改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)電鍍廢水中重金屬離子吸附的研究

1、60 生產(chǎn)在線改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)電鍍廢水中重金屬離子吸附的研究羅道成,劉俊峰,陳安國(guó)(湖南科技大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院,湖南湘潭 411201摘 要 為了有效地處理含重金屬離子的廢水,制備了改性聚丙烯腈纖維吸附劑。在靜態(tài)條件下,研究了改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)重金屬離子Cu 2+,N i 2+,Zn 2+的吸附效果及吸附條件。含Cu 2+,N i 2+,Zn 2+的電鍍廢水經(jīng)改性聚丙烯腈纖維吸附后,廢水中Cu 2+,N i 2+,Zn 2+的含量顯著低于國(guó)家排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),獲得了滿意的結(jié)果。關(guān)鍵詞 廢水處理;電鍍廢水;改性聚丙烯腈纖維;吸附;重金屬離子中圖分類號(hào) X781.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 B 文章編號(hào) 1001-1

2、560(200505-0060-03收稿日期 200412120 引 言電鍍廠每年要排放大量的電鍍廢水,重金屬離子是電鍍廢水中的重要污染物,若不加以治理,將對(duì)環(huán)境造成嚴(yán)重的污染1。近年來,利用礦物2,3、離子交換樹脂4、聚合物吸附劑5,6、礦渣7等處理重金屬離子廢水取得了一定的進(jìn)展。為了開發(fā)新型高效廉價(jià)的吸附材料,作者按照文獻(xiàn)8制備出改性聚丙烯腈纖維,進(jìn)而對(duì)改性聚丙烯腈纖維處理含銅、鎳、鋅電鍍廢水進(jìn)行了研究,探討了改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)電鍍廢水中Cu 2+,N i 2+,Zn 2+的吸附效果和吸附條件。1 試 驗(yàn)1.1 主要試劑和材料改性聚丙烯腈纖維的制備按照文獻(xiàn)8,110m o l/L HC l

3、 溶液,1.0m ol/L Na OH 溶液,Cu 2+,N i 2+,Zn 2+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液濃度為1000m g /L ,用時(shí)稀釋。試驗(yàn)用水為去離子水,所用試劑均為分析純。1.2 主要儀器722型分光光度計(jì);p H S -3C 型酸度計(jì);康氏電動(dòng)振蕩器;CS -501SP 型超級(jí)數(shù)顯恒溫器;烘箱。1.3 靜態(tài)吸附準(zhǔn)確稱取一定量已制備的改性聚丙烯腈纖維和50mL 分別含Cu 2+,N i 2+,Zn2+40m g /L 的溶液若干份分別置于100m L 錐形瓶中,用1.0mo l/L H C l 或1.0m o l/L N a OH 溶液調(diào)節(jié)溶液的p H 值為5.0,在20e 下,每隔20m in

4、 于振蕩器上振蕩35m i n ,100m in 后分別測(cè)定Cu 2+,N i 2+,Zn 2+的濃度。1.4 電鍍廢水吸附處理取湘潭市某電鍍廠電鍍廢水,用化學(xué)方法測(cè)定其中含有Cu 2+,N i 2+,Zn 2+等重金屬離子濃度分別為24.3,23.7,26.0m g /L ,p H 值為5.7。將該電鍍廢水100mL 置于150mL 錐形瓶中,加入改性聚丙烯腈纖維800m g ,在20e 下,每隔20m i n 于振蕩器上振蕩35m i n ,100m i n 后分別測(cè)定Cu 2+,N i 2+,Zn 2+的濃度。1.5 測(cè)定方法p H 值用p H S O 3C 型酸度計(jì)測(cè)定;溫度用CS O

