國(guó)家形象復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、Dissemination of Chinese Culture to the World Science, Nature, National Geographic , FT , TIME , WSJ, WP and The Economist China Daily, CGTN, NPR, CNN, FOX News, BBC, VOA, CBSAP, Reuters, Pulitzer Prize The Huffington Post Britain Brexit soft power 中華文化向世界傳播科學(xué)，自然，國(guó)家地理，F(xiàn)T，TIME，WSJ，WP和The Economist中國(guó)日

2、報(bào)，CGTN，NPR，CNN，?？怂剐侣?，BBC，VOA，CBS美聯(lián)社，路透社，普利策獎(jiǎng)赫芬頓郵報(bào)英國(guó)Brexit軟實(shí)力判斷TigrisEuphrates，Code of Hammurabi，hieroglyph，Macedonian，Darius，Ptolemaic dynasty，Cleopatra VII Philopator，Octavian，Athena，底格里斯 - 幼發(fā)拉底河，漢穆拉比法典，象形文字，馬其頓，大流士，托勒密王朝，克婁巴特拉七世哲學(xué)家，屋大維，雅典娜，配對(duì)Georg Simmel -The Stranger (1908) Robert Ezra Park - Mar

3、ginal man Robert K. Merton - CosmopolitanWilliam Graham Sumner- ethnocentrismCharles Horton Cooley - looking glass selfBronisaw Malinowski - detailed participant observationDell Hathaway Hymes - ethnography of communicationRaymond Henry Williams - two transitions in western notion of cultureHor

4、ace Meyer Kallen - cultural pluralism Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer - Instrumental rationality, repression of imagination and creativity, alienation Edward Wadie Said - OrientalismGayatri Chakravorty Spivak - Thinking Academic Freedom in Gendered Post-ColonialityJacques Derrida - Must not s

5、tructure have a genesis？SapirWhorf hypothesis - linguistic determinismSigmund Freud - Id, ego and super-egoMichel Foucault - power and knowledgeEdward Twitchell Hall, Jr.  High vs. Low Context Culture Gerard Hendrik (Geert) Hofstede - cultural dimensions Stuart McPhail Hall one of the

6、 founding figures of British Cultural Studies or The Birmingham School of Cultural Studies, a Jamaican-born cultural theorist, political activist and Marxist sociologistGeorg Simmel - 陌生人（1908）羅伯特Ezra公園 - 邊緣人羅伯特K.默頓 - 大都會(huì)威廉格雷厄姆薩姆納 - 民族中心主義查爾斯霍頓庫(kù)利 - 尋找玻璃自我BronisawMalinowski - 詳細(xì)的參與者觀(guān)察戴爾哈撒韋Hymes - 通信民

7、族志雷蒙德亨利威廉姆斯 - 西方文化觀(guān)念的兩次轉(zhuǎn)折賀拉斯邁耶卡倫 - 文化多元主義Theodor W. Adorno，Max Horkheimer - 工具理性，壓抑想象力和創(chuàng)造力，異化愛(ài)德華Wadie說(shuō) - 東方主義Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak - 在性別后殖民性中思考學(xué)術(shù)自由雅克德里達(dá) - 不應(yīng)該有結(jié)構(gòu)嗎？薩皮爾 - 沃爾夫假說(shuō) - 語(yǔ)言決定論西格蒙德弗洛伊德 - 身份，自我和超自我米歇爾?？?- 權(quán)力和知識(shí)Edward Twitchell Hall，Jr. - 高低語(yǔ)境文化杰拉德亨德里克（吉爾特）霍夫斯泰德 - 文化維度Stuart McPhail Hall -

8、英國(guó)文化研究或伯明翰文化研究學(xué)院的創(chuàng)始人之一，牙買(mǎi)加出生的文化理論家，政治活動(dòng)家和馬克思主義社會(huì)學(xué)家Ruth Benedict - Chrysanthemum and the SwordLederer & Burdick - The Ugly AmericanEdward Twitchell Hall, Jr. - The Silent LanguageStella Ting-Toomey - face negotiation theory Gerry Philipsen - Theory of Speech Codes Howard Giles - Theory of Communi

