學術英語醫(yī)學Unit3

1、學術英語學術英語 醫(yī)學醫(yī)學Academic English for MedicineUnit 3Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesDespite the progress in medicine, many diseases are still untreatable and incurable. It has been generally agreed that prevention is more cost-effective than the treatment of diseases. Here come some fundamental ques

2、tions: Which play a more important role in causing human diseases, genes or environmental factors? Why do people with good interpersonal relationships live healthier and longer? What are the major steps in developing a new drug? In this unit, we will probably find the answers to these questions.List

3、ening Note-taking Forms Suggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesListening Note-taking Formsadvantages & disadvantagescause & effectclassification & definitioncomparison & contrastfacts & figuressequence of eventsstages of a processquestion & answertwo-colu

4、mn tablesspidergramtree diagram/spidergramtabletabletimelineflowchartheadings & notesUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesListening Suggested answers Task 11.40,0002.56,3003.Measures taken4.13-645.826.227.African Americans8.Take Charge, Take the Test9.gained bisexual men10.development of a

5、 comprehensive HIV prevention plan for the united statesUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesListening Suggested answers Task 21. expand access to 2. HIV incidence surveillance system3. Targeting 4. precision5. compelling reasons6. specific informationUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Disease

6、sUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesUnit ContentsLead-inText AText BText CListeningSpeakingWritingGet reading for Unit 9Lead-inIssues to be covered The common and special means of treatment and prevention of diseases The different roles of genes and environment in causing diseases The relati

7、onship between interpersonal relationship and health The major steps in designing and developing new drugsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inTask: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluMyopiaHepatitisUnit 3 P

8、revention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inTask: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluvirusesrest, clear fluids, cool damp washcloth to reduce fever, warm blanket to calm chills,cough medicine, antiviral medications, usuall

9、y no need of antibioticsMyopiaprolonged close work, excessive reading corrective lenses, refractory surgeryHepatitisviral (HBV, HCV, etc.), bacterial, parasitic, fungal infectionsalcohol, autoimmune, inherited antiviral medicationsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading an

10、d thinking Topics for presentation Knowledge of the subject matter Useful expressionsSuggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases1. loved practicing Tae Kwon Do2. attended medical sc

11、hool, practiced as an internal medicine residency, became an academic general internist3. married and got a son and a daughtermultiple sclerosis:a serious disease of the nervous system, which gradually makes a person weaker, and sometimes affects their sight or speech. The abbreviation MS is also us

12、ed. 多發(fā)性硬化癥多發(fā)性硬化癥Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesIf you have a bout of an illness or of an unpleasant feeling, you have it for a short period. 疾病或不愉快情緒的發(fā)作 He was recovering from a severe bout of flu. 我感到一陣緊張。I was suffering from a

13、bout of nerves. 這種治療方法通常針對術后復發(fā)風險高的女性。 The treatment is usually given to women with a high risk of relapse after surgery. If a sick person relapses, their health suddenly gets worse after it had been improving.舊病復發(fā);再次發(fā)病 In 90 per cent of cases the patient will relapse within six months. 90%的病人在6個月內會再

14、次發(fā)病。A crossroads is a place where two roads meet and cross each other.十字路口 Turn right at the first crossroads. 在第一個十字路口向右轉。If you say that something is at a crossroads, you mean that it has reached a very important stage in its development where it could go one way or another. (開展的)關鍵時刻，緊要關頭 該公司顯然處于

15、開展的關鍵時刻。 The company was clearly at a crossroads. Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationBegan his own study of the literature Reading articles about new MS drugs in animal models Reading articles about neurodegeneration of all typesdementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and

16、Lou Gehrigs diseaseUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressions I had only two options: accommodation and acceptance of deepening disability despite optimal treatment, or increased involvement in my own health care. (P55)Unit 3 Prevention and Trea

17、tment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressions I began my own study of the literature, reading article after article on PubMed, knowing that the seeds for todays clinical care were laid years, sometimes decades earlier in the basic science literature. Unit 3 Prevention and T

