動詞不定式的用法

1、動詞不定式的形式：形式：不定式可分為帶“to”（to do）和不帶“to”（do）的動詞不定式。動詞不定式的否定形式為：not+不定式不定式的時態(tài)語態(tài)三大公式：動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)的三個公式如下：進行式公式=be+現(xiàn)在分詞完成式公式=have+過去分詞被動式公式=be+過去分詞由此，我們可以推導出不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)公式，以下我們以to do為例，列出公式如下：時態(tài)主動被動一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done進行式To be doing完成進行式To have been doing一，動詞不定式的時態(tài)：動詞不定式不能在句中作謂語，盡管它本身

2、有時態(tài)的變化，但是卻不能靠自身的變化形式表示動作發(fā)生的具體時間。動詞不定式發(fā)生的時間，一般只能根據(jù)謂語動詞的時間，產(chǎn)生相對的先后時間關(guān)系。不定式的一般式：表示不定式的動作與謂語動詞動作幾乎同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動作之后發(fā)生，或者不強調(diào)不定式動作的時間性。但若是不定式表原因時，往往先于謂語動作之前發(fā)生。如：The news will not fail to surprise him.這個消息將不會不使他大吃一驚的。（不定式動作在將來和謂語動作同時發(fā)生）I helped to repair the car.我?guī)椭蘩砥嚒＃ú欢ㄊ絼幼髟谶^去與謂語動作同時發(fā)生）He didn't know wh

3、ere to go.他不知道該去哪兒。（不定式稍晚于謂語動作）Tell you brother not to come tomorrow.(不定式晚于謂語動作)判斷：He decided to sell his car.I tried to go to school in time.I hope to see you soon注意：不定式表示謂語動作的原因時，往往發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。如：.I am very happy to see you here.She seemed surprised to meet us.(先是遇見我們，她然后很吃驚)不定式的完成式：通常表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如

4、：I am sorry not to have come to your party last night.He seems to have finished his homework.I am very happy to have helped you.The rain seemed to have stopped.注意：若謂語動詞是表示愿望，打算，意圖的動詞，如：hope, think, want, promise, plan, suppose, expect, mean, intend等時，不定式的用法如下：A）上述動詞的現(xiàn)在時+動詞不定式的完成式，表示不定式發(fā)生在謂語動作之后，在將來發(fā)

5、生。如：I hope/expect/want/plan to have finished the task(任務) by the end of this month.Finish的動作發(fā)生在hope之后。B)上述動詞的過去時+不定式的完成式：表示本希望在過去發(fā)生的事情，但因故未能實現(xiàn)。如：We planned to have finished the work before lunch.=We had planned to finish the work before lunch.我們本打算在午飯前完成這項工作。（但是沒能完成）We meant to have stopped him from

6、 doing such a thing.=We had meant to stop him from doing such a thing.我們本想阻止他做那種事。（但沒有成功）不定式的進行式：表示不定式的動作正在進行，持續(xù)之中?？赡茉谥^語動作發(fā)生時正在進行，也可能在謂語動作之后發(fā)生并進行。如：The boys were discovered to be hiding behind the door.男孩子們被發(fā)現(xiàn)正在門后藏在呢。It's nice to be lying on the beach.躺在沙灘上，真是愜意極啦。（正躺在沙灘上）The boss doesn't li

7、ke you to be always coming late for work.老板不喜歡你上班總是遲到。不定式的完成進行式：表示不定式的動作在謂語動作之前就已經(jīng)開始，到謂語動作發(fā)生時可能停止，也可能繼續(xù)下去。Tom seemed to have been reading a novel.He is found to have been working for 4 hours.二：不定式的語態(tài)動詞不定式除了有時態(tài)變化外，還有語態(tài)變化。用主動態(tài)還是被動態(tài)，取決于不定式和其邏輯主語的關(guān)系是主動還是被動。不定式的邏輯主語：因為不定式不能作謂語，所以就不可能有語法上的主語。但是通常情況下，我們可以推