5、 501SP 型超級(jí)數(shù)顯恒溫器控制;Cu 2+濃度采用三乙烯四胺光度法測(cè)定;N i 2+濃度采用丁二肟光度法測(cè)定;Zn 2+濃度采用膠束增容光度法測(cè)定。2 結(jié)果與討論2.1 改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)Cu 2+,N i 2+和Zn 2+的飽和吸附量在p H=5.0,吸附溫度為20e,向Cu2+, N i2+,Zn2+濃度均為1000m g/L的溶液中,分別加入1.0g改性聚丙烯腈纖維,吸附時(shí)間為100m i n,每隔20m i n于振蕩器上振蕩35m i n,然后測(cè)定溶液中Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+的濃度。結(jié)果為:改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+的飽和吸附量分別為80.6,61.7

6、,53.4m g/g。其吸附量為Cu2+> N i2+>Zn2+。2.2改性聚丙烯腈纖維的用量對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+去除率的影響控制溶液的p H=5.0,吸附時(shí)間為100m in,吸附溫度為20e及其他條件不變,分別取Cu2+, N i2+,Zn2+濃度為40m g/L的溶液各50mL,改變改性聚丙烯腈纖維的用量,考察其對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+, Zn2+去除率的影響,結(jié)果見表1。由表1可知,隨著改性聚丙烯腈纖維用量的增加,Cu2+,N i2+和Zn2+去除率均迅速升高,當(dāng)改性聚丙烯腈纖維的用量分別大于100m g時(shí),Cu2+,N i2+和Zn2+去除率均達(dá)98%以上。為了

7、保證有較好的去除效果,本試驗(yàn)采用改性聚丙烯腈纖維的用量分別為120 m g,則銅、鎳、鋅與改性聚丙烯腈纖維的質(zhì)量比為1z60。表1改性聚丙烯腈纖維用量對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+去除率的影響改性聚丙烯腈纖維用量/m g去除率/%Cu2+N i2+Zn2+以改性聚丙烯腈纖維的用量為120m g,吸附時(shí)間為100m in,吸附溫度為20e,Cu2+,N i2+, Zn2+濃度均為40mg/L的溶液各50mL,其他條件不變,考察不同pH值對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+去除率的影響,結(jié)果見表2。由表2可知,pH<5.0時(shí), Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+的去除率較小,改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)Cu

8、2+,N i2+,Zn2+的吸附量較小,不利于吸附;當(dāng)p H>7.0時(shí),Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+去除率接近100%,并開始出現(xiàn)沉淀,p H值在5.07.0范圍內(nèi),Cu2+, N i2+,Zn2+去除率較好,均達(dá)91%以上。故本方法適用于pH值在 5.07.0范圍內(nèi)含Cu2+,N i2+, Zn2+廢水處理?？刂迫芤旱膒H=5.0,吸附溫度為20e,取Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+濃度均為40mg/L的溶液各50 m L,分別加入120m g改性聚丙烯腈纖維,并保持其他操作條件不變,考察不同吸附時(shí)間對(duì)Cu2+, N i2+,Zn2+去除率的影響,結(jié)果見表3。由表3可知,隨著吸附時(shí)間的

9、延長(zhǎng),Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+去除率增大;當(dāng)吸附時(shí)間大于90m i n,Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+去除率均達(dá)97%以上,且變化平穩(wěn)。為了保證有較好的去除效果,本試驗(yàn)選擇吸附時(shí)間為100m i n。表3吸附時(shí)間對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Z n2+去除率的影響吸附時(shí)間/m i n去除率/%C u2+N i2+Zn2+控制溶液的p H=5.0,吸附時(shí)間為100m i n,取Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+濃度均為40mg/L的溶液各50 m L,分別加入120m g改性聚丙烯腈纖維,并保持其他條件不變,用CS-501SP型超級(jí)數(shù)顯恒溫器控制不同溫度,考察其對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+去除率

10、的影響。結(jié)果表明,吸附溫度在1040e范圍內(nèi),隨溫度升高,Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+去除率均略有下降,但其去除率均在91%以上,當(dāng)溫度大于50e時(shí), Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+去除率下降均較為明顯。因此,本試驗(yàn)選擇吸附溫度在室溫20e下進(jìn)行。2.6電鍍廢水吸附處理效果取湘潭市某電鍍廠含Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+的濃度改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)電鍍廢水中重金屬離子吸附的研究材料保護(hù)2005年5月第38卷第5期61分別為24.3,23.7,26.0m g/L,p H值為5.7的電鍍廢水100mL置于150mL錐形瓶中,加入800 m g改性聚丙烯腈纖維,在20e下,吸附時(shí)間為100m in,每