9、cation Accommodation Young Yun Kim - Integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation露絲本尼迪克特 - 菊花和劍LedererBurdick - 丑惡的美國(guó)人Edward Twitchell Hall，Jr. - 沉默的語(yǔ)言Stella Ting-Toomey - 面對(duì)談判理論格里菲利普森 - 語(yǔ)言代碼理論霍華德吉爾斯 - 傳播住宿理論Young Yun Kim - 交流和跨文化適應(yīng)的綜合理論填空Integration assimilation separation marg

10、inalizationMulticulturalism melting pot segregation exclusion整合 同化 分離 邊緣化多元文化主義 熔爐 隔離 排斥名詞解釋Melting pot vs. Salad bowl Raimon Panikkar identified 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about, including growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation,

11、 revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Pompeii，the ancient city in western Italy, southeast of Naples. The city was buried by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in ad 79; excavations of the si

12、te began in 1748 and revealed well-preserved remains of buildings, mosaics, furniture, and the personal possessions of the city's inhabitants. The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague or simply Plague, or less commonly as the Black Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in huma

13、n history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. The plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. Atonement：In western Christian theolo

14、gy, atonement describes how human beings can be reconciled to God through Christs sacrificial suffering and death. Atonement refers to the forgiving or pardoning of sin in general and original sin in particular through the suffering, death and resurrection of Jesus.Chinese Rites ControversyThe dispu

15、te among Roman Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism and Chinese rituals during the 17th and 18th centuries. The debate centered over whether Chinese ritual practices of honoring family ancestors and other formal Confucian and Chinese imperial rites qualified as religious rites

16、and were thus incompatible with Catholic belief.簡(jiǎn)答1、A civilization is any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification imposed by a cultural elite, symbolic systems of communication (for example, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the n

17、atural environment.Metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals. 2、Ho

18、mer is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems which are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The Iliad is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on

19、a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The Odyssey focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, after the fall of Troy.Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being th

20、at he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. 3、The role of Christianity in the Medieval period has been intricately intertwined with the history and formation of Western society. Throughout its long history, the Christian Church has been a major sour

21、ce of social services like schooling and medical care; inspiration for art, culture and philosophy; and influential player in politics and religion. In various ways it has sought to affect Western attitudes to vice and virtue in diverse fields. It has, over many centuries, promulgated the teachings

22、of Jesus within the Western world as well as throughout other nations. 4、The Reformation, or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation, was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.

23、 The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation （Anglicanism ） had begun under Henry VIII in the early 1530s. It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517

24、and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. 5、The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries. It is an extension of the Middle Ages, and is bridged by the Age of Enlightenment to modern history. It grew in fragments, with the

25、 very first traces found seemingly in Italy, coming to cover much of Europe, for some scholars marking the beginning of the modern age.The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its own invented version of humanism, derived from the concept of Roman Humanitas and the rediscovery of classical Gree

26、k philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature.6、 The Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration (approximately from the beginning of the 15th century unti

27、l the end of the 18th century) is an informal and loosely defined term for the period in European history in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and was the beginning of globalization. It also marks the rise of the period of widespread adoption in Eu

28、rope of colonialism and mercantilism as national policies. Many lands previously unknown to Europeans were discovered by them during this period, though most were already inhabited. From the perspective of many non-Europeans, the Age of Discovery marked the arrival of invaders from previously unknow

29、n continents. 論述Intellectual reflection of eastern and western cultures by Liang Shuming (梁漱溟)Liang Shuming believes that culture is the way of life, and life is the endless desire and the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of desire. At the same time, the desire is produced with life. It is an instinct, an eternal and indivisible life impulse. Based on this, he divides western culture, Chinese culture, and Indian culture into three types: desire to move forward, desire to hold, and desire to back, according to different intentions. He opposes the theory of har