非謂語動(dòng)詞(講解)

1、 非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞 在高中英語學(xué)習(xí)中，學(xué)生對(duì)非在高中英語學(xué)習(xí)中，學(xué)生對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的有關(guān)知識(shí)總是掌握不透。謂語動(dòng)詞的有關(guān)知識(shí)總是掌握不透。實(shí)際上，只要讓學(xué)生弄懂它的實(shí)際上，只要讓學(xué)生弄懂它的概念、概念、內(nèi)容及存在的異同關(guān)系內(nèi)容及存在的異同關(guān)系，那么在實(shí)，那么在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中一下子就會(huì)清楚了。際應(yīng)用中一下子就會(huì)清楚了。 非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法主語 賓語表語定語狀語補(bǔ)足語不定式動(dòng)名詞 X X分詞 X X不定式不定式一一 不定式的用法不定式的用法1. 主語 It is right to give up smoking. To see is to believe.2. 賓語 I find it

2、 interesting to study English. He wanted to go.3. 賓語補(bǔ)足語 He asked me to do the work with him.注意：在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語中，不定式不帶to.但是變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，必須帶to.I heard him sing a song.He was heard to sing a song.I heard him singing a song.He was heard sing

3、ing a song.4. 定語The farmers thought of ways to protect their crops.注1：作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后需有介詞Please give me a knife to cut with.There is nothing to worry about.He is looking for a room to live in.He is the first one to come here.但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣

4、上可以省略。He had no money and no place to live (in).注2：當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式可用主被動(dòng)兩種語態(tài)，含義有所不同。Have you anything to send? 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者youHave you anything to be sent?動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是我或別人5. 狀語I came here to see you. (目的)in order to, so as toWe were excited to hear the news. (原因)He hurried to the school to find n

5、obody there.(結(jié)果）soas to, suchas to, enough to, only to, tootoHe lifted a rock only to drop in on his own feet.注1：某些形容詞在tooto結(jié)構(gòu)中表肯定，它們是anxious, delighted, eager, easy, glad,kind, pleased, ready, surprised, willing等。She was too surprised to see how angry herfather was.(看到父親那么生氣，她很吃驚)注2：在not, never, on

6、ly, all, but等后的tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)中too意為very，沒有否定含義。Its never too late to learn.Im only too glad to stay at home.6.表語My job is to help the patient.7.獨(dú)立成分to tell the truth, to be frank, to be exact, to begin with, to make a long story short8.不定式與疑問詞連用在句中起名詞作用， 可充當(dāng)主語，表語，賓語等。How to solve the problem is very impor

7、tant.My question is when to start.He didnt know what to say.注意：在與why連用時(shí)，只用于why或whynot開頭的簡短疑問句中，后面緊跟的不定不帶to. Why not have a rest?二二. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)1. 不定式一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語 動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后 發(fā)生。I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.I saw him go out.2. 如果謂語表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式表示 的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，不定式用進(jìn)行時(shí)。He is be

8、lieved to be coming.Im glad to be working with you.3. 不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，用完成 時(shí)。He is believed to have come.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.4. 在intended, expected, hoped, promised, wanted, wished, thought等后用不定式完 成式表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，期待或 計(jì)劃。I hoped to have finished the work earlier.三三. 不帶不帶to的不定式的不定式1. 在feel,

9、hear, listen to, make, let, have, see, look at, watch, notice, observe等動(dòng)詞后， 不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)不用to2. 在would rather (would sooner, had rather, had sooner)than, rather than結(jié)構(gòu)的than 之后I would sooner stay at home than go tosee a movie.He insisted on going back to work rather than stay in hospital.3. 在以why引導(dǎo)的疑問句中Why

10、 worry about it?Why not do it right now?4. 在cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but之后 I cannot but admire his courage.5. 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but, except, besides后面 時(shí)，介詞前有doI have no choice but to accept the fact.She could do nothing but cry.6. 為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可省略toIm puzzled what to think or say.7. 在let go (放手

