想不會”“我認(rèn)為不”之意。 I dont think that any of the questions is difficult. We dont think he will have time tomorrow. 36. What about .? 表示征求意見，詢問消息，是“好不好？”“怎么樣？”之意。 What about some tea?

35、What about your mother? Is she all right? 37. Why not do .? 是表示建議，“為什么不？”之意。 Why not have a rest? You have already worked for four hours. Why not come to play games with us? =Why dont you come to play games with us? 38. What do you mean by .? 是“請問是什么意思？”之意。 What do you mean by scientist, please? Wha

36、t do you mean by manager, please? 可以說 What is the meaning of manager?或 What does the manager mean? 39. You like singing very much. So do I. 你非常喜歡唱歌。我也非常喜歡。 So do I. = I like singing very much, too. So 在句型so + be (have，助動詞或情態(tài)動詞+主語中有“也”，“同樣”的意思，表示前面所 說的情況，也適合于另一個人（或物） 。 He saw the accident, and so did

37、 I. She can ride a horse, and so can I. 40. Its easy for him to learn English well. 學(xué)好英語對他來說很容易。 Its + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. 是“對某人來說做某事怎么樣”之意。It 是代詞作形式主語， 真正的主語是動詞不定式（或短語） ，為避免句子頭重腳輕而將主語放在了后面。 It is dangerous for children to play in the street. It was easy for her to tidy her room just now. 【實

38、例解析】 1. (2004 年北京市中考試題 When he _ home, he saw his mother cleaning the room. A. got up B. got back C. got off D. got on 答案：B。該題考查的是短語動詞的用法。根據(jù)題意，空白處所填的短語動詞的意思應(yīng)該 是“回到”，所以選 got back。 2. (2004 年北京市中考試題 Father is sleeping. Youd better _ quiet. A. to keep B. keep C. keeping D. kept 答案：B。該題考查的是常見句型。had bett

39、er 后接動詞原形，所以應(yīng)選 keep。 3. (2004 年北京海淀區(qū)中考試題 -Would you mind _ my pet dog while Im away. -Sure, no problem. A. setting up B. looking after C. turning down D. keeping out 答案：B。該題考查的是短語動詞的用法。根據(jù)題意，空白所填短語動詞的意思應(yīng)該是“照 看”，所以選 B。 4. (2004 年常州市中考試題 -Mum, Im offered 8,000 yuan a month of the job. -Really? It just

40、sounds _ to be true. A. so well B. too good C. good enough D. too well 答案：B。該題考查的是“tooto”句型的應(yīng)用。too good to be true 表示太好了，以至于不 會是真的。 【中考演練】 一. 單項選擇 1. Would you please drive faster ? My flight is _. A. taking off B. getting off C. turning off D. putting off 2. On October 15, 2003 China _ its first ma

41、n-made spaceship, which made Yang Liwei a hero to many kids. A. set out B. Set off C. sent up D. sent out 3. -How is the play going ? -We are going to _ the day after tomorrow. A. put on it B. put it off C. put it on D. put it off 4. Mr Green is busy _ the newspaper while his wife is busy _ the hous

42、ework. A. reading ; with B. to read ; with C. to read ; doing D. with ; to do 5. We have to _ our things if we travel on a train or a bus. A. look at B. look up C.look like D. look after 6. -If you _ a new idea, please call me as soon as possible. - Sure, I will. A. keep up with B. catch up with C. feed up with D. come up with 7. -Zhou Jielun is so cool. Im his fan.