虛擬語(yǔ)氣講解

1、                     虛擬語(yǔ)氣的重點(diǎn)是： 1一些常見的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。 2虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式。 3主從句表示不同的時(shí)間概念、事實(shí)或假設(shè)情況，從而交錯(cuò)成為復(fù)合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 4含蓄條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。 上

2、述四個(gè)要點(diǎn)往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識(shí)的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個(gè)重點(diǎn)對(duì)于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀點(diǎn)是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的，哪些是真實(shí)的，這樣對(duì)于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)題很有幫助。 下面我們將主要從上述四個(gè)方面來重點(diǎn)論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問題。 一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的常見類型和句型 （1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 A用wish表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：過去式（be動(dòng)詞用were）。 B用wish表示對(duì)將來的愿望時(shí)，它所引起

3、的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：would, could, might+ 動(dòng)詞原形。 Cwish用于對(duì)過去的事實(shí)表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞或could, would + have +動(dòng)詞過去分詞。 The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. -“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” -“Thats all right, but I wish he would

4、 buy one of his own.” I wish that he werent so lazy. (2)had hoped引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中備用語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為would+動(dòng)詞原形，表示一種過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。 His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later. (3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起

5、的從句中要求用過去式表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)淼那闆r，用過去完成時(shí)表示過去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如： Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。 （4）Its (high, about) time that 句型中that

6、從句中要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，即動(dòng)詞要用過去式。 Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們?cè)摻Y(jié)束講座的時(shí)候了。 （5）as, 或者whetheror謂語(yǔ)多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)： Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be

7、they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. （6）由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might, would)+動(dòng)詞原形，例如： She put a blanket over the baby for fear t

8、hat he should catch cold. 她在那個(gè)嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。 The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. (7) if it were not for與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反， if it had not been for與過去事實(shí)相反，兩個(gè)都相當(dāng)于but for： If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded. (8) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于

9、as if（though）引起的方式狀語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中，其動(dòng)詞形式與wish賓語(yǔ)從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽(yáng)光一樣，常常流露出來。 They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。 She lo

10、oks as if she would cry.她看起來好像要哭了。 (9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等 If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry. 二、特殊形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成往往是由shou

11、ld(可省略)+動(dòng)詞原形that從句。 A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請(qǐng)求等動(dòng)詞后的that賓語(yǔ)從句中，這類動(dòng)詞有： ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請(qǐng)求 command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望 determine決定 insist堅(jiān)持 intend打算 maintain堅(jiān)持主張 move建議，動(dòng)員 propose提議 object反對(duì) order命令 prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心 recommend推薦 s

12、uggest建議 stipulate約定，規(guī)定 urge強(qiáng)調(diào)，促進(jìn) vote公認(rèn)，提議 decree頒布（法令） pray請(qǐng)求 注意：這類動(dòng)詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接doing或者to do來表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。 She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（書面體） She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口語(yǔ)） She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便) B、用于It

13、is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句中，這類形容詞或分詞有： advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?#160;determined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要的，基本的 complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 desirable合意的 better較好的，更好 insistent堅(jiān)持的 desired想要 asked請(qǐng)求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅(jiān)定不

14、移的 natural自然的 insisted堅(jiān)持 necessary必要的 suggested建議 urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的 possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一點(diǎn)） proposed提議 requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的 probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾 注意：這類形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以forto do 來表

15、達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。 It is essential that he should be prepared for this. It is essential for him to be prepared for this. C用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請(qǐng)示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，這類名詞常見的有： advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望 insistence堅(jiān)持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令 preference偏愛 propo

16、sal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦 request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告 例如： This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動(dòng)成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。 The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the reco

17、rd.該提議要求把最后一個(gè)發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。 三、混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣 有時(shí)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)需要用混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一般來說，在這種情況下，主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指代的時(shí)間不同，所以我們又可以錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，在這種虛擬情況，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時(shí)候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語(yǔ)：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。絕大多數(shù)情況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這是我解題的關(guān)鍵。 If you that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy. A. havent watched B. did

18、nt watch C. hadnt watched D. wouldnt have watched 答案選C。 Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now. 混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣還有一種情況就是事實(shí)和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句，這樣的句子不僅僅是時(shí)間的不同，而重要是事實(shí)和假設(shè)的混合。

19、0;I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. 該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬，而后半部分是事實(shí)的陳述。 Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the

20、time. 該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬，后半句主句也用的是假設(shè)虛擬（如果你去并且解釋的話），但是后半句的從句用的是事實(shí)語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)椤案改覆×恕笔强陀^事實(shí)，故不需要用虛擬形式had been。 四、含蓄虛擬條件句 含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有： （1）介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。 the

21、 leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案選B。 But that she was afraid, she would have said no. (2)連詞，如：so that, unless, in c

22、ase, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。 She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted. If only I had more money, I could bu

23、y a car. (注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用should+動(dòng)詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而用動(dòng)詞的陳述語(yǔ)氣形式。)例如： The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 這位外籍教師說得很慢以免我們聽不懂。 Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法時(shí)要小心謹(jǐn)慎，以免會(huì)發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。 （3）通過上下文及內(nèi)在含義，句

24、中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等類似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。 I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake. A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep選擇 B。 (4)形容詞及其比較級(jí) A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes. A less con

25、scientious man wouldnt have tried so hard to get this job done. (5)分詞短語(yǔ) Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident. Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father. (6)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬。 I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time. To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman. She would be stupid not to accept his invitation. It would be easier to do it this way.