11、), make believe (假裝), make do (湊合),等固定搭配中。四. It is brave of you to do that. It is easy for you to do that.表示人物特征的形容詞同of后的名詞或代詞有意義上的主表關(guān)系，常與of搭配。Brave, careful, careless, clever, considerate, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, right, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, wise, wrong表示事物性質(zhì)的形容詞與不定式關(guān)系密

12、切，有主表關(guān)系，常與for搭配。Easy, hard, heavy, necessary, impossible, possible, important, difficult動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞1. 主語Reading is very important in learning a foreign language. 2. 表語Her favourite sport is diving.4. 賓語 I enjoy swimming.3. 定語drinking wateradmit, avoid , allow, advise, consider, enjoy, dislike, deny, dete

13、st, practise, finish, face, delay, escape, involve, risk, mind, mention, excuse, imagine, miss, suggest, understand 某些動(dòng)詞后只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語某些動(dòng)詞后只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語介詞賓語1. Im tired of working.2. Tell me something about fishing.3. The tool is used for opening cans.4. I like sunbathing after swimming. 短語的賓語短語的賓語 feel like

14、 / cant help / cant stand / put off / give up / Its no use/ Its no good /etc. 帶帶to 短語的賓語短語的賓語 trust to / turn to / be used to / be sentenced to / see to / stick to / be reduced to / give birth to / point to / object to / lead to / look forward to / get down to / give way to / be familiar to / be sim

15、ilar to / devote oneself to / be equal to1) 區(qū)別區(qū)別 forget; regret; stop; mean; remember; try 后接動(dòng)名詞和不定式的區(qū)別后接動(dòng)名詞和不定式的區(qū)別2) 區(qū)別區(qū)別 love; like; hate; prefer; intend接動(dòng)名詞接動(dòng)名詞和不定式無差別，有所指時(shí)多用不定式。和不定式無差別，有所指時(shí)多用不定式。3) need sth. + require + doing want / to be done be worth doing be worth to do 注意：注意：forget regret re

16、member stop1. I forgot to post the letter.2. I regret telling you the news.3. I regret to tell you a piece of bad news.4. When the teacher came in, they stopped talking.5. I felt tired, so I stopped to have a rest.6. I remember meeting him somewhere.一般式完成式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)teachinghaving taughtbeing taughthaving

17、been taught1. He was praised for having got full marks.2. He remembered having sent me the book. 3. He disliked being punished in public.4. He regretted having been taken to such a place.（完成體）（完成體）（被動(dòng)態(tài)）（被動(dòng)態(tài)的完成體）1.Marys being late made the teacher angry.2. I suggest his going there.3. I suggest him g

18、oing there.動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語動(dòng)名詞的否定形式I regret not following his advice.1。 改錯(cuò)1. The parents are looking forward to hear from their daughter.The parents are looking forward to hearing from their daughter.2. You can easily improve your English by practise listening and speaking.by practising listening and speaki

19、ng3. New ways have been found to stop the river from polluting.stop the river from being polluted4. He enjoys listening to the news in the morning and to watch TV in the evening.He enjoys listening to the news in the morning and watching TV in the evening.5. I didnt mind treating like that. I didnt

20、mind being treated like that.6. Tom was scolded for having not finished his homework.Tom was scolded for not having finished his homework.We will look up this word in a dictionary.We will turn to a dictionary for help.We will refer to a dictionary. 分詞分詞 1. 分詞的句法作用分詞的句法作用 Their success is exciting. H

21、ave you read the book written by the famous actor. Being ill, he hasnt come. They are watching the boys playing football.2. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞：“令人令人”； 過去分詞：過去分詞：“感到感到” The result was _. After hearing the news, we felt very_. (disappoint)His _ look suggested that the movie is very

