托福閱讀四：插入句子題

1、托福閱讀：插入句子題解題技巧托福閱讀：插入句子題解題技巧考察能力1、相關(guān)語句和詞匯的理解2、對于語段中的邏輯順序的把握題題目特征Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.(You will see a sentence in bold)Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a to add the sentence to the passage.Question：在托福閱讀中，為什么不論插入題

2、出現(xiàn)在文章的那個(gè)位置，這種題都位于總結(jié)題之前,存在于倒數(shù)第二題的位置呢? ETS是一個(gè)很人性化的機(jī)構(gòu), 如果這類題出現(xiàn)在前幾道題的位置, 選錯(cuò)了會對文章的理解造成影響, 影響做其它題。插入的句子對文章本身的影響有多大？和幾句話相關(guān)？如果和前后兩句話都相關(guān),是不是把它拿掉了, 就會對文章有較大的影響？只需要找出待插入的句子跟前后某一句話的邏輯聯(lián)系即可。英語句子間的銜接手法(cohesive devices)該題型重點(diǎn)考查英文句子間的邏輯語義關(guān)系，即英文中句子與句子是如何銜接在一起的。Cohesive devices1. 代詞(Pronouns) 具體包括人稱代詞、指示代詞和關(guān)系代詞等（perso

3、nal, demonstrative, relative, etc）。 在上下句的關(guān)聯(lián)中，代詞是最為緊密的一類詞。當(dāng)作者再次談及上句相關(guān)話題時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，遵循語言學(xué)的最簡單化原理，作者會用代詞指代該話題詞。例： Speaking a foreign language is an enormous asset in the modern world. This is why so many junior high schools are now offering language classes. Todays teachers are faced with a stark choice.

4、They must decide whether to teach in a way that helps student pass standardized exams or teach in a way that actually helps students learn. Cohesive devices2. 定冠詞the + 名詞(specific articles+nouns) 名詞所指對象第一次出現(xiàn)時(shí)，用不定冠詞a連接，當(dāng)后句再次提及該名詞對象時(shí)，為了表示它和前一句名詞是同一關(guān)系，會用定冠詞the引出。例如：A woman is walking into our classroom

5、. The woman is our teacher.Cohesive devices 3. 重復(fù)話題詞或同義近義改寫(Repetition, synonym, or slight variation of a word) 上下句的銜接也可以通過重復(fù)話題詞實(shí)現(xiàn)，或者是對該話題詞進(jìn)行相關(guān)改寫。例如:To foster healthy relationships between children in a classroom, teachers should provide time for games and fun activities. Having healthy relationship

6、s with their peers helps children gain confidence useful in other parts of their lives. (重復(fù)話題詞)Before choosing a public or private school for their children, parents should take into account the cost. The price of a private school is usually much higher than that of a public school. (話題詞同義改寫) Cohesi

7、ve devices4. 過渡性詞和詞組(Transitional phrases/transitional adverbs) 上面講到的三種句間關(guān)系屬于隱性關(guān)系。隱性關(guān)系通過上下句的語義關(guān)系體現(xiàn)?，F(xiàn)在，我們要講的是句子間的顯性關(guān)系，即通過明顯的邏輯連詞或副詞來體現(xiàn)句間關(guān)系。這些顯性關(guān)系詞包括以下類別。 4.1 時(shí)間關(guān)系 then, next, later, finally, etc. 4.2 因果關(guān)系 therefore, consequently, as a result, etc. 4.3 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the othe

8、r hand, etc. 4.4 解釋關(guān)系 that is, in other words, etc. 4.5 舉例關(guān)系 for instance, for examplePeers and older siblings have a major influence on how school children behave. For instance, young children often repeat bad words they hear from their friends or brothers and sisters.解題題步驟驟4 steps S1: 閱讀待插入句子并找到銜接

9、或指代詞 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子銜接符合邏輯的句子或找到指代對象 S3: 插入 S4: 檢查插入后上下文邏輯關(guān)系是否合理解題題思路思路思路1 指代詞出現(xiàn)往前看思路思路2 連接詞轉(zhuǎn)折詞看兩邊思路思路3 總起總結(jié)句要不割裂，能概括解題題思路Suggestion 1 在段落之前的空，一般為錯(cuò)，因?yàn)槊慷蔚闹行亩荚诘谝痪洌绻训谝痪涓淖兞?，也就改變句意了Suggestion 2 空后有代詞they，it的，一般是不對的。（因?yàn)榇~不能跨句，如果在代詞前面加一句話，就會改變代詞的指代對象。但是有例外存在，比如一段中只有一個(gè)主語。）Suggestion 3 優(yōu)先考慮段落最后的空。（因?yàn)榉旁谧钅┪?/p>

