校本名詞性從句

1、1. 概念概念 在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句句 (Noun Clauses）。）。 名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等, 因此根據(jù)因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能, 名詞從句又可分名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句別稱為主語(yǔ)從句(Subject Clause)、賓語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句(Object Clause)、表語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句(Predicative Clause) 和同位語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句(Appositi

2、ve Clause)。What he wants to tell us is not clear. I believe (that) he is honest. The question is who (which of you) will be the next speaker. The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句2. 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類: 連接詞連接詞/從屬連詞從屬連詞that,

3、 whether, if 不充當(dāng)不充當(dāng) 從句的任何成分從句的任何成分 連接代詞連接代詞: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 連接副詞連接副詞: when, where, how, why3. 不可省略的連詞：不可省略的連詞：1) 介詞后的連詞介詞后的連詞 2) 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省略。略。 That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won. 一、主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ)一

4、、主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ), 它可它可 以位于句首以位于句首, 但常見(jiàn)的主語(yǔ)從句多放在但常見(jiàn)的主語(yǔ)從句多放在句末句末,句首則用形式主語(yǔ)句首則用形式主語(yǔ)it。1. That the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round. 主語(yǔ)從句的用法主語(yǔ)從句的用法2. Whether he will come hasnt been decided. = It hasnt been decided whether he will come. 注意注意: 連詞連詞that, whether在從句中不擔(dān)任在從句中不擔(dān)任句子成分句子成

5、分,只起連接作用只起連接作用,不能省略不能省略 (注注: if不可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句不可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句）二、用二、用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is名詞從句名詞從句 It is a fact that 事實(shí)是事實(shí)是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that是常識(shí)是常識(shí)(2) It is形容詞從句形容詞從句 (多用多用 should+V.) It is natural that 很自然很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物動(dòng)詞從句不及物動(dòng)詞從句 It

6、seems that 似乎似乎 It happened that 碰巧碰巧 It appears that 似乎似乎(4) It is 過(guò)去分詞從句過(guò)去分詞從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道據(jù)報(bào)道 It has been proved that 已證實(shí)已證實(shí) It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō)據(jù)說(shuō)It is certain that he will come.It is said that some American friends will visit our school next week.It happened that we were out for a walk

7、 yesterday evening.It doesnt matter whether I stay or not.三、用帶三、用帶-ever的引導(dǎo)詞的引導(dǎo)詞 (如如whoever, whatever) 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句一般不后置。引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句一般不后置。 Whoever leaves the room last should close the door. Whatever we do must be in the interests of （為了（為了的利益）的利益）the people.四、四、it 作形式主語(yǔ)和作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較 it 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從

8、句作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句,主要是為主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu), 主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有變主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有變化。而化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可都可用連詞用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如。例如: It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.（形式主語(yǔ)）（形式主語(yǔ)） It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. （形式主語(yǔ)）（形式主語(yǔ)

9、） It is in the morning that the murder took place.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）（強(qiáng)調(diào)句） It is John that broke the window. （強(qiáng)調(diào)句）（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）五、五、what與與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別 what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ), 而而that 則不充當(dāng)成分。則不充當(dāng)成分。例如：例如： What you said yesterday is right. That she is still alive is a consol

10、ation（安慰）（安慰）. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)：句子結(jié)構(gòu)：主句主句 + 連接詞連接詞(引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞) + 賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞分類連接詞分類: 從屬連詞從屬連詞that, whether, if 連接代詞連接代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what 連接副詞連接副詞 where, how, why, when 賓語(yǔ)從句的用法賓語(yǔ)從句的用法一、連詞一、連詞 (引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞)1. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句時(shí)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句時(shí)(包括肯定句包括肯定句和否定句和否定句), 連詞由連詞由that引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), 因?yàn)橐驗(yàn)閠hat在從句中不作任何成分在從句中不作任何成分, 也沒(méi)有也沒(méi)有任何具體意思任

11、何具體意思, 因此在口語(yǔ)或非正因此在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常省略式文體中常省略。 He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster.Jane said (that) she wasnt late for the meeting. 2. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí), 由特殊由特殊疑問(wèn)詞充當(dāng)連接詞疑問(wèn)詞充當(dāng)連接詞, 因?yàn)樵撎厥庖蓡?wèn)因?yàn)樵撎厥庖蓡?wèn)詞詞(即連接詞即連接詞)在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分子成分, 具有一定的意義具有一定的意義, 所以不可所以不可以省略。以省略。Do you know what he sa

12、id just now?I dont remember when we arrived. I asked him where I could get so much money.Please tell me who we have to see.Do you know what time the plane leaves?3. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí),由連詞由連詞whether或或if引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)(口語(yǔ)中常用口語(yǔ)中常用if),因?yàn)橐驗(yàn)閕f/whether翻譯成翻譯成“是否是否”,具有一定具有一定的意義的意義,所以不能省略。所以不能省略。 Lily wanted to kn

13、ow if /whether her grandma liked the handbag . Lets see if /whether we can find out some information about that city . 注意注意: 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用不能用if 表示表示 “是否是否”的情況如下：的情況如下： A) 在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。如：在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。如： The question is whether the film is worth seeing. The news whether our team has won the m

14、atch is unknown.B) 在主語(yǔ)從句中，只有用在主語(yǔ)從句中，只有用it 作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí)作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí), whether和和if 都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句, 否則否則, 也只能也只能用用whether。如如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet. It hasnt been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.C) 在介詞之后。在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略介詞往往可以省略) 如如: It all depends (on) whether