11、隔20m i n于振蕩器上振蕩35m in,結(jié)果見表4。由表4可知,改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)電鍍廢水Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+具有很好的吸附能力,電鍍廢水經(jīng)改性聚丙烯腈纖維吸附處理后,廢水中上述3種重金屬離子的含量明顯低于國(guó)家排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。表4改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)電鍍廢水中Cu2+,N i2+,Z n2+的吸附效果mg/L 金屬離子原液濃度處理后濃度國(guó)家允許排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2.7改性聚丙烯腈纖維的再生利用將吸附過Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+的改性聚丙烯腈纖維,先用清水洗滌23次,再用0.2m o l/L HC l溶液浸泡2h左右,每隔20m in振蕩一次,時(shí)間為35m i n,然后用純水洗至無C l-(用A

12、g NO3溶液檢驗(yàn),取出,晾干。脫附出的Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+可加堿沉淀后回收。分別稱取1.0g經(jīng)再生的改性聚丙烯腈纖維,分別加入到濃度均為1g/L的Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+溶液中,保持溶液的pH值為5.0,吸附溫度為20e,吸附時(shí)間為100m in,其他條件不變,然后測(cè)定溶液中Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+濃度,結(jié)果見表5。由表5可知,吸附過Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+的改性聚丙烯腈纖維經(jīng)再生處理后,可重復(fù)作吸附劑使用,但與初始飽和吸附量比較,再生的改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+的飽和吸附量有所下降。表5再生的改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+

13、的飽和吸附量m g/L 金屬離子Cu2+N i2+Zn2+3結(jié)論(1改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+具有很好的吸附作用。在20e,p H=5.0,吸附時(shí)間為100m i n時(shí),對(duì)Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+濃度分別為40 m g/L的溶液,銅、鎳、鋅離子與改性聚丙烯腈纖維的質(zhì)量比1B60投加,Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+的去除率均達(dá)98%以上。(2同一溶液中,改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)Cu2+, N i2+,Zn2+的吸附量大小為Cu2+>N i2+>Zn2+。(3pH值是影響吸附的重要因素,pH<5.0不利于吸附,p H>7.0時(shí)產(chǎn)生沉淀;在pH值為5.0

14、7.0內(nèi)吸附效果較好。(4改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)電鍍廢水中Cu2+, N i2+,Zn2+具有很好的吸附效果。含Cu2+,N i2+, Zn2+濃度分別為24.3,23.7,26.0mg/L,pH值為5.7的電鍍廢水經(jīng)改性聚丙烯腈纖維吸附處理后,廢水中Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+的含量明顯低于國(guó)家排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(5改性聚丙烯腈纖維吸附Cu2+,N i2+,Zn2+后,經(jīng)過解吸脫附再生處理后可重復(fù)使用。參考文獻(xiàn)1彭昌盛,孟洪,谷慶寶,等.化學(xué)法處理混合電鍍廢水的工藝處理及藥劑選擇J.水處理技術(shù),2003,29(6:363366.2羅道成,易平貴,陳安國(guó),等.改性海泡石對(duì)廢水中Pb2+,H g2+,Cd

15、2+吸附性能的研究J.水處理技術(shù),2003,29(2:8991.3羅道成,易平貴,陳安國(guó).多孔質(zhì)沸石顆粒對(duì)礦井水中P b2+,H g2+,Cd2+吸附性能的研究J.水處理技術(shù),2003,29(6:338340.4羅道成,易平貴,陳安國(guó),等.腐植酸樹脂對(duì)電鍍廢水中重金屬離子的吸附J.材料保護(hù),2002,35(4:5456.5金漫彤.淀粉接枝丙烯酸吸附劑對(duì)C r(Ö吸附性能的研究J.水處理技術(shù),2001,27(3:167168.6羅道成,易平貴,劉俊峰,等.改性殼聚糖對(duì)電鍍廢水中重金屬離子的吸附J.材料保護(hù),2002,35(1:1112.7鄭禮勝.用礦渣處理含鉛廢水的試驗(yàn)研究J.環(huán)境導(dǎo)報(bào)