8、斷出句中的某個詞實際上和不定式存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，我們就稱這個詞為不定式的邏輯主語。不定式的邏輯主語的形式主要有：不定式作及物動詞的賓語或狀語時，其邏輯主語通常就是句中的主語。如：The snow began to melt.雪開始融化了。(不定式作賓語)He seems to have missed the train.（不定式作seem的賓語）I opened the door quietly in order not to disturb him.(不定式作目的狀語)She came here to study, not to have a good time here.(目的狀語)B

9、)在“動詞+賓語+不定式（作賓語補語）”中，不定式的邏輯主語通常是它前面的賓語。She wanted me to buy some books.(me是to buy的邏輯主語，而不是she )A mother must teach her children not to tell lies.母親應該教育孩子不撒謊。C)不定式的邏輯主語可能是作者或說話人，用來表示說話人對所談內(nèi)容的看法或態(tài)度。To begin with, she made a speech to the audience(觀眾)To speak frankly, she doesn't work as hard as m

10、e.To tell the truth, he is quite lazy.這類表示態(tài)度的不定式固定搭配還有：To be honest, 老實說To cut a long story short長話短說，簡而言之To get (back) to the point回到正題To put it another way換句話說2）若句中沒有不定式的邏輯主語，又必須指明時，往往借助介詞引出：“for/of/with/without+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式”A)一般情況下，不定式的邏輯主語由介詞for引出。如：Is there anything for me to eat? He opened the

11、gate for the car to enter.(是the car開進來，而不是he)他打開大門讓汽車開進來。It's unusual for him to be late.I am waiting for the shop to open.B)在“It is/was +形容詞+of+名詞/代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式的邏輯主語則是由of引導。這類形容詞常常是用來說明或評價人的行為，表現(xiàn)，性格，特征，品質(zhì)的形容詞。如：absurd,brave,clever,clumsy（笨拙的）considerate(考慮周到的),cruel(殘酷的，殘忍的)，Cunning(狡猾的)，caref

12、ul.careless,foolish,generous(慷慨的)，good,greedy(貪婪的)，honest,prudent(謹慎的)，kind,lazy,modest,nasty,nice,polite,rude（粗魯?shù)模?selfish(自私的)，silly,stupid,thoughtful,wicked(邪惡的)等。It's very kind of you to help.It was stupid of me to believe him.動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)：動詞不定式是用主動還是被動，由動詞不定式和邏輯主語之間關(guān)系決定。如果邏輯主語是動作的發(fā)出者，不定式用主動；反

13、之，用被動。She asked the door to be closed.He ordered the guns to be fired.(他命令開火)He ordered the soldiers to fire the guns.他命令士兵開火。試比較：I have some clothes to be washed today.我今天有些衣服要洗。（讓別人幫忙洗）I have some clothes to wash.(自己洗)注意：A)在there be句型中，主語可用不定式修飾。如果句中主語是不定式的承受者，常常用不定式的主動表示被動。如：There is still a lot

14、of work to do(to be done). B)too.to句型也常常用不定式主動代替被動。如：The stone is too heavy to move(be moved).和：The stone is too heavy for me to move. C)在“主語+系動詞+形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果表語形容詞說明的是主語的內(nèi)在特征，往往用主動表被動。如：The pencil is easy to write with.The coffee is bitter to taste.這咖啡真苦。The flower is awful to smell.這花真難聞。D)如果不定式后

15、面跟的是“動詞+介詞”短語動詞，介詞不可省略。You are pleasant to talk with.和你交談很令人愉快The pen is hard to write with.這支筆很難用。E)take作“花費”解時，其后的不定式總是用主動。The book took me 2 years to write.English takes time and energy to learn.學習英語需要花費時間和精力。三不定式的句法功能：動詞不定式在句中可充當主語、表語、賓語、賓補、定語和狀語等。1）作主語：不定式作主語時，通常表示一個具體的，特定的行為。其謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。動詞不

