環(huán)境智能化將如何提高建筑物的可居住性和能源使用效率外文文獻及譯文

1、畢業(yè)設計外文文獻及譯文文獻、資料題目：How Ambient Intelligence will Improve Habitability and Energy Eciency in Buildings文獻、資料來源：2005，Ambient Intellience,Part I文獻、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：2005院 （部）： 信息與電氣工程學院專 業(yè)： 電氣工程與自動化班 級： 電氣082姓 名： 學 號： 指導教師： 翻譯日期： 2012.02外文文獻：How Ambient Intelligence will Improve Habitability and Energy Eciency

2、 in BuildingsAbstract.Ambient intelligence has the potential to profoundly aect future building operations. Recent breakthroughs in wireless sensor network technology will permit, (1) highly exible location of sensors and actuators, (2) increased numbers and types of sensors informing more highly di

3、stributed control systems, (3)occupants involvement in control loops, (4) demand responsive electricity management, (5) integration among now-separate building systems, and (6) the adoption of mixed-mode and other new types of air conditioning systems that require more sensor information to operate

4、eciently. This chapter describes the issues with current building automation technology, assesses how some applications of wireless sensor technology can increase the quality of control and improve energy eciency, and suggests opportunities for future development.1 IntroductionBuildings are primaril

5、y constructed to produce indoor environments in which their occupants are comfortable, healthy, safe, and productive. A complex mixture of systems (heating, ventilating, air-conditioning (HVAC), lighting,life safety equipment, the architecture itself, and the buildings occupants) is used to achieve

6、this purpose. Since buildings tend to be designed and built individually, the mixture of systems is virtually unique for each building. Most buildings are essentially prototype designs, but rather than being used for testing, they are put directly into operation. Designers and operators rarely have

7、the chance to evaluate systematically how eectively their buildings produce desirable environments, or how energy-eciently they do so. There is a great shortage of such information throughout buildings lives they are delivered to the operators without instructions, and once in operation, operators o

8、ften cannot determine how they perform because there are insucient channels for collecting physical data and occupant feedback. As a result, they tend to be operated in rather ad-hoc ways often whatever works to cause the least complaints. It would help if more information were available.In the past

9、 two decades, the adoption of computer control systems in commercial buildings has greatly improved the access to and management of physical data. However, these systems still communicate with relatively few sensors and actuators, so their information is not detailed or reliable enough to truly oper

10、ate the building effectively or efficiently. In addition, few of them integrate HVAC with related but independently marketed systems like lighting, security, re, or occupant information. Residential buildings tend to be intrinsically much simpler than commercial ones, but even here the amount of sen

11、sing and the information provided to systems and to occupants is less than optimal usually all contained within a single thermostat.In the US, 38% of all primary energy is used to condition buildings, divided evenly between commercial and residential buildings. This is the largest single energy use

12、sector, exceeding transportation and industry. In commercial buildings, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) consumes approximately 28% of total energy consumption, followed by interior lighting at 25%. In residential buildings, space heating and cooling have the highest energy consumpt

13、ion at 43%, followed by miscellaneous use at 16%, and water heating at 14%. The Department of Energy 5 estimates that in both building types, roughly half the total energy use could be economically avoided.Reducing energy use in buildings is both important and feasible.There have been many approache

14、s to achieve this objective. For example,buildings may be designed using passive temperature control, natural ventilation, solar control, and daylighting to reduce the energy used for HVAC and electric lighting. New air-conditioning systems such as underoor air distribution, displacement ventilation

15、, and chilled/heated ceilings can reduce operational costs. Old HVAC equipment, lighting, and windows can be replaced by newer versions which are generally more energy-ecient.This chapter discusses how expanding the ambient intelligence in building controls might also reduce energy consumed in build

16、ing operation. In some cases, it could be the fastest and most cost-eective way to obtain a given level of energy saving. In others, expanded intelligence may be necessary for some of the more ecient new building design techniques to become feasible in practice.Increased ambient intelligence should

17、also help produce more habitable indoor environments. In commercial buildings, our surveys consistently show thermal complaints (too hot and too cold) are the highest sources of dissatisfaction, with air quality, acoustics and lighting also high. The percentage of occupants voting dissatised typical

18、ly exceeds 20%. For manufactured objects, this level of dissatisfaction would be totally unacceptable, but for current buildings it is clearly very hard to do better. We will argue that in order to do better, occupants need to be informed about and involved in the control of their indoor environment

19、.2 Current Building Controls: Problems and NeedsIdeally, building control systems maintain occupant comfort at a low energy cost. The state-of-the-art in building control has greatly advanced in recent years. In commercial buildings digital controls are replacing pneumatic controls 13, and energy ma

20、nagement and control systems (EMCS) now are increasingly used to monitor and manage the HVAC systems in large commercial buildings. Some of these are web-enabled and most allow for remote monitoring and control. However, while the communication and hardware technology of building controls has change

21、d, the control functions are still rudimentary, with very little use of supervisory control or embedded intelligence. The sensing is far more complete on the HVAC machinery than in the building and its interior spaces. Lighting control technology still consists primarily of switching large banks of

