非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法整理

1、學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Non-finite Verbs非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（英語(yǔ)八班王晴怡）一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的三種基本形式的含義1）to do：表示要做或去做，表個(gè)別行為，表目的；2）doing：做了，經(jīng)常做，用來(lái)做，或一般行為（動(dòng)名詞）。表主動(dòng)含義“正在做” ，形容詞化翻譯成“令人 的” （現(xiàn)在分詞）；3）done： 表示被動(dòng)含義“被做”或“已做”“已被做”，形容詞化后翻譯成“ (某人)感到 的”或“被 的”或“已 的” （表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)） 。二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的各種變形一般式完成式進(jìn)行式不定式主動(dòng)to doto have doneto be doing被動(dòng)to be doneto have beendonei

2、ng 形式主動(dòng)doinghaving done被動(dòng)being donehaving beendone過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)done動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別主要是：1. 動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，和同位語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。兩者都可以做定語(yǔ)，但是意義不同。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 動(dòng)名詞說(shuō)明被修飾的名詞的用途； 現(xiàn)在分詞說(shuō)明名詞的動(dòng)作， 即它和名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping一節(jié)臥車車廂， 即一個(gè)用于睡覺(jué)的車（sleeping為動(dòng)名詞表用途）a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping（sleeping為現(xiàn)在分詞表正

3、在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作一個(gè)睡著的孩子，即一個(gè)正在睡覺(jué)的孩子）2.動(dòng)名詞和名詞一樣有a, the, my, this, Tom s, the, some, much, a lot of等詞語(yǔ)修飾：I usually do some cleaning on Sunday.我通常在周日打掃衛(wèi)生。學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Do you do much fishing?你常常釣魚嗎？He showed me a picture of his own painting.他拿出來(lái)他自己繪畫的一張照片給我看。A knocking at the door was heard.一陣敲門聲被聽(tīng)到了。動(dòng)名詞和名詞一樣有所有格、復(fù)數(shù)形式：

4、He enjoys reading for readings sake, not for scholarship.他喜歡閱讀是因?yàn)殚喿x的好處，而不是因?yàn)楠?jiǎng)學(xué)金。He is so busy that I cant keep track of all his comings and goings.他是如此的繁忙以至于我無(wú)法弄清楚他的來(lái)來(lái)去去。三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)1. 如果 to do 的邏輯駐足于就是句子的主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，正常使用主格和賓格。如果不是，則寫成for/of sb to do。She wants you to call him later.她讓我之后給他打電話。如果形容詞修飾人，則用

5、of sb ，如果形容詞修飾to doIt s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street.這件事，則用for sb.如，對(duì)孩子們來(lái)說(shuō)，穿過(guò)繁忙的街道很危險(xiǎn)。It s difficult for us to finish the work.對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，完成這項(xiàng)工作很困難。形容詞描述人的品質(zhì)、性格、感情或者態(tài)度，用of sb ，形容詞和sb 有主表關(guān)系。用于此句型的形容詞主要有：clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, polite, selfish, silly, right,wrong, thought

6、ful, wise, generous, rude, brave， careless ， patient等，如，It s brave of him to save the child from the fire.It s foolish of her to say so.這么說(shuō)話他真愚蠢。從大火中救出這個(gè)孩子，他真勇敢。2.如果 doing的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，正常使用主格。 如果不是則在doing前加上形容詞性物主代詞或s所有格： my/Tom s doing，如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的賓語(yǔ)既可使用賓格也可以使用my/Toms doing。I have finished reading the

7、 book.我已經(jīng)讀完了這本書。Would you mind me/my/Toms opening the window？你介意/我我/Tom開(kāi)窗嗎？在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前直接加not或never.即not / never to do, not / never doing。當(dāng)前面有邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，not或者never放在邏輯主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間。如：Not swimming in the river in summer is good for you.在夏天不在河里游泳對(duì)你有處。學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載He told the children not to play in the street.他叫孩子們不要在街

8、上玩耍。He apologized for his not being able to arrive on time.他因沒(méi)能按時(shí)到來(lái)而道歉。五不同非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中做相同成分時(shí)的區(qū)別1 、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)不定式 (to do)和動(dòng)名詞 (v-ing)作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1)不 定式和動(dòng)名詞可以在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ), 但過(guò)去分詞(done)卻不可以。To know oneself is difficult.（不定式）Working on such a hot day is no easy job.（動(dòng)名詞）2) 不定式 (to) 一般表示具體或一次性動(dòng)作 , 而動(dòng)名詞 (v-ing) 則表示一般或抽象的多次動(dòng)

