非謂語動(dòng)詞(復(fù)習(xí))[1]

1、一、非謂語動(dòng)詞種類及句法功能一、非謂語動(dòng)詞種類及句法功能（一）概述：在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式（the Infinitive）；動(dòng)詞的-ing形式(the ing Form)；過去分詞（the Past Participle）。1、非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的相同點(diǎn)有：1）如果是及物動(dòng)詞都可與賓語連用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden. 2）都可以被狀語修飾：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit

2、 him very well.3）都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng), “體”式（一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式）的變化。例如：He was punished by his parents.（謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)）He avoided being punished by his parents.（動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式）We have written the composition.（謂語動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式） 4）都可以有邏輯主語They started the work at once.（謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語）The bos

3、s ordered them to start the work.（動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語）We are League members.（謂語動(dòng)詞的主語）We being League member, the work was well done.（現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語） 2、非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn)有：1）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。2）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語。3）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。 （二）非謂語動(dòng)詞的句法功能： 句子成分 非謂語 主語 表語

4、賓語 補(bǔ)語 定語 狀語 同位語 不定式 動(dòng)詞-ing 過去分詞 二、非謂語動(dòng)詞用法：二、非謂語動(dòng)詞用法：（一）動(dòng)詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。1、不定式的形式： 主 動(dòng) 被 動(dòng) 一般式 to write to be written 進(jìn)行式 to be writing / 完成式 to have written to have been written 否定式：not + (to) do 1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We

5、plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done. 2）進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.

6、I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend. 2、不定式的句法功能：1）作主語：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，常用形式主語it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart. 2）作表語：

7、Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.3）作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 動(dòng)詞不定式也

8、可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問詞連用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 4）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：在復(fù)合賓語中，動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語，如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, ca

9、ll on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema. 有些動(dòng)詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road. 5）作定語：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：A）動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to at

10、tend.注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.B）說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We have made a plan to finish the work. C）被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get here. 6）作狀語：A）表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch

11、 chain.注意不定式放句首時(shí)，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right: To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. B）表結(jié)果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：I visite

12、d him only to find him out.C）表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.D）表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.7）作獨(dú)立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動(dòng)詞。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.9）不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略to。He

13、 wished to study medicine and become a doctor. _ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 2001春季高考 第21題2001年春季高考 第24題One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them. A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correctMultiple choice過去分詞過去分詞不

14、定式不定式-ing 形式形式非謂語動(dòng)詞不 定 式 的不 定 式 的 作 用作 用不定式的不定式的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)不定式的不定式的否定形式否定形式不定式近五年不定式考查了5道題，主要考查了不定式做賓語和 表語。此外還考了不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和否定形式。1.作狀語2.作定語3.作表語4.作補(bǔ)語過去分詞不定式不定式不定式的不定式的作用作用1例1 NMET 2000 第19題Ive work with children before, so I know what _ in my job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expectsB解析該題考查疑問+

15、不定式在句中做賓語的用法。英語中有一些動(dòng)詞 后可以跟一個(gè)疑問詞的不定式做賓語，如：tell, discuss, know, show, learn, decide, wonder, explain解析例2 NMET 1999 第21題The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make.B不定式不定式不定式的不定式的作用作用1因?yàn)橹髡Z是the purpose，在（purpose, wi

16、sh, promise, plan）后常跟不定式故表語要用不定式，to不能省略，因此構(gòu)成the purpose is tonot todo 句型，故選B 。不定式的不定式的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)2例3 NMET 1997第12題I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have goneD不定式不定式常和不定式完成式連用的動(dòng)詞還有：Would love, meant, hoped, planned

17、, expected, promised, wish等 例如：I meant to have telephoned you, but I forgot.解析例4 NMET 1999 第14題Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to studyC. to be study D. to have been studying A解析該題考查動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語的 用法。Would love(like) to 是固定搭配，因此B、C、不合題意。Would lov

18、e+不定式一般式，表示“想，希望”，而接不定式完成式則表示“原本希望，而未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)”的意思。不定式不定式不定式的不定式的否定形式否定形式3例5 NMET 1996年 The patient was warned _ oily food after the operationThe patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. To eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eatA. To eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eatC解析 該

