Unit22 Language Awareness

1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) (Passive Voice)一、概念：語(yǔ)態(tài)(Voice) ,作為一個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇 ,是表示主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞之間的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞行式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(Active Voice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(Passive Voice)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者即施動(dòng)者時(shí) ,動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)態(tài)；如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者即受動(dòng)者時(shí) ,動(dòng)詞便用被動(dòng)態(tài)。例如：(1) John helped Peter.(2) Peter was helped by John.句(1) helped是主動(dòng)態(tài)；句(2)was helped是被動(dòng)態(tài),可見主動(dòng)態(tài)是無標(biāo)記的 ,而被動(dòng)態(tài)是有標(biāo)記的。二、構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be的時(shí)態(tài)之一和及

2、物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài) ,其時(shí)態(tài)變化通過助動(dòng)詞be的不同形式來表達(dá)。如：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為助動(dòng)詞am/is/are + 過去分詞；而一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為was/were + 過去分詞。本冊(cè)要掌握的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式有：1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are + 過去分詞 e.g. Football is played all over the world.Im often asked to do this work. 我常常被派做這項(xiàng)工作。2. 一般過去時(shí)：was/were +過去分詞 e.g. The terracotta warriors were foun

3、d in 1974 near Xian. They were discovered by workers in a field outside the city.When was the building completed? 這座大樓什么時(shí)候建成的？3. 一般將來時(shí)：will (shall) + be +過去分詞be going to + be + 過去分詞e.g. The result of the exam will be known soon.They are going to be given a difficult test.4. 過去將來時(shí)：should(would) be+過去

4、分詞e.g. The teacher said the results would be published soon. He told me that the film would be shown the next week.5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are + being +過去分詞e.g. The new airport is being built by a foreign company. 一家外國(guó)公司正在承建這座新機(jī)場(chǎng)。The song is being sung by the girls now.6. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were being+過去分詞e.g. T

5、he song was being sung by the girls when I got there.The student was being criticized when I went into the teachers office.7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：has/have + bee n +過去分詞e.g. All the tickets have been sold .The book has been translated into many languages.這本書已被譯成多種語(yǔ)言。8. 過去完成時(shí)：had been+過去分詞e.g. Forty schools had bee

6、n visited by last year.All the tickets had been sold out when I got to the cinema.9. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過去分詞 e.g. This road must be mended.The machine parts may be needed in our work.工作中可能需要這些機(jī)器零部件。10. 動(dòng)詞不定式：to be + 過去分詞e.g. Im glad to be asked questions.It is impossible for lost time to be made up.失去

7、的時(shí)間不可彌補(bǔ)。三、主要用法被動(dòng)態(tài)常用于以下幾種場(chǎng)合：1當(dāng)不知道或不必提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)這時(shí)都不帶由by引起的短語(yǔ)；Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷術(shù)是從中國(guó)引入歐洲的。The airplane was made in U.S. Such books are written for children. 這種書是為兒童寫的。2. 動(dòng)作的承受者是談話的中心這時(shí)可帶有由by引起的短語(yǔ)；The song was composed by a student. 這首歌曲是一個(gè)學(xué)生譜寫的。Thousands of rivers are po

8、lluted in the country.3. 出于禮貌措詞等原因而不愿說出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。You are requested to get here in time.請(qǐng)您準(zhǔn)時(shí)來這兒。帶行為主體的被動(dòng)態(tài)行為主體就是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 ,即執(zhí)行動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作的人或物。在被動(dòng)句中 ,往往不提及行為主體；但當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí) ,可用介詞by引出行為( by +主體行為主體),置于被動(dòng)態(tài)句的末尾 ,說明是什么人或物應(yīng)對(duì)有關(guān)事件負(fù)責(zé)。e.g. The village was destroyed by a bomb. 這個(gè)村莊毀于炸彈。The painting is very valuable. It w

9、as painted by Van Gogh.這幅畫很值錢 ,它是梵·高畫的。四、其它用法補(bǔ)充1.“It + 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+ that 從句。表示謹(jǐn)慎或不太肯定的語(yǔ)氣。常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove 等。e.g. It is said that prices will rise again this month.據(jù)說本月物價(jià)還將上漲。It is thought that about a million dogs are b

10、orn each year.據(jù)認(rèn)為每年約有一百條狗出生。It is reported that all the passengers died in the crash.據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)所有乘客在那次飛機(jī)墜毀中遇難。It is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.2. 用于通告標(biāo)題廣告等的被動(dòng)態(tài)往往省去助動(dòng)詞be。e.g. No Chinese spoken here.Shoes repaired. Famous Painting Stolen. 名畫被盜。五、Practice一 把以下句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1. My br

11、other opens the windows every morning.2. She didnt clean the room this morning.3. Do they speak English in America?4. The actor was loved by the young people.5. The clothes arent washed by her.6. What was found by them?7. Bob gave her an interesting book.8. He bought his children some pencils.9. Eve

12、ryone calls me Xiao Wang.10. Mary is making a doll.11. She cannot compose such fine music.12. My mother was cutting down the tree.13. He hasnt received the letter.14. Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.15. We believe him to be a great scholar.16. we often heard him singing.17. My father m

13、ade me go there alone.18. Everybody will know the truth soon.二 用適當(dāng)介詞填空1. His name is known _everybody is this school.2. The ground was covered _ leaves.3. The box was filled _apples.4. Are you interested _ music.5. We were surprised_ the news. 6. She was born _ America.7. This desk is made _milk.8.

14、Butter is made_ wood.9. Im satisfied_ what I did.10.Is she married_ the old man?三 ,選擇填空1.Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy?_She has _by her classmate.A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at2.I promise that the matter will_.A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. tak

15、e care of3. I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given4. Have you moved into the new house?Not yet. The room _.A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting5. Youd _if the car went over the cliff.A. killed B

16、. have killed C. be killed D. been killed6.If city noises _from increasing. People _shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years form now.A. are not keptwill have to B. are not kepthave toC. do not keptwill have to D. do not keephave to7. Little Jim should love _to the theatre this evening.A. to be taken