高中英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式精講(共6頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上中學(xué)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式精講 動(dòng)詞不定式是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式，在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，它可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，從而構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。它還可以有形式的變化，即一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式。同時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式也具有非動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞、形容詞或副詞，可以在句中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。一、 動(dòng)詞不定式的特征和種類 動(dòng)詞不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng)式 被動(dòng)式一般式 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 無(wú)完成式 to have don

2、e to have been done完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing 無(wú)否定式：not + (to) do二、 動(dòng)詞不定式的用法 動(dòng)詞不定式除了不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)外，幾乎能擔(dān)任句子中所有的句子成分。 A動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ) 不定式具有名詞的特征，可在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。 1不定式短語(yǔ)在句首作主語(yǔ) To know oneself is difficult. 人貴有自知之明。 To say is one thing and to do is another. 說(shuō)是一回事，做又是另一回事。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness on

3、e can get. 愛(ài)與被愛(ài)是一個(gè)人能獲得的最大幸福。 2用it作形式主語(yǔ) 在很多情況下，人們通常用it作為形式上的主語(yǔ)，而把不定式移到謂語(yǔ)之后，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得平穩(wěn)一些。 It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer. 背對(duì)著老師，拒絕回答問(wèn)題是不禮貌的。 It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort. 想不下苦功就能學(xué)會(huì)外語(yǔ)是不可能的。 It seemed a pity to have w

4、asted so much time. 浪費(fèi)了這么多時(shí)間，真是遺憾。 注意： 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式時(shí)，不能用形式主語(yǔ)代替動(dòng)詞不定式。 To respect others is to be respected. 尊重別人就是尊重自己。 To become a slave is to give up one's freedom. 做奴隸就等于放棄自由。 B 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ) 不定式作表語(yǔ)可以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容或表示目的。 His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成為一名宇航員。 What he hoped was to be admitted i

5、nto the university. 他希望能被大學(xué)錄取。 To live is to do something worthwhile. 活著就是要做一些有價(jià)值的事情。 C 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ) 不定式可以充當(dāng)部分及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，也可以充當(dāng)but和except等介詞的賓語(yǔ)以及形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。 1作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ) 不定式可以充當(dāng)部分及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。 Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父親喜歡靜靜地聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。 He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他寧愿餓死也不愿乞討。 I never th

6、ought to meet you here. 我沒(méi)想到在這里遇見(jiàn)你。 在feel, find, make, think, consider等動(dòng)詞后，如果賓語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，人們常常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后。 I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能不用計(jì)算機(jī)而解出這道題目。 She made it a rule to get up at five. 她養(yǎng)成了五點(diǎn)起床的習(xí)慣。 I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak

7、at the meeting before so many students. 我覺(jué)得被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)上面對(duì)這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。 在表示“希望、打算”等動(dòng)詞（如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等）的過(guò)去式后，可接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式來(lái)表示沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。 I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我原想來(lái)拜訪你的，但沒(méi)來(lái)成。 I expected to have met him here last night. 我以為昨天晚上能在這里見(jiàn)到他。（但沒(méi)做到） We me

8、ant to have stayed there a week. 我們?cè)蛩阍谀莾捍粢粋€(gè)星期的。 I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so. 我原想寫一封信給她，但忘記了。 2作介詞的賓語(yǔ) 不定式可以作介詞but和except的賓語(yǔ)。 The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard. 老師除了叫他努力學(xué)習(xí)外，未做任何評(píng)價(jià)。 He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他沒(méi)有什么選擇，只好像往常一樣坐在那兒。

9、 There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我們只能耐心等待。 D 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 不定式可以在“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”句型中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。在這一句型中，賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 1在表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，并且不定式都不帶to。這類動(dòng)詞有：see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。 I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他們唱歌了。 Did you see him go out 你看見(jiàn)他出去了嗎？ I f

10、elt something crawl up my leg. 我感到有什么東西爬到我腿上了。 注意：轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，原不帶to的不定式要變成帶to的不定式。notice和watch沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 We saw the car stop. n The car was seen to stop. 我們看見(jiàn)這輛車停了下來(lái)。 2在使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不定式不帶to。 這類動(dòng)詞有：make, let, have等。轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其后通常都用帶to的不定式（have沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）。 有些動(dòng)詞跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省去了to，這些動(dòng)詞有： 一感二聽(tīng)三讓四觀看。 一感：feel 二聽(tīng)：hear,list

11、en to 三讓：let,have,make 四觀看：observe,see,watch.,look at What would you have me do 你要我做什么？ She made him give up smoking. 她讓他戒了煙。 Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就讓他干吧。 Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 雖然經(jīng)常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他卻被小妹妹弄哭了。 E 動(dòng)詞

12、不定式作定語(yǔ) 不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在其修飾的名詞或代詞之后，和被修飾的名詞或代詞之間是主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系和修飾關(guān)系。 1主謂關(guān)系 The future to greet us will be bright. 我們的未來(lái)會(huì)十分美好的。 He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)。 The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火車是從紐約開(kāi)來(lái)的。 2動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 On Sundays, he always has a lot