16、,1995(1:1314.8陶庭之,吳之傳,趙擇卿.螯合纖維的制備O聚丙烯纖維的改性J.合成纖維,2001,30(4:3335.編輯:段金弟本技術(shù)相關(guān)鏈接:1.5電鍍與環(huán)保6,2005,25(1:52.2.5電鍍與涂飾6,2004,23(6:36.改性聚丙烯腈纖維對(duì)電鍍廢水中重金屬離子吸附的研究62L I Chun O fu,Z HOU M i ng,W ANG Bin,DA I Jia O li n,ZHOUSong(Depart m ent of M ate rials Sc ience and Eng ineer i ng,South-w est Petro leu m Instit u

17、 te,Chengdu610500,Ch i na.Caili aoBaohu2005,38(5,3842(Ch.A rev ie w w as g i ven on theprog ress i n the research and app licati on for mod ified nano O m ater-ia ls i n auto m obil e pa i nts.T he i m prove m ent in the m echan ic pe r-for m ance,chrom ati c ity,and ag i ng resi stance of the mod i

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30、 c Fo r m ing and D i e&M old T echno l ogy,H uazhong U n i versity o f Sc ience and T echno l ogy, W uhan430074;2.W uhan R esearch Institute of M a teria l s P ro-tecti on,W uhan430030,Ch i na.Caili ao Baohu2005,38(5, 5153(Ch.A l a lloy w as the r m all y sprayed to generate a pre-fabr ica ted

31、coati ng.T he prefabricated coati ng was then l aser rem elted to a llo w the g enerati on of a laser c l add i ng i ron O based coa ting w it h l ow dil uti on rati o and free of crack.T he m orpho logy and compositi on distributi on o f the resulti ng laser c laddi ng Fe Obased coa ting w ere ana

32、l yzed by m eans o f scann i ng electron m-i croscopy and e l ec tron probe m i croana l ysis.The phase co m pos-iti on of the transiti on reg ion of the laser cladd i ng F e O based coa ti ngw as analyzed usi ng X O ray diffracti on.It w as found t hat the rod Oshaped i nter m eta llic compound F e

33、 A l f o r m ed and e mbedded i n thea l u m i nu m a lloy m atri x a fter t he l aser c l add i ng acted to e li m i nate t he cracks.T he reaction heat released during the l aser re m e lti ng pro cess l ed to t he forma ti on o f a j agged m orpho l ogy at the coa-t i ng/substra te i nterface,wh

34、ich w as beneficia l t o i ncreasi ng the sur f ace streng t h o f the A l a lloy.K ey wo rds:laser cladding;transition reg ion;inter m eta lli c co m-pound;XRD;EP M AR oo m T e m perature Phos phatiz i ng Process for S tea m Tubes i n Th er ma l Po w er P l an tYANG D ao O wu,Z HANG H ai O yan,ZHOU

35、 Q i ong O hua,Z HU Zhi O p i ng,TANG Q i u O sheng(D epa rt m ent o f Che m i stry and Env-i ron m enta l Eng i nee ri ng,Changsha U n i ve rsity of Sc i ence and T echnology,Changsha410076,China.Ca iliao Baohu2005, 38(5,5456(Ch.HH951spec i a l phosphatizi ng so l u ti on w as deve loped f o r the

36、room temperature pho sphatizi ng of the steam t ubes i n large O sca le therma l power plant.The properti es o f the phosphatizi ng fil m were evalua ted m aking use of CuSO4dropp i ng O m ethod,i m m ersion test i n N aC l soluti on,and acce lerated co rro-s i on test i n a da m p O hot box.A t t h