16、定式作主語可位于句首。例如：To live means to create.To do that sort of thing is stupid.To learn a skill is very important for everyone in society.但是當作主語的不定式是較長的短語是，我們通常使用it作形式主語，而將動詞不定式置于句末。例如：It is necessary for young students to learn a foreign language.It was his job to repair bicycles(自行車)常用it作形式主語，而用動詞不定式作實際

17、主語的常用句型有：1. It isadj (for sb.sth.) to do sth.表示“做某事對某人來說怎么樣”。通常表明的是事情對人產(chǎn)生的影響或意義。比如“難易程度、重要性、可能性大小等”。用于此句型的形容詞有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。例如：It is interesting to play this game.It is necessary for you to change you

18、r job. How rude it was of the boy to jump the queue!It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house. How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance！2. Its +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么樣”。 通常表示根據(jù)事實判斷人的品行，特征。如：“聰明，愚笨，明智，錯誤等”。注意：這一句型中常用描述不定式的邏輯主語的性格、品質(zhì)的形容詞，如g

19、ood(好的)，kind(友善的)，nice(友好的)，polite(有禮貌的)，clever(聰明的)，foolish(愚蠢的)，lazy(懶惰的)，careful(細心的)，careless(粗心的)，wise(明智的)，right(正確的)，wrong(錯誤的)等。3.Itbe名詞不定式用于此句型的名詞有：pity, shame, pleasure, ones duty, ones job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。例如：It's our duty to take good care of the old. What a

20、 pity it is for you to have missed such a wonderful film. It is good manners for the young to give their seats to the old. It's a shame for you to do such kind of thing.4. It takes sb.some timeto do sth. 該句型意為“做某事花費某人多長時間”。例如：It took us half an hour to ride to the town by bike. 2）作表語主語

21、和表語同為不定式時，通常主語表示條件，表語表示結(jié)果。如：To see is to believe.動詞不定式作表語常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：My wish/ job/ aim/ goal is+不定式以及The next step/ /important thing/problem/measure is +不定式等。例如：My wish is to be a teacher.My goal is to pass the college entrance examination(高考，大學入學考試).The problem is how to get there.The important thing i

22、n life is to have a great aim.(目標)Your job is to type the papers in the office.The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted.另外：A)當主語是一個由what引導的從句時，用作表語的不定式通常是說明what的具體內(nèi)容的。如：What I want is to go to the park tomorrow.B)不定式作表語常常用來表示預定要發(fā)生的動作，或表示未來的可能性或假設。如：His greatest wish is to see an end

23、 to the war.All you have to do is (to) finish the job as quickly as possibly.All I can do is just smile at him and say nothing.注意：當主語中含有實義動詞do的各種形式時，作表語的不定式通常省略“to”.3）作賓語許多動詞都可和不定式搭配，即這些動詞的用法決定了其后接帶to的不定式作賓語。有些動詞只能接“疑問詞+不定式”作賓語。而句中的主語常常就是作賓語的不定式的邏輯主語。常見的只能使用動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有：agree, choose, decide, hope,

24、fail, wish, refuse, expect, manage, plan, intend, pretend, promise, offer, afford, demand, arrange等。 而常常接“疑問詞+不定式”作賓語的動詞有：decide,discover,forget,inquire（詢問），know,learn,remember,see,settle,think,wonder.例如：They decided to build a highway between these two cities.She offered to help me when I was in tr

25、ouble.He promised not to tell anyone about it.I don't decide/know what to do/where to go.I can't remember what to do.I forgot how to operate the machine.注意：當作賓語的不定式是較長的短語，常常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的不定式放到句末去。常常這樣用的動詞有believe, think, consider, find,feel, make等動詞?？蓸?gòu)成句型“動詞+ it +adj. / n+to do sth.”句型，其中使用i