13、of letters to write. 星期天，他總是有許多信要寫 The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve. 老師給我們留了許多道題要解答。 He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。 注意：由于動(dòng)詞不定式與其修飾的詞之間往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此，如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。 She has a child to take care of. 她有一個(gè)孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about. 沒(méi)什么可擔(dān)心的。 He has no

14、 friend to depend on. 他沒(méi)有可依靠的朋友。 I've got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有許多事情要處理。 F 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ) 不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。 1表示目的 I'm saving up to buy a computer. 我在存錢買電腦。 To save the child, he laid down his life. 為了救那個(gè)孩子，他獻(xiàn)出了生命。 注意：有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出這種目的，也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (n

15、ot) to do結(jié)構(gòu)（so as to do不可以置于句首）。 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 為了吸引注意，他又嚷嚷又揮手。 I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我要把他的電話號(hào)碼記下來(lái)，以防忘記。 2表示結(jié)果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他趕到車站，發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。 What have I said to make you so angry 我說(shuō)了什么話

16、使你氣成這樣？ After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again. 散會(huì)后，他們分手了，從此再也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)面。 必背：不定式表示結(jié)果常見(jiàn)于下列句型。 1） so . as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle 把你的自行車借給我好嗎？ 2） such . as to do We are not such fools as to believe him. 我們還沒(méi)蠢到竟會(huì)相信他。 3） enough to do He didn't run fast

17、enough to catch the train. 他跑得不夠快, 沒(méi)趕上火車。 4） only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石頭砸自己的腳。 5） too . to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 她的視力太差了，不能看這么小的字。 注意：too.to.結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，動(dòng)詞不定式不表示結(jié)果，也沒(méi)有否定的意思。 The boy was too eager to

18、get a geography book. 那個(gè)男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理書。 He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結(jié)果。 3表示原因 I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. 我當(dāng)時(shí)不聽(tīng)你的話，真是傻瓜。 She wept to find him in such a difficult situation. 看到他處于這么困難的情形，她哭了。 4表示條件 A man would be blind not to see that. 一個(gè)人如果看不到這點(diǎn)

19、，那他就是瞎子。 How can you catch the train to start so late 這么晚才動(dòng)身，你怎么能趕上火車？三、省略 to 的情況 let, make ,have, feel, hear , listen to, see, watch, notice sb. do sth.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class. I often see them play basketball together.I heard him sing in the next room yesterday. woul

20、d rather do(than), had better do, why not do， cant but do，cant help but do(不能不); do nothing but doId rather give up the chance than betray the friendship between us.Youd better tidy your bedroom. Why not visit your cousin in Japan?You cant help but respect him.There is nothing to do but wait until i

21、t stops raining.四 易錯(cuò)難點(diǎn)1）比較：It is + adj. for sb to do sth. 這個(gè)句型中的形容詞常用 important, necessary, easy, hard，useful 等表示to do sth.的屬性It is +adj. of sb to do sth. 這個(gè)句型中的形容詞常用 kind, good, nice, wise, clever, silly, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, considerate，right, wrong等表示人的品質(zhì)Eg. Its rude_ him to speak to

22、your father that way. 不定式還可以和what, where, how, when, which等連接代詞（副詞）連用，在句中做主語(yǔ)。Eg. How to deal with the rubbish is a big problem.2）Adverbial(動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作狀語(yǔ)) 表示目的；原因；結(jié)果；條件目的: in order to ; so as to(不放句首); to doCheck your composition so as to avoid mistakes.結(jié)果：soas to ; such as to; enough to; only to; toot

23、o; nevertoHe lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.He arrived at the station too late to catch the bus.特殊用法：tooto結(jié)構(gòu)在下列情況下無(wú)否定意思。當(dāng)形容詞是anxious(急切的，渴望的); delighted（高興的）; eager; glad; kind; pleased; ready; willing等時(shí)。Im too pleased to see you here. Hes too willing to help you. One is never too old

24、 to learn.他氣得一句話都說(shuō)不出來(lái)._（三）課后作業(yè)1. It is not always easy _ invitations.A. to refuse B. refusing C. to be refused D. being refused2. _ now seems impossible.A. Saving money B. To save moneyC. Being saved money D. To be saved money 3. To answer correctly is more important than _A. a quick finish B. to fi

25、nish quickly C. finishing quicklyD. you finish quickly4. How _ the problem will be discussed at tomorrows meeting.A. to solveB. to be solvedC. being solved D. solving5. It was polite _ the child to give up his seat to the elderly woman.A. forB. ofC. toD. with6. Is it necessary _ the book immediately

26、?A. for him to returnB. that he returnsC. his returningD. of him to return7. It _ forty-five minutes _ there by bus.A. cost, to getB. takes, gettingC. takes, to getD. takes, to get to8. It is no good _. You should give_.A. to smoke, it upB. smoking, it up C. smoking, up itD. to smoke, up it9Her wish

27、 is _ an engineer. A. becomingB. becomeC. to becomeD. being come10. He seems _ here for three years. A. to be livingB. to have lived C. to have been livedD. to live11. Her son promised _ in the bedroom until the baby stopped _. A. staying, to cryB. to stay, cryingC. for staying, to cryD. to stay, to cry12. I forbid _ here. Who has permitted you _ here? A. smoking, to smokeB. smoke, smoking C. smoking, smoki