英國文學(xué)Victorian Era 維多利亞時(shí)代

1、Victorian Era-Growth of the empireOutlineIntroductionEventsEconomySocietyCulture INTRODUTIONVictorian EraVictorian EraVictorian Age (1830-1901)Gilded Age of the United StatesBelle poque era of continental Europe Georgian period(1714-1830)Edwardian period(1901-1910)a long period of prosperity: overse

2、as British Empireindustrial improvements at home profitsa long period of peace :known as the Pax Britannica(不列顛治世), and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation 16.80510152025303518511901population/millionyearThe population of Britain in Victorian eraEnglandIreland EVENTSVictorian

3、EraVictorian Era1832Reform Bill（修正法案）1836-1848The Chartist Movement （憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)）1837 Accession of Queen Victoria to the throne1840 New Zealand became a British colony, through the Treaty of Waitangi. （懷唐伊條約）1842 The Mines Act The Illustrated London News was first published.EVENTS1832 Reform Act the most c

4、ontroversial of the electoral reform acts passed by the Parliament1867 Reform Act adding just short of a million votersincluding many workingmen1884 Representation of the People Act tripled the electorate again, giving the vote to most agricultural laborers1845The Irish famine begins.1848Death of ar

5、ound 2,000 people a week in a cholera epidemic.1851 The Great Exhibition （萬國工業(yè)博覽會(huì)）1854 Crimean War: The United Kingdom declared war on Russia.1857 The Indian Mutiny（印軍嘩變）1859 Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species, which led to various reactions. 1867 The Constitution Act, 1867 passes and Br

6、itish North America becomes Dominion of Canada. 1878 Treaty of Berlin (1878). Cyprus became a Crown colony. 1870 - 1891 Under the Elementary Education Act 1870, basic State Education became free for every child under the age of 10.1901 Queen Victoria died, Edward began the Edwardian eraVictorian Era

7、Victorian Era EconomyEconomyEconomyEconomyIndustrial RevolutionColonial ExpansionIndustrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Colonial Expansion The Growth of Dominions 自治領(lǐng)的興起 The Conquest of India 征服印度 Aggression against China 侵略中國 The Scramble for Africa 對(duì)非洲的掠奪Colonial ExpansionSociety Victorian Er

8、aVictorian EraFactory systemWomen and family lifeStanders of livingUrbanizationFactory systemThe appearance of machine changes the situation of factory and workers.In Victorian Age, most of the workforce slowly changed to be employed in factory, not agriculture. Workers are also goods.Children labou

9、r.A young drawer pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery. In Britain laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions.Women and family lifeCapitalism created the conditions for womens emancipation.Three stages: 1.In the pre-industrial era 2.The family wage economy of early industrializa

10、tion 3. The family consumer economyStanders of living1.Food and nutritionThe living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth.Malthusian trap was finally overcome by industrialization.2.HousingThe conditions was much improved. (Although there are still some pe

11、ople lived badly)3.Clothing and consumer goodsConsumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articlesUrbanizationManchester, England pictured in 1840, showing the mass of factories.Victorian eraliterature The Victorian novelists In this period the poetry of the Romantic age had g

12、iven ways to novels and they became the major genre, yet romantic elements continued to be found in the major writers works. The characteristics of the Victorian novels are: The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels. The plot draws mat

13、erials from society and relates them in such a way that the Victorian novelists reflect the complexity of human relations in a capitalist society and reveal the writers attitudes towards the society. The Victorian Poets The poetry in the period like the novels also reflects the spiritual search whic

14、h was characteristic of the age. The major poets of the time were Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Browning, etc. The literary achievements of the representative authors of the timeDickens, Mrs. Gaskell , and George EliotnovelistsAlfred Tennyson , Robert Browning, Elizabeth BrowningpoetsT

15、he Representative Authors of the Victorian TimeI Charles Dickens His life story his literary achievements: 1) his writing career and his major works 2) His artistic techniques : （1） His chief contribution to literature was his characterization of the underdogs and unprivileged （2） In his characteriz

16、ation and description of scenes he has a tendency to depict the grotesque (very odd, unusual, fantastically ugly or absurd) character or events. （3）He likes to make lifeless things animate or vice versa, e.g. in Hard Times （4）Famous for his pathetic description of characters and events. He was a sen

17、timentalist and would like to use every opportunity to arouse the emotion of his readers. 2.William Makepace ThackeryHis life storyhis literary achievements: 1) his major works 2) his literary characteristics: （1）his attitude toward life: he was cynic who saw no good in anything and had doubt about

18、the goodness of human nature Critics say he was a spectator of the battle of life, that is he preserved detachment, and he always held himself under control even in pathetic scenes. （2） his protagonists are mainly aristocrats and rich business men, that is, people of the upper middle classes（3）He sa

19、ys “I have no brain above my eyes, and I describe what I see.” That means he presents his characters as they are real in life. In his works most clever people are rogues and most of his virtuous people are fools. 3 the Bronte sisters their life story their literary achievements: 1）their writing care

20、er and his major works 2) their artistic techniques : （1）the strong romantic elements; （2）the important role of the nature; （3）the new conception of women4 Alfred Tennysona laureate poet his life story his literary achievements: 1) his major works 2) his artistic techniques : （1） famous for the powe

21、r of creating scenery or capacity for linking scenery to state of mind （2） his metrical aptitude and descriptive power, esp. in poems by Two Brothers （3） the past became his great theme, whether it be his own past, his countrys past, the past of humankind, the past of the world itself. 5. Matthew Ar

22、nold, a poet and a literary critic his life story his literary achievements: 1) his major works 2) The major themes in his works and his attack on the ruling classes （1） The major themes in his works: the doubt of his age and the conflict between science and religion （2） He relentless exposures the

23、aristocrats, whom he though to be essentially crude in soul, not withstanding their good clothes and superficial graces6. Thomas Carlyle, an essayist, historian, and philosopher his life story his literary achievements: 1) his writing career and his major works 2) the major themes in his works and compare his attack on the ruling classes with that of Mattew Arnold. （1） he attacks the aristocrats for their uselessness; they are idle and do not govern or govern only to protect their own interests. While Mattew Arnold attacks the ruling class for t