26、t作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語動詞不定式置于句末。例如：I think it necessary for us to have a good rest after the long work.She felt it her duty to help the old woman.I find it difficult to understand him.4）、作介詞賓語動詞不定式通常不能用作介詞的賓語，但以下兩點除外。介詞之后可以用“疑問詞+不定式”作賓語。如：He gave me some advice on how to write a good composition(作文).He talk

27、ed with me about how to spend the frigid(極寒冷的) winter.以下介詞之后常常用不帶to的不定式作賓語，特別是當句中的謂語動詞為實義動詞do的各種形式時，尤其如此。而謂語動詞為其他動詞時，也可用帶to的不定式。這類介詞主要有：About就要。Save除。之外But除了。之外Save and expect除。之外Except除。之外Than除。之外如：I have done nothing except eat and sleep this week.I couldn't do anything but wait here.The enemy

28、(敵人)had no other choice but/than to surrender(投降).敵人除了投降之外，別無選擇。It had no effort except to make him angry.除了讓他生氣外，這起不了任何作用。在下列短語后，but之后只能跟不帶to的不定式。Do nothing but 只能Cannot but禁不住。Do anything but決不Cannot choose but只得。Cannot help but不得不如：His father could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.We

29、would do anything but confess(承認)our guilty.我們決不承認有罪。She couldn't help but laugh at his clothes.她情不自禁地大笑他的著裝。I cannot but admire(欽佩) his courage.I could not choose but love her.我不禁愛上了她。5）作賓補不定式作賓補時，其邏輯主語常常就是它前面的賓語。1)可后接動詞不定式作賓補的動詞有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge(挑戰(zhàn)), convince(使信服), da

30、re, drive(驅(qū)使), encourage, expect, forbid, force(強迫), hire, instruct(指導), invite, need, order, permit(允許), persuade, require, teach, tell, urge, hear, order, see, want, wish, worn(警告)等。例如： The doctor advised her not to eat too much sugar.I wish you to go to the meeting with me.I persuaded him to give

31、 up smoking.She asked me to stay here.2)注意：有一類表示見解，看法的動詞，如：believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, think等動詞后常常接to be型不定式作賓補。to be可以省略。例如：He declared himself （to be） a college student. 他自稱是名大學生。The police proved him （to be ）a thief. 警

32、察局證實他是小偷。We consider him (to be ) diligent(勤奮的). 特別注意 hope, demand, suggest等動詞不能后接動詞不定式作賓補。例如：【誤】I hope my son to be back soon.【正】I hope my son will be back soon.【誤】She suggests us to have a discussion about it.【正】She advises us to have a discussion about it.【正】She suggests that we (should) have a d

33、iscussion about it.3)在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中，下列動詞后作賓補的動詞不定式應省略to：“五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)“三使”(make, let, have)“兩聽”(hear, listen to)“一感覺”(feel)。例如：His boss made/have/let him work all day long.I heard him sing in her bedroom.I saw him play basketball on the playground.但是，改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)后，應該還原省略的to。例如：He was s

34、een to break the window.表示好惡的動詞+賓語+帶to的不定式如：I like people to tell the truth.She preferred me to do my job by myself.I hate him to speak loudly in the classroom.這類動詞主要有：Dislike不喜歡Like喜歡Prefer更喜歡Hate討厭，不喜歡Love喜愛Want想要Know和see的用法當它們用于主動語態(tài)，特別是用于一般過去時或過去完成時，其后的賓語補足語常?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾篒 have never known him (to) te

35、ll a lie(謊言)I have never known/seen it (to) snow in July before.I never knew her complain.我從沒聽她發(fā)過怨言。注意：當know和see用于被動語態(tài)時，必須還原不定式符號to。如：I have never seen that man (to) smile.That man has never been seen to smile.6）作定語 動詞不定式作定語，應位于所修飾詞語之后，即：作后置定語。被修飾的名詞和用作定語的不定式之間可能是邏輯主語，也可以是邏輯賓語的關(guān)系。例如：Have you got any