15、 they will support us.D) 后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。如：后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。如： He doesnt know whether to stay or not.E) 后面緊接后面緊接or not 時(shí)。如：時(shí)。如： We didnt know whether or not she was ready. 關(guān)聯(lián)詞關(guān)聯(lián)詞if, whether均可使用的情況如下：均可使用的情況如下： A) 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如：引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如： I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not. B) 在在 “be+形容詞形容詞” 之后。如：之后。如： H

16、e was not sure whether (if) it is right or wrong. 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用 whether或或if, 不能用不能用that的情況如下：的情況如下： 若若doubt一詞譯成一詞譯成“懷疑懷疑”接賓語(yǔ)從句接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)時(shí), 主句為肯定句主句為肯定句用用whether或或if, 主句為否主句為否定句或疑問(wèn)句定句或疑問(wèn)句用用that。如：。如： I doubt whether he will come soon. I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt that he will come so

17、on？4. 跟在介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句跟在介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句: 賓語(yǔ)從句放在賓語(yǔ)從句放在介詞后作介詞的賓語(yǔ)介詞后作介詞的賓語(yǔ), 在使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)在使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)不能丟掉介詞。不能丟掉介詞。 There is no news about whether a new bridge will be built. We are considering of where these trees should be planted.二、語(yǔ)序二、語(yǔ)序: 連接詞陳述句連接詞陳述句 合成一個(gè)句子：合成一個(gè)句子：He would be back in an hour. He said He said (that) he

18、would be back in an hour.Do they speak English? We want to know We want to know if/whether they can speak English.What is her name? He asks me He asks me what her name is.三、時(shí)態(tài)：三、時(shí)態(tài)： 如果主句是過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)如果主句是過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過(guò)去包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí), 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)), 那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一定那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一定要用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。要用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。 When will Professor L

19、i give us a talk? We wanted to know We want to know when Professor Li would give us a talk. Jim is a good student. The teacher said The teacher said (that) Jim was a good student. Has Mr. Green been in Beijing for five years? He asked He asked if/whether Mr. Green had been in Beijing for five years.

20、四、在四、在think, believe, suppose, expect 等動(dòng)詞等動(dòng)詞之后之后,賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)的否定常轉(zhuǎn)移到主賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)的否定常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語(yǔ)上。句的謂語(yǔ)上。 I dont think he will see you. I dont believe he will go. We dont expect he is coming. I dont think he can do it, can he? 注注: 此種用法主句的主語(yǔ)必須是第一人此種用法主句的主語(yǔ)必須是第一人稱稱I或或we，而且它的反意疑問(wèn)句的，而且它的反意疑問(wèn)句的助動(dòng)詞由從句的助動(dòng)詞來(lái)定。助動(dòng)詞由從句的助動(dòng)詞來(lái)

21、定。 I dont think he can do it, can he? I dont think you are right, are you? 在在suggest, insist, demand, order, require 等表示建議等表示建議,命令命令,要求的動(dòng)詞后要求的動(dòng)詞后,從句的謂語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如: I insisted that he（should）do it at once. She suggested that the work (should) be finished at once. 注意注意:1. 當(dāng)從句是客觀真理當(dāng)從句是客觀真

22、理,定義定義,公理公理,定理時(shí)定理時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。注意：注意：2. 如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是ask時(shí)時(shí),連詞不可連詞不可能是能是that;如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是say時(shí)時(shí), 連詞用連詞用that。1) He asks if I like playing the piano.2) She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.3. 如果從句中含有如果從句中含有or或或or not時(shí)時(shí),只能用只能用whether而不用而不用if。 Do you know whether he is righ

23、t or not? I dont care whether hell stay here or not. I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.五、在接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中五、在接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中, 為了保持句子為了保持句子平衡平衡, 用用it 作形式賓語(yǔ)作形式賓語(yǔ),將從句放于句尾將從句放于句尾, 常接常接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day. 1

24、. He asked _ for a violin. (MET1992) A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. (NMET1997) A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever 在復(fù)合句中用作表語(yǔ)的從句是表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中用作表語(yǔ)的從句是表語(yǔ)從句, 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞

25、與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后,有時(shí)用有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為為:主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞 + that從句。從句。 Thats what we should do. Thats why I want to see you. The reason for my absence was that I was ill.表語(yǔ)從句的用法表語(yǔ)從句的用法 1. be, seem, look等動(dòng)詞后均可跟表等動(dòng)詞后均可跟表語(yǔ)從句：語(yǔ)從句： My suggestion is that we sho

26、uld go shopping. It seems that it is going to rain. 2. as if, because 也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。 It looks as if its going to rain. It was because I got up late. 3. 在非正式文體中在非正式文體中,引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that可以省略。如可以省略。如: The trouble is (that) he is ill. 注意注意:在表語(yǔ)從句中在表語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)當(dāng)reason做主語(yǔ)時(shí)做主語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞只能用引導(dǎo)詞只能用that,不能用不能用becaus

27、e。 The reason why he was late was that he didnt catch the early bus.他遲到的原因是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有趕上早班車。他遲到的原因是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有趕上早班車。 4. 主句的主語(yǔ)是名詞主句的主語(yǔ)是名詞idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement時(shí)時(shí), 表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即即: (should) +v. My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of just setting it aside. 1. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the s