9、作。Not being tall should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.3) 不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用 it 來(lái)代替作形式主語(yǔ)。It is not good to smoke so much.It is useless speaking.注：動(dòng)名詞 (v-ing) 常在以下兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中做主語(yǔ)：It is no use/ no good/ fun/ a waste of time/ a good pleasureIt is useless/ nice/ interesting/ worthwhile/ good等形容詞eg

10、: It is a waste of time seeing that movie.It is so good to talk to you.4) 動(dòng)名詞 (v-ing) 也可在There is/ was no + doing結(jié)構(gòu)中做主語(yǔ)等名詞 +doing+ doingThere is no standing still in this life; one must either advance or fall behind.2 、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)不定式和動(dòng)名詞可以作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)。大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既能接不定式、又可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但有些動(dòng)詞或固定結(jié)構(gòu)有特定的用法。1. 動(dòng)名詞（ v-ing

11、）作賓語(yǔ)In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing thatmatters is to avoid being beaten1) 下列動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）只能接動(dòng)名詞或名詞作賓語(yǔ):Abandon， give up， admit， acknowledgeescape ，enjoy，confess，advocate，avoid2) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ) , 通常情況下要用動(dòng)名詞形式 , 不能用不定式。某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)可以省略介詞 , 但仍然要跟動(dòng)名詞形式。 feel like doing sth. be/get

12、 used to doing sth.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載 be busy (in) doing sth. spend time (in) doing sth. waste/lose time (in) doing sth. have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth. have fun (in) doing sth. have a good time (in) doing sth. there is no point (in) doing sth.3 ）下列動(dòng)詞后只能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)agree，offer，plan， aim， ask， demand，claim，

13、 endeavor， managedetermine， resolve Jack offered to drive his friend to the airport. After the divorce, Mary resolved never to marry again.4) 當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞位于but, except后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí) , 習(xí)慣上要用不定式;而且 , 當(dāng)其前有動(dòng)詞do （ do, does, did, done）時(shí) , 則不定式不帶有動(dòng)詞 do,則不定式通常帶to 。to；若其前 We had no choice but to wait. He never did anything

14、 at home but watch TV. It had no effect except to make him angry. I could do nothing except agree. 5 ）能接不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞注：有些動(dòng)詞后既能接不定式又能接動(dòng)名詞, 兩者意思基本相同 , 有時(shí)甚至可以互換，區(qū)別不大。主要在于 : 不定式一般表示具體成一次性動(dòng)作 , 動(dòng)名詞則表示一般或抽象的多次動(dòng)作。這類動(dòng)詞主要有：Likelovehatepreferbeginstartcontinuebotherintend注意 :在like, love, hate, prefer前有would, s

15、hould時(shí) ,其后只能跟不定式。有些動(dòng)詞后既能接不定式又能接動(dòng)名詞, 但二者的意義差別很大。這類動(dòng)詞有:go on doing 繼續(xù)做某事（繼續(xù)剛才的事情）go on to do繼續(xù)去做另一件事continue doing繼續(xù)做某事（繼續(xù)剛才的事情）continue to dolike doing sth喜歡做某事（經(jīng)常行為，或者做了已是事實(shí)的行為）like to do sth.喜歡去做某事(個(gè)別行為，或?qū)?lái)的行為)stop doing sth.停止做某事（停止正在做的事情）學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載stop to do sth.停下來(lái)去去做另一件事try doing sth.嘗試做某事try to

16、do盡力去做某事regret doing sth .后悔做某事（為已經(jīng)做過(guò)的事而感到）regret to do遺憾要做某事（此事沒(méi)做）remember doing記得做過(guò)某事remember to do記得要去做某事forget doing忘記做了某事forget to do忘記要去做某事注：英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)名詞為賓語(yǔ), 不定式為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Adviseallowforbidpermitrecommende.g.He doesntallow smoking in his office.（動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)）He doesn tallow his family to smoke at all.（不定