22、xtures based on a time clock. The intelligence employed in these controls is low because with limited numbers of sensors and actuators one cannot practically do much more.Sensors and actuators have historically been so expensive that keeping their numbers minimal has been taken for granted. The cost

23、 of installing a single sensor or unit controller in a commercial building can be as high as $1000. As much as 90% of that cost is in running the wires needed to power the sensors and communicate with them. Installing wire usually requires making openings in walls and ceilings and then having to ren

24、ish them. In some cases the most appropriate sensor position (say on an oce workers desk or chair) is unavailable to a wired sensor, which must be on one of the buildings surfaces. So compromises are made such that the sensor is positioned where it is most convenient and inexpensive. This leads to a

25、 situation where buildings are “sensory starved”. The building is run on a small amount of sensor data whose accuracy cannot be cross-checked, and whose measurement locations may not represent the environments that the occupants actually experience.Because such sensory shortcomings are taken for gra

26、nted by designers, the whole approach to building design is essentially distorted. Buildings must be conceived as simplied mechanisms appropriate for this level of controllarge indoor spaces are considered as a single nodes, mechanical systems are designed to mix the air in such spaces uniformly eve

27、n when this imposes an energy and air-quality penalty, and lights are arrayed in uniform banks even when the need for light varies across the space.Occupant complaints decrease occupants work productivity and increase maintenance cost by millions of dollars annually. For example, Federspiel 7 report

28、ed that the most common action taken in response to thermal sensation (hot/cold) complaints is to adjust a control system setting, and that automating these actions could reduce HVAC maintenance costs by 20%. Additional sensors would make it easier to determine when problems reported by occupants ca

29、n be resolved automatically, and when it is necessary to dispatch maintenance personnel to solve the problem. In addition, thermal comfort depends on multiple factors besides temperature. If a space is controlled with a single temperature sensor, the temperature needs to be tightly controlled within

30、 a narrow range to avoid potential discomfort caused by other variables such as air movement or radiation that the thermostat cannot detect. Such tight control requires extra energy consumption by the HVAC system. If the environment were more completely sensed, it could be possible to tune it to pro

31、vide comfort and ventilation as eciently as possible.Occupants comfort is now never considered directly in building operation. Controls that could obtain information about the comfort of individual occupants have been proposed 6, but have not yet been put into use in buildings. Occupancy and predete

32、rmined preferences could be identied by sensors in the chair, as is now done in some automobiles. A persons thermal state could also be predicted from measured skin temperatures sensed through contact or remotely by infrared radiation. None of these things is readily possible if sensors must be moun

33、ted on building surfaces, such as walls or ceilings. The workstation furniture is the closest to, indeed in contact with, the occupants. But the diculty of making hard-wired connections to furniture systems makes such placement traditionally impossible.The heating and cooling of relatively small loc

34、al body parts like the hands,feet, or face have a disproportionately strong eect on comfort and satisfaction. If these could be comfortably conditioned with a relatively tiny energy input, the overall ambient space temperature could be allowed to oat in a relatively wide range, generating great ener

35、gy savings. Workstation furniture within a building provides promising sites for occupant sensing and comfort control, perhaps using a parallel local HVAC system allowing individual control independent of the central building HVAC system. The localized actuation of heating and cooling panels and jet

36、s within the furniture would probably be best controlled by wireless means, as with a television remote.3 Wireless Sensor-Networks: An Enabling TechnologyThere are at least four attributes of emerging wireless sensor network technology that could be signicant for building applications: small size, l

37、ow power,and self-organization. These attributes will enable a number of new applications that will improve habitability and improve energy eciency.Although buildings are large systems, the small size that is achievable with MEMS technology is desirable for buildings because it allows sensors to be

38、embedded in building materials and furnishings without causing aesthetic problems. For example, Hill 9 describes the development of a single-chip wireless sensor node of just ve square millimeters. Small size is also expected to help reduce the per-unit cost of wireless sensors.In the past, the need

39、 for wired power was one of the key attributes of wireless sensor technology that prevented its widespread use in buildings. Low-power radios such as those described by Rabaey et al. 15 combined with ambient energy harvesting systems such as those described by Roundy et al. 16 and rmware designed to

40、 conserve energy stored in batteries or capacitors will allow wireless sensors to operate without wired power for years. This will enable the placement of sensors in locations that have been desirable but impractical in the past. It will also enable mobile sensors. Self-organizing embedded software

41、will allow large networks to congure themselves so that the labor associated with system installation, operation, and maintenance will be lower than it is today. It will enable data from mobile sensors to get where it needs to go.中文譯文：環(huán)境智能化將如何提高建筑物的可居住性和能源使用效率摘要.環(huán)境智能化有可能深刻地影響未來的建筑物的運行。最近在無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡技術上的