37、e same ti m e,t he pho sphatizi ng pro cess w as a l so used i n the fie l d test of the stea m tubes of four 300MW t her m a l power gene ration un its.A s the results,no co r-rosion w as observed fo r the hanged plate sub j ect to400d test at laboratory.M o reover,the steam t ubes i nter m ittentl

38、 y phosphatized w it h t he pho sphati z i ng so l u tion of a concentration25%at t he low-est te mperature as much as4e fo r20m i n showed no si gns of corrosi on after three O m onth field test.The phospha tizi ng process could be used to reduce the producti on cost and enhance the co r-rosion res

39、istance o f the stea m tubes i n m any ther m al pow er p l ants,yet it is needed to further study the m echanis m.K ey words:roo m te m pe ra t ure phosphatizi ng;t her m a l pow er p l ant;steam tube;pro cessA rtif i c i a l Accelerated Aging(UVM ethod for Performance Co mparison of O rgan ic Coat

40、i ngsZ HU Y ong O hua1,YAO J i ng O hua2,L I N Zhong O yu1,JI N X i ao O hong2,YE M e i O qi2,L I N Chang O jian1(1.S tate K ey Labo ra tory o f Physical Che m istry of Soli d Surfaces,X ia m en U niversity,X i a-m en361005;2.X i amen Branch o fN o.725Instit ute,Chi na Ship G roup Co rporati on,X ia

41、 m en361002,Ch i na.Caili ao Baohu 2005,38(5,5759(Ch.It needs a l o t o f ti m e to exa m i ne the ag i ng behav ior o f coa tings under natura l expo s u re condition, wh ich m akes it i m possi ble to co m pa re the performance of v arious coati ngs rap i d l y.T hus an artificia ll y acce lerated

42、 ag i ng test w as deve loped to evalua te the ag ing behav i or o f acry li c ac i d pa i n t en-ame l and po lyurethane top coati ng us i ng a xenon la m p as the irra-d i ation source.T he acry li c ac i d pai n t ena m e l and po l yurethane top coa ti ng we re there fore aged by i rradiati ng w

43、 i th u ltrav io l et f o r 200h pl us sa lt spray i ng for50h up to a tota l test cyc l e o f s i x. T he aged coati ng s w ere character i zed usi ng a F our i e r transfor m a-ti on i n frared spectroscope,a scann i ng e lectron m icroscope,and a l uster dev ice.The resistance to w ater i n filtr

44、ati on of the t w o coa-t i ngs w as evalua ted us i ng EIS.R esu lts showed tha t the po l yure-t hane coati ng had bette r UV resistance and w ater O i n filtrati on re-s i stance t han t he acry lic acid pa i nt enam e.lK ey wo rds:artifi c i a lly acce l erated ag ing;E IS;acry lic ac i d pa i n

45、t ena m e;l po l yurethane top coa tingAd sorp ti on of H eavy M etallic Ion s i n E l ec trop l at i ng W astewater by M od ified Acryli c FiberLUO D ao O cheng,L I U Jun O feng,C HEN A n O guo(Co llege of Che m istry and Chem ical Eng i neeri ng,H unan U niversity of Sc-i ence and T echno logy,X i

46、 ang tan411201,Ch i na.Caili ao Baohu 2005,38(5,6062(Ch.M odified acry li c fi ber adsorbentw as prepared for t he efficient trea t m ent o f t he e lectrop l a ti ng w astew ater conta i n i ng heavy m eta lli c i ons.Thus t he adsorpti on e ffect and cond iti ons o f the heavy m e tallic i ons suc

47、h as Cu2+,N i2+,and Zn2+by t he mod ifi ed acry li c fi ber at static state w ere stud ied.Itw as f ound tha t afte r adsorption by t he mod ified acry lic fi ber,t he concen trati ons o f the Cu2+,N i2+,and Zn2+i n t he e-lectroplati ng wastewa ter w ere m arked l y l owe r than the correspond-i ng