17、式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）3 、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)1 ）不定式和分詞都可以作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 但所表達(dá)的意義不同?，F(xiàn)在分詞 (v-ing)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或一直處于某種狀態(tài)過(guò)去分詞 (done) 表被動(dòng)意義不定式 (to do)表動(dòng)作未發(fā)生e.g. She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door. (正在進(jìn)行 ) She kept us waiting here for an hour. (一直處于某種狀態(tài)) I heard the song sung. ( song與 sing 之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系) Please remind me to take m

18、y medicine this afternoon. (未發(fā)生 ) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. (tie 與 hands 之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系）2 ）表示勸請(qǐng)、要求的動(dòng)詞后常用帶的不定式作賓補(bǔ),可用于 sb. to do sth.構(gòu)。此類詞有：ask invite tellwantencouragewishexpectbeg requestrequireadviseorderforcecauseallowpermitforbidwarnremindteachsend call onwait for

19、would like/love/prefer注：也有部分表勸請(qǐng)、要求的詞不可以to do為賓補(bǔ)。Hopesuggestagreedecidedemande.g. He doesn t allow his family to smoke.I advised him not to go there.（此處 advised不可用 suggested替換。）3.）在使役動(dòng)詞 make, let, have后 ,一般用不帶 to的不定式作賓補(bǔ) , 但在其被動(dòng)式后作主語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要加上to 。e.g.He made his son study English4） help以不定式為賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，

20、不定式帶不帶to 均可。He helped me (to) clean the room.5）want, wish等后接to be done作賓補(bǔ)時(shí), to be可省略 ,直接用過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。When do you wish it（ to be） finished？4 、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做表語(yǔ)1 ）動(dòng)名詞、不定式和分詞都可以作句子表語(yǔ)。不定式多表一次性的、具體的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞多表經(jīng)常發(fā)生的、日常的；過(guò)去分詞多表被動(dòng)。e.g. One of our aims is to help the unemployed find a job. Her job was washing clothes. The p

21、roblem remains unsolved.2 ） 有些現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞也常常被認(rèn)作是形容詞。amusingunemployedinterestingsurprisingdelightingamusedexcitedinterestedsurpriseddelightede.g.They are excited to hear the news. (過(guò)去分詞 )The news is exciting. (現(xiàn)在分詞 )5 、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)1 ）分詞作定語(yǔ)和所修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系現(xiàn)在分詞一般表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或表被動(dòng)的意義。 a racing horse

22、= a horse that is racing the girl standing there = the girl who is standing there a fallen leaf = a leaf that has already fallen the building completed three years ago = the building that was completed three years agoe.g. The man preparing the documents is the firm s lawyer has all the followingposs

23、ible meanings EXCEPT（ D ）A. The man who has prepared the documents.B. The man who has been preparing the documents.C. The man who is preparing the documentsD. The manwho will prepare the documents2 ）不定式作定語(yǔ)，通常表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，且常后置。The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載3 ）動(dòng)名詞定語(yǔ)一般表示

24、所修飾詞的用途，它和所修飾詞之間沒(méi)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 the sleeping bus = the bus for sleeping a changing room = a room for changing clothes a walking stick = a stick for walking、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)1.）不定式在句中作狀語(yǔ)常表目的、結(jié)果或原因；分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、條件、方式、伴隨等。Having finished the homework, I went home. (表時(shí)間 )Being a model party member, I should work

25、even harder. (表原因Given time, hell make a first-class tennis player. (表?xiàng)l件 )He ran out of the classroom, shouting at the boy. (表伴隨 )To give the teacher a good impression, I decided to sit in the front row. (He is old enough to join the army. (表結(jié)果 )I am only too pleased to accept your kind invitation.

26、(表結(jié)果 )only/all tooto do非常 做某事)表目的 )2.）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)/ 獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)分詞作狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)注意其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與主句的主語(yǔ)一致，否則分詞要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，這種帶主語(yǔ)的分詞被稱為分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)由邏輯主語(yǔ)（名詞、代詞）+分詞構(gòu)成，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨狀態(tài)。 Time permitting = (if time permits), the celebration will be held as scheduled. Agriculture is the country s chief source of wealth, wheatbeing by far thebiggest. There being nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. What s the chance of there being a general election this year?獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語(yǔ)前有時(shí)可以加with或 without，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)e.g .He sat in the chair with his legs cro