18、reatment of DiseasesIn medicine, a magic bullet is a drug or treatment that can cure a disease quickly and completely.靈丹妙藥A magic bullet is an easy solution to a difficult problem. 妙招 許多人都在尋找可以解決這個問題的良方。 A lot of people are looking for some sort of magic bullet that will solve this problem. Chorea:舞

19、蹈癥 Amyotrophic: 肌萎縮的 Atrophy: 萎縮 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease by the selective death of motor neurons. ImmerseHe immersed his feet in water.他把腳浸在水里。他把腳浸在水里。immerse oneself in專心從事于；埋頭專心從事于；埋頭 She was immersed in her work.她埋頭工作。Text A Critica

20、l reading and thinkingTopics for presentationA. Taking various nutrientsB. Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulationC. Intensive nutritionD. looking more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms: Unit 3 Preventi

21、on and Treatment of Diseasesso I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones However, although my decline had slowed, I was still declining.FDA: Food and Drug Administration美國食品藥品管理局Protocol:1.議定書;協(xié)議;Kyoto Protocol 京都議訂書 2. 草案科學實驗報告或方案Study protocol研究方案 Text A Critical reading and thinkingHe told me

22、that e-stim (as he called it) was not an approved treatment for MS. (P57)there was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles. My therapist implemented a program of e-stim coupled with daily exercise. As good as the article was, it did not list all of the building blocks needed for o

23、ptimal brain health.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesCoupled with: Overuse of those drugs, coupled with poor diet, leads to physical degeneration. 過量使用那些藥物再加上飲食缺乏營養(yǎng)，導致安康狀況惡化。賭博總是與犯罪相聯(lián)絡. Gambling is always coupled with crimes. daily regimen:日劑量 假如進一步的工作證實了我們所看到的，我們可以為中風高危病人從理論上推薦日劑量的銀杏 (gin

24、kgo)，作為防治腦損傷的方法。 If further work confirms what weve seen , we could theoretically recommend a daily regimen of ginkgo to people at high risk of stroke as a preventive measure against brain damage .building block:積木，構件；建筑砌塊；根底材料 Work group is the basic building block of Japanese organizations. 工作小組是日

25、本組織的根本構造單元.Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter The medical literature didnt have that information, nor did the registered dieticians with whom I consulted, nor did I see it in the food science literature.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesMouthful:一口；滿口； Savou

26、r the flavour of each mouthful, and chew your food well. 細細品味每一口的味道，充分咀嚼。She took a mouthful of water. 她喝了一大口水。Handful: 少量；一把的量A handful of:Intervention:干預；介入治療；調停 Medical intervention:醫(yī)療介入；醫(yī)學干預；藥物干預；醫(yī)療干預 A doctor may advise medical intervention in addition to changes in behavior as a way to lose we

27、ight. 醫(yī)生有可能建議通過藥物干預和行為改變來減肥.Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesRecovery of his bodyChanging how he practice medicineSomeone or some

28、thing that is promising seems likely to be very good or successful. 很有前途的；前景很好的 She is among the most promising players in her age group. 她是所在年齡組中最有前途的選手之一。Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesIt is time we stop blaming our genes and f

29、ocus on the 70% under the individuals control.That is the real solution to the health care crisis.Text A Suggested answersTask 1 OverviewCritical reading and thinking1. D 2. literature, nutrients, stimulation, micronutrients, environmental Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 1/ Me

30、dical terminology EnglishChinese Definition1treatment of disease through the use of drugs2the quality of existing in several different forms3of or relating to an immune response by the body against one of its own tissues, cells, ormolecules4epinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla5a po

31、lymer of two or more different monomerspharmacotherapy藥物療法多態(tài)性polymorphism自體免疫的autoimmunecopolymer共聚物adrenaline腎上腺素Suggested answersLanguage building-up2Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A EnglishChinese Definition6a substance that improves the chemical activity of an enzyme7a substance