42、突破，將允許（1）傳感器和執(zhí)行器位置的高度靈活，（2）控制系統(tǒng)更加高度分布式的傳感器類型和數(shù)量的增加，（3）住戶在控制回路的參與，（4）需求響應的電力管理，（5）現(xiàn)在獨立的建筑系統(tǒng)之間的集成，還有（6）需要更多的傳感器信息來有效地運作的混合模式和其他新類型的空調系統(tǒng)。本章介紹了當前的樓宇自動化技術，評估無線傳感器技術的一些應用程序如何可以提高質量控制和提高能源的利用效率，并提出未來發(fā)展的機遇。 1 介紹建筑物主要為他們的居住者提供舒適，健康，安全，適合生產的室內環(huán)境。一個復雜的系統(tǒng)（供暖，通風，空氣調節(jié)（HVAC），照明，生命安全設備，建筑本身和建筑的居住者）的混合使用要達到這個目的。由于建筑

43、物往往被單獨設計和建造，混合系統(tǒng)是幾乎每個建筑的獨特。大多數(shù)建筑基本上是原型設計，而不是用于測試，它們直接投入運行。設計者和經營者很少有機會系統(tǒng)地評價他們的建筑如何有效地產生理想的環(huán)境，如何節(jié)能高效的工作。對整個建筑物的居住者來說，他們有一個劣勢 ，他們沒有給運營商說明，一旦運作，經營者往往不能確定他們的表現(xiàn)如何，因為沒有足夠的渠道來收集物理數(shù)據(jù)和居住者的反饋。因此，他們往往以特設的方式運作在工作中將投訴降到最少。如果有更多的信息資料的話，它就會起到作用。 在過去二十年來，通過計算機控制系統(tǒng)在商業(yè)樓宇的應用，大大提高了數(shù)據(jù)的獲取和管理水平。然而，這些系統(tǒng)仍然相對較少的與傳感器和執(zhí)行機構進行溝通

44、，他們的信息，對于真正有效地開發(fā)建筑物是不詳細或不夠可靠的。此外，很少有與暖通空調相關但獨立的標志系統(tǒng)，如照明，安全，消防，或居住者信息。住宅樓宇往往是本質上比商業(yè)樓宇要簡單得多，但即使這樣遙感系統(tǒng)的數(shù)量和向住戶提供的資料仍然達不到最佳 - 通常都包含在一個單一的恒溫。 在美國，所有初級能源的38用于建筑環(huán)境，比較平均的分在商業(yè)和住宅樓宇之間。這是最大的單一能源使用部門，超過運輸和工業(yè)。商業(yè)樓宇，供暖，通風和空調（ HVAC ）消耗大約能源消費總量的28，室內照明緊跟其后占到25%。在住宅樓宇中，空間加熱和冷卻能源消耗最高，占到43，其次是（各種）雜項使用，占到16，水加熱占到了14%。能源部

45、5估計，在這兩種建筑類型中，大約一半的能源使用總量可經濟性地避免。減少建筑物的能源使用是重要的和可行的。 已經有許多方法來實現(xiàn)這一目標。例如，建筑設計可使用被動式溫度控制，自然通風，太陽能控制，采光，以減少暖通空調和照明電器對能源的使用量。新的空調系統(tǒng)，如地板送風，置換通風和冷凍/加熱的天花板，可以降低運營成本。舊暖通設備，照明和窗戶可被通常更節(jié)能的新版本取代。 本章討論如何擴大環(huán)境智能化在樓宇控制系統(tǒng)（的應用），來降低建設運行消耗的能量。在某些情況下，它可能是取得節(jié)能水準最快和最具成本效益的方式。在其他國家，擴大智能化可能對一些更有效的新的建筑設計技術來說，在實踐中是可行的，必要的。環(huán)境智能

46、化的增加，也應有助于產生更適合人類居住的室內環(huán)境。在商業(yè)樓宇，我們的調查結果一致顯示關于熱量（太熱，太冷）的投訴是不滿的最高來源，空氣質量，音響和燈光也很高。投票不滿意住戶的百分比一般超過20。對于制造的物品，這個不滿意程度是完全不可接受的，但對于目前的建筑，它顯然很難做得更好。我們認為，為了做的更好，住戶需要了解和參與室內環(huán)境控制。2目前樓宇控制的問題和需要理想的情況下，樓宇控制系統(tǒng)花費一個較低的能源成本就能夠保證居住者的舒適性。近年來，頂級的樓宇控制已經更加先進。在商業(yè)樓宇，數(shù)字控制取代氣動控制13，能源管理和控制系統(tǒng)（ EMCS的）現(xiàn)在越來越多地用于大型商業(yè)建筑暖通空調系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)控和管理。其中有些具有網(wǎng)絡功能，大部分允許遠程監(jiān)視和控制。然而，通訊和樓宇控制系統(tǒng)的硬件技術已經改變，控制功能仍然簡陋，而且很少使用監(jiān)督控制或嵌入式智能技術。在建筑和室內空間上，遙感與暖通機械相比更為完整。照明控制技術仍然由大量的時鐘開關裝置組成。這些控件的智能化是低端的，因為傳感器和執(zhí)行機構的數(shù)量有限，不能切實做到得多。傳感器和執(zhí)行機構，在歷史上一直非常昂貴，使他們的數(shù)量理所當然的很少。在一幢商業(yè)大廈中安裝一個傳感器或控制器的單位成本可能高達10