48、 nati onal d i scharg e standards,w hich i nd ica tes that the mod-i fi ed acry li c fi ber could be used t o rea lize sa ti sfactory and e fficient treat ment o f the electroplati ng waste w ate r conta i ning heavy m eta-l li c ions.K ey wo rds:w astewa ter trea t m ent;e l ectroplati ng w aste w

49、ater; m od ifi ed acry li c fi ber;adso rpti on;heavy m eta llic ionEnvironm en tal Friend ly H igh O E ff icien cy An tifreez i ng F l u i d for SedansTAO D i an O b i n,C AO Y un O long,TONG X i u O feng(Zhang jiagang T EEC A uto m oti v e Chem i ca l s Co.L td,Zhang jiagang215638, Ch i na.Cailiao

50、 Baohu2005,38(5,6365(Ch.T he co m-m on l y used antifree zi ng fluids usua ll y conta i n some substances har m fu l to hu m an and env iron m ent and are c l assifi ed as m iddle O lo w grade products,w hil e the app licati on o f the organ ic ac i d O type antifreezi ng fl u i ds suitable to top g

51、rade sedans is li m ited by much h i gh co st.Thus an econom i ca l and env ironmenta lly friendly ant-i freezi ng fl u i d w ith high O effi c i ency w as developed w ith re ference t o the serv ice experiences on t he L O se ries antifreezi ng fl u i d products introduced f o r m E thy lene Che m

52、icals Corporation o f Japan.T he developed antifreezi ng fl u i d w as i nspected by the Log istic R e-search Instit u te(LR Iof t he M i n i stry of Co mm un i ca tions of Ch-i na.A s the resu lts,the new ly deve l oped antifree zi ng fl u i d passed the product inspecti on au t hor i zed by t he L

53、R I.It w as a m i de O free, sili con O free,and bo ron O free by comb i n i ng t he o rganic aci d and inorgan ic sa lt in the formu l a,wh i ch m eets t he qua lity requ ire-m ents f o r the antifreez i ng flui d products i n Japan.Therefo re the ne w l y deve l oped an tifreezing fl u i d cou l d

54、 be w i dely used for the sedansm ade i n Japan and m any o t her k i nds of m i ddle O and top O g rade cars.K ey wo rds:an tifreezing fl uid;org an i c ac i d;i norg an i c salt;env-i ron m en tal friendlyR elationsh i p between M icroarc O xidati on Po w er and Surface R oughness of A l um i numZ

55、HAO H ao O m i n,JI ANG Jun O li ng,DA I X in O ji ang(R esearch& D eve l op m en t Center f o rM a teria l s Surface Eng ineer i ng,Shenz hen 518029,Ch i na.Cailiao Baohu2005,38(5,6667(Ch.It is i m pera ti ve to take i nto account the e ffect of surface treat m ent on t he surface roughness o f

56、 various products,because d ifferent products i n i ndustria l app licati on usua lly require different surface roughness.In th i s respect,al um inu m a ll oy cera m ic coatings w ere prepared on LY12a lloy usi ng m icroa rc ox i dati on at different a-nod ic ox i dation pow ers.The effec t o f t h

57、e ox i dation powe r on the surface roughness of t he A l a lloy ceram ic coati ng w as i nvestigated by p l o tti ng t he s u rface roughness vs.ox i dati on pow er curves based on scann i ng e lectron m i croscopic analysis and roughness m easurement.It w as f ound that the anodic ox ida tion po w

58、 er had a si gnificant e ffect on the surface roughness o f the m i cro O arc ox ida-ti on coa ting on t he A l all oy substrate.N ame l y,the surface rough-ness o f the coa ti ng i ncreased w it h ra i sing anod i c ox i dati on power. K ey w ords:m i croarc ox ida tion;ox i dati on pow er;a l u m i nu m a-l loy;surface roughness Co mparison of the M ethods to Deter m i ne Rhod i um Conten t i n P lati ng So l u ti onX I AO Y ao O kun1,2,