22、 _. (interest)ingingeded3. 作定語的區(qū)別作定語的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞：表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在分詞：表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作過去分詞：表示被動(dòng)、完成的動(dòng)作過去分詞：表示被動(dòng)、完成的動(dòng)作 falling leaves / fallen leaves boiling water / boiled water developing / developed country speaking / spoken English分詞作定語時(shí)，常置于所修飾的詞之后，分詞作定語時(shí)，常置于所修飾的詞之后，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句1. Australia is the only cou

23、ntry covering an entire continent.2. The man writing this English letter is my teacher.3. The letter written in English is from my teacher.4. Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in white.4. 分詞作狀語分詞作狀語 Being a clever boy, his father sent him to college. Having done my homework, there was no

24、thing else to do.分詞作狀語的主要用法分詞作狀語的主要用法 (1) 表示時(shí)間代替表示時(shí)間代替when, while, after before, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句: Arriving at the station (= When I arrived ), I found the train gone. Hearing the news (= When he heard ), he couldnt help jumping up. Walking along the street (= While I was walking ), I met old Mi

25、ke. (當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間時(shí)，可在分詞前加當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間時(shí)，可在分詞前加when，while等連詞，如：等連詞，如：) Be careful when (you are) crossing the street. When (he was) asked to stop talking, he became angry. Turning to the right (= if you turn to ), youll find the theatre.We wont go there unless (we are) invited.These trees will grow better if (they

26、are) well looked after.(4) 表示讓步表示讓步代替though, although, even if引導(dǎo)的讓步 狀語從句： Although having spent (Although he has spent ) much time on his study, he doesnt see his success. Although tired, they continued to work. (5) 表示方式或伴隨狀況表示方式或伴隨狀況， They walked into the classroom, talking and laughing. The teache

27、r stood there surrounded by the students.5. 分詞作補(bǔ)足語分詞作補(bǔ)足語 能跟補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞多為表示感覺的動(dòng)詞, 如see, hear, feel, watch, noticeobserve等。 此外有些使役動(dòng)詞也能跟補(bǔ)足語：have, make, get, keep, set, leave等 He suddenly heard someone knocking at the door. Sorry to have kept you waiting. You should keep them informed of what is going on the

28、re. Please speak slowly to make yourself easily understood. (easy to understand) 6. 某些分詞固定詞組某些分詞固定詞組generally speaking / considering / judging by (from)Judging by his accent, he must be from Guangdong.Generally speaking, the conference is quite successful.7. 特殊情況特殊情況He died in the war, making his wi

29、fe a widow with two children.8. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 在用分詞作狀語時(shí)，它邏輯上的主語在用分詞作狀語時(shí)，它邏輯上的主語 要和句子的主語一致。但有時(shí)也可以要和句子的主語一致。但有時(shí)也可以 有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，由代詞或名有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，由代詞或名 詞的主格擔(dān)任，稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。詞的主格擔(dān)任，稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。1）代詞或名詞主格）代詞或名詞主格+分詞分詞Weather permitting, well go by boat.The boy turned to the man, his eyes opened wide.2）with+賓語賓語+分詞分詞In

30、 parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at any other person.He stood for a moment with his eyes fixed on the apple.非謂語動(dòng)詞的四項(xiàng)內(nèi)容 1. 不定式即不定式即“ to+ 動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形”形形式，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞和式，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，可作主語、賓語、動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，可作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語等。表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語等。例如： To learn a foreign language at least is ne

31、cessary for the youth of the 21st century. （主語）（主語） He decided to refuse the invitation. （賓語）（賓語） Jenny is to blame. （表語（表語） The students go to school to get knowledge. （狀語） Do you have anything to take? （定語） The teacher asks the boy not to smoke. （補(bǔ)語） 2. 動(dòng)名詞即 V-ing 形式，它具有名詞的特點(diǎn)，同時(shí)具備形容詞和動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，可作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。例如： Seeing is believing. （主語、表語） This bike needs repairing. （賓語） a swimming poor （定語） 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞即 V-ing 形式，具有形容詞、副詞特點(diǎn)，可作定語、補(bǔ)語、狀語等。The girl singing in the classroom is our monitor. （定語）