10、，對文章內(nèi)容影響小。）Example 1:Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Very exciting discov

11、eries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.4 steps S1: 閱讀待插入句子并找到銜接或指代詞 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子銜接

12、符合邏輯的句子或找到指代對象 S3: 插入 S4: 檢查插入后上下文邏輯關(guān)系是否合理Vocabulary1. extinct adj.: (esp of a type of animal, etc) no longer in existence 2. bridge a gap: (a) fill an awkward or empty space; (b) reduce the distance (between widely contrasting groups)3. mammal: any of the class of animals that give birth to live of

13、fspring and feed their young on milk from the breast 4. intermediate: (a) situated or coming between two people, things, etc in time, space, degree, etc; (b) between elementary and advanced 5. transitional: 過渡的6. reconstruct：construct or build again, after damage；create again (sth that has existed o

14、r happened) by using evidence or imagination7. origin：starting-point; source Example 2:The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are general the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area a

15、re the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing. 4 steps S1: 閱讀待插入句子并找到銜接

16、或指代詞 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子銜接符合邏輯的句子或找到指代對象 S3: 插入 S4: 檢查插入后上下文邏輯關(guān)系是否合理Vocabulary1. raise: bring up (a child, etc); breed (farm animals); grow or produce (crops)2. livestock: animals kept on a farm for use or profit, eg cattle or sheep3. arid: (of land or climate) having little or no rainfall; dry 4. domi

17、nant: most important or prominent5. vegetation: plants in general6. consequence: thing that is a result or an effect of sth else 7. excessive: greater than what is normal or necessary; extreme 8. graze: (of cattle, sheep, etc) eat growing grass 9. trample: tread heavily on sth/sb so as to cause dama

18、ge or destruction 10. pulverize: grind or smash (sth) to powder or dust 11. accelerate: make (sth) move faster or happen earlier; increase the speed of 12. reliance: confidence or trust in sb/sth13. tract: large stretch or area of land 14. susceptible: easily influenced or harmed by sth Example 3:Be

19、fore 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material s

20、upplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory pr

21、oduction.This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.4 steps S1: 閱讀待插入句子并找到銜接或指代詞 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子銜接符合邏輯的句子或找到指代對象 S3: 插入 S4: 檢查插入后上下文邏輯關(guān)系是否合理Vocabulary1. artisan: skilled workman or craftsman 2. impart: give (a quality)

22、to sth 3. apprentice: person who has agreed to work for a skilled employer for a fixed period in return for being taught his trade or craft 4. journeymen: trained worker who works for an employer 5. raw material6. tend: take care of or look after (sb/sth)Example 4:Because they are always swimming, t

23、unas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most hav

24、e largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.4 steps S1: 閱讀待插入句子并找到銜接或指代詞 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子銜接符合邏輯的句子或找到指代對象 S3: 插入 S4: 檢查插入后上下文邏輯關(guān)系是否合理Vocabulary1. tuna: 金槍魚2. gill: 鰓3. bladder: 膀胱;（任何可充氣的

25、）囊狀物4. sac: bag-like part of an animal or plant （動植物組織中的）囊, 液囊.5. buoyant: (of an object) able to float Example 5:Modern architectural forms generally have three seperate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces,

26、 equipment, similar to the bodys vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning.Of course in early architecturesuch as igloos and adobe structuresthere was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.However, some modern

27、architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.4 steps S1: 閱讀待插入句子并找到銜接或指代詞 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子銜接符合邏輯的句子或找到指代對象 S3: 插入 S4: 檢查插入后上下文邏輯關(guān)系是否合理Vocabulary1. comparable: able or suitable to be compared2. interior3. vital4

28、. plumbing: system of water-pipes, water-tanks, cisterns, etc in a building 管道裝置5. igloo: small dome-shaped housebuilt by Eskimos from blocks of hard snow as a temporary shelter6. concrete: existing in material form; that can be touched, felt, etc 以物質(zhì)形式存在的; 具體的; definite; positive7. inflate: 充氣 膨脹8.

29、 unify: form (sth) into a single unit or make uniform Example 6:Before Coopers time, American readers had generally looked to European authors as the source of much of their literature. These novels naturally dealt with European issues rather than American ones. After the success of Coopers Novels,

30、however, Americans were no longer content with this situation. They began to demand novels that took place in American settings and dealt with American issues. Therefore, Coopers novel were influential in prompting the growth of American literature in general. In short, they wanted novels for Americans, written by Americans.Vocabulary1. be content with: be satisfied with what one has; not wanting more; happy 2. prompt: adj. done without delay; punctual; v. cause or incite (sb) to do sth Example 7: Social Darwinism, t