36、thing to eat? (to eat修飾anything，位于其后)Do you have anything to say/declare(宣布)？What I want is to get something to do.1)下列名詞后常接動詞不定式作定語：ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, evidence, failure, means, measure, reason, refusal, promise, right,way, wish等。例如：But she gave up the chance to go

37、abroad.You have no right to speak.He has the ability to work out the math question.I have the courage to invite her for dinner.She has a great wish to to travel around the world.當謂語動詞是be, find, get, give, have, need, want等，它們后面的名詞（賓語或者表語）常常用不定式修飾。 如：They gave us a week to think the problem over. Do

38、you have anything more to say? We found a house to live in. I need/want a piece of paper to write on. 注意：如果需要另外引出作定語的不定式的邏輯主語，可以用介詞for+名/代詞 如：Mike is the person for me to turn to(求助于) in difficult time. 遇到困難，麥克是我可以向之求助的人。 This is the only point for us to pay attention to. 這就是我們需要給以關(guān)注的唯一一點。 如果作定語的不定式

39、為“動詞+介詞”，介詞不可省略。如：We must find a hotel to live in because it is getting dark.(live in a hotel)Please give me a piece of paper to write on.(write on a piece of paper)There are a lot of goods(商品)to choose from.(choose from the goods)5)由only, first, last, next, only, second以及序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞后，也常接不定式作定語。

40、例如：Who was the last one to leave the classroom last night?She was the first girl to come to the party.He is the only person to know the thing.This is the best film to be played that year.這是那年放映的最好的電影。The cheapest products(商品，產(chǎn)品)to be bought is in that store. 6)在there be句型中，作定語的不定式可以用主動或者被動。如：There i

41、s nothing to worry about/to be worried about. There is a lot of work to do/be done. Is there anything to eat? 7) 有些不定式作定語，具有“將來實現(xiàn)”的意義，即不定式動作將在將來發(fā)生。如：The meeting to take place is very important for the company.即將召開的會議對這個公司極其重要。 The person for you to talk with is the manager.將和你談話的人是經(jīng)理。 7）作狀語動詞不定式作狀語，

42、可表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、方式等。作目的狀語：不定式的動作稍晚于謂語動詞的動作。如：I must leave now to get there on time.我必須馬上動身，以便按時到達那兒。I am saying this to encourage you.I store the food in the fridge to keep it fresh.We went there to see our grandparents.A)注意：不定式表示目的時，常常在不定式前面加上in order或so as，構(gòu)成in order to或so as to，以突出或強調(diào)目的。如：Many peo

43、ple go to work on foot in order to /so as to lose weight.I got up so early in order to catch the early bus.He worked so hard so as to get high salary(薪水).B)in order to 和so as to 的否定式是在to前面加not，構(gòu)成in order not to 和so as not to.He studied in his bedroom so as not be disturbed.C)in order to既可以放在句首表目的，亦可

44、以放在句中，而so as to 只能放在句中。In order to catch the early bus, I get up early every day.=I get up early every day so as to catch the early bus.不定式作結(jié)果狀語時，總是出現(xiàn)在被修飾的動詞之后，并且常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)： 結(jié)構(gòu)中文含義So+形容詞/副詞 +as to do如此。以致Such+（形容詞+）名詞+as to do如此。以致Enough+名詞+to do足夠。名詞/形容詞/副詞+ enough+to do足夠。Too+形容詞/副詞+to do太。以致不能。如：What

45、 have I said to make you so angry?What have I done to offend you?They said goodbye, never to meet again.用so.as.和such.as.引導的結(jié)果狀語：He is not so stupid as to do that.他還沒用蠢到去做那種事情。He got up so early as to catch the first bus.他起的如此早，以致他趕上了頭班車。She is such a beautiful girl as to be liked by people.He is such a strong boy as to carry that heavy box.由too.to引導的結(jié)果狀語，意為“太。以致不能?！盨he is too young to attend school.The food is too hot to eat.I am t