32、 that destroys weeds8a specialist in internal medicine9any of various diseases characterized by thickening or hardening10the act or process of testing, trying, or putting to the proofsclerosis硬化癥coenzyme輔酶herbicide除草劑internist內科醫(yī)生trial試驗Task1 / Medical terminologySuggested answers2Language building-

33、upUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2 / Signpost language SequenceLanguage building-upSuggested answers1.next 2.Then, Ultimately 3. At first, Eventually 4.NowUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text

34、A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text. Language building-upSuggested answersUltimately1 Jogging left me first. _, standing for any time became difficult. _, despite my use of the most current pharmacotherapies, walking

35、and even sitting was tiring, so I needed a tilt-recline wheelchair. (Para. 5) 2 _, I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. _, realizing I could not access those drugs unless I was in a clinical trial, I turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types dementia

36、, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou Gehrigs disease. (Para. 8) ThenAt firstEventuallyUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the

37、 original sentences in the text. Language building-upSuggested answersNow3 Determined to optimize everything I could to help my brain heal, I _ looked more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms. (Para. 15)4 _ I focus on teaching

38、my patients how to optimize their nutrition,reduce their toxic load, and reduce their risk of food allergies. (Para. 19) nextUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 3 / Formal EnglishParaphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.Language building-upSuggested

39、answers1.Many things have happened since then. I went to a medical school, completed an internal medicine residency, and became a mother of a son and a daughter. 2. When I manifested symptoms of the foot drop, I was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. 3. He nevertheless allowed me a test session. It

40、did hurt severely as he previously told me. 4. I am again experimenting three years after my healing. The only difference is that this time it is an IRB-approved protocol instead of self-experimentation. Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText C Suggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatme

41、nt of DiseasesText C Task: Translate the following paragraph into ChineseSuggested answers 通常在第二階段期間或即將完畢時，需要決定是否開場耗資宏大且消耗大量資源的第二階段b 期和關鍵性的第三階段臨床試驗，這是藥物研發(fā)的第三個里程碑。在這個階段，顯然不僅要進展全面的醫(yī)學/ 科學分析，包括對該化合物性能的預判，還要進展全面的財務分析，這些工作是第三個里程碑的一部分。Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking Making an Argument T

42、ask and additional activityUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking Making an argument 1) thesis statement or claim 2) evidence that supports the claim.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking Making an argumentExpress your opinion It would seem to me that As far as Im able to

43、judge, My belief/interpretation is From what I understand, As I understand it, Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking Making an argumentProvide evidence As evidenced in A good case in point is Consider the case of ., An example can be seen Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpea

44、king TaskWork in pairs to debate with each other on the following topics by practicing the expressions listed above.1. Should patients self-experimentation for a cure be encouraged?2. Should the time required for the development of a new drug be shortened?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesS

45、peaking Additional activityAs an emerging branch of science, Social Neuroscience is unfamiliar and mysterious to many people. Form groups of 4-5 to find relevant information about it and get ready for a presentation in class. The following prompts may be helpful to you:the definition of Social Neuro

46、sciencethe mechanism through which brain-to-brain link worksthe application of social neuroscience to treatment of diseasesthe prospects of Social NeuroscienceUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Writing an introduction TaskUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Research Pa

47、per Project Coverage of the Introduction the literature review; the definition of the problem; the purpose of the present study; the choice of methods; the statement of principal results and conclusionsWriting an introductionUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Research Paper Project G

48、eneral guidelinesNot to be too longNot to contain too much history and too many referencesGive a punchAvoid writing a verbose Introduction that will make reviewers moan: “Who care?Daniel W. Byme, 1998, p103Writing an introductionUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Suggested answersTas

49、k 11.Yes2.Yes3.Yes4.Yes5.Yes6.No7.NoUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Suggested answersTask 21.Simple present and present perfect Both herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) can cause primary infection of the genital tract, and HSV-1 infection has become an increasingly frequent cause of genital disease.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Suggested answersTask 22. Simple pastIn two previous efficacy trials of an HSV-2 glycoprotein Dbased subunit (gD-2) vaccine in discordant couples