19、題考查不定式的否定式作主補(bǔ)。要注意warn后跟詞方式， warn sb. not to do sth. warn sb. against doing sth. 該題應(yīng)該用結(jié)構(gòu)。兩外，not 應(yīng)放在to之前。 在大多數(shù)的動(dòng)詞可接不定式短語做賓補(bǔ)，只有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞（五個(gè)看see,watch,notice, observe,look at；三使役make,let, have;二聽listen to,hear等）須接不帶to 的不定式做賓補(bǔ)。過去分詞過去分詞 過去分詞主要考查其在句中作狀語、定語、表語和補(bǔ)語的用法。1.作狀語例1 NMET1996第23題_ in thought,he almost ran

20、 into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To loseC解析1.該題考查過去分詞作狀語的用法。動(dòng)詞-ing或過去分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語應(yīng)是主語。2.“陷入深思”有兩種表達(dá)法， A.Lose oneself in thought B.be lost in thought,按句子提供的語境可用結(jié)構(gòu)B.過去分詞過去分詞2.作定語例2 NMET1997第17題The Olympic Games,_ in 776 B.C.did not include women players until 1912. A. F

21、irst played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playingA解析 過去 分詞做定語與其修飾詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系且過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作以完成。 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，與修飾詞是主謂關(guān)系。 不定式作定語表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以A是正確的。First played in 776B.C.=which was first played in 776 B.C.過去分詞過去分詞3.作表語例3 NMET1998第23題Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the h

22、our. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to payC解析該題考查分詞作表語的用法。“to pay sb. by the hour” 計(jì)時(shí)給某人報(bào)酬。此題被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)作表語。類似的有：get burnt, get hurt , get wounded.過去分詞過去分詞4.作補(bǔ)語解析該題考查過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法。The plan 與carry out 的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。See sth.done 這結(jié)構(gòu)常見的還有watch(notice, observe,have 和make)sth. done.例4 NMET2000第22題The managers discussed

23、 the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A. carry put B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry outC-ing 形式形式-ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定語和狀語的用法例 NMET1998 European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to makeA解析解析Making it th

24、e popular sport in the world為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語，這類分詞短語常放在句子的后面。如：His parents died, leaving him an orphan.1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself_ . (NMET91 34) A.hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard 2. On afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, _ some bananas and visited her cousin.

25、(NMET91 23) A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. writing 3. -I usually go there by train. -Why not _ by boat for a change? (NMET92 14) A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 4. _ a reply, he decided to write again. (MET92 39) A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having receive

26、d D. Having not received5. How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden? (MET93 17) A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking 6. _ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room. (MET93 24) A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn 7. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first comp

27、uter. (MET93 34) A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 8. -I must apologize for _ ahead of time. -Thats all right. (MET94 21) A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know 9. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefer

28、s _ a bicycle. (NMET94 22) A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding 10. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river.(NMET94 25) A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 11. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th centu

29、ry. (NMET94 34)A.having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 12. -You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that. (NMET95 26) A. to do b. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 13. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mo

30、ther told him_. (NMET95 35) A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 14. -What do you think made Mary so upset? -_ her new bicycle. (97上海 13) A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing 15. She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake. (97 上海上海12) A. to clean B. cleani

31、ng C. cleaned D. being cleaned 16. She looks forward every spring to _ the flower-lined garden. (95 上海上海20) A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in 17. While shopping, people sometime cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. (96上海14) A. to pursue B. persuading C. being pe

32、rsuaded D. be persuaded 18. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. (NMET99 21) A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 19. A computer does only what thinking people _. (99上海19) A. have it do B. have it done C. have done it D. having it done20. Wh

33、en I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.” (NMET99 25) A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading5.Mrs.Smith warned her husband_after drinking again and again. A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.never drive6. To master a foreign languag

34、e,_. A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs a lot of practice C. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice 4.Our father often told us in the past that _is believing. A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen1.He gave us some advice on how_ English. A.learning B. learned C. to learn D. lea

35、rn2. It s a pay day，and they are waiting_. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to be paid3. - A letter may be too slow. - Why not _ a telegram？ A.try sending B.try to send C.to try sending D.trying to send鞏固練習(xí)鞏固練習(xí)CDABAD1._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.

36、Walk2.When and where to build the new power station_yet.A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided3.Is_necessary to change trains at Beijing?A. thisB. thatC. itD. he4.Our father often told us in the past that _is believing.A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen5.She preten

37、ded_the letter I wrote the day before yesterday.A.not to receive B.not receiving C.not to hear from D.having not receivedNon-infinitive 7.She reached the top of the hill and stopped_on a big rock by the side of the path. A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest8.Do you consider_any good attempting many scientific experiments? A.there B.it C.this D.that9.Im thirsty. Would you please give me something_. A.drunk B.to drink C.to be drunk D.for drinking10.There