初中英語(yǔ) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 講解_百度文庫(kù)

1、一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式 , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由 be +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成, be 隨時(shí)態(tài) 的變化而變化。以 do 為例,各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為:1 am/is/are +done (過(guò)去分詞 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2 has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.3 am/is /a

2、re being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)例 A new cinema is being built here.4 was/were done 一般過(guò)去時(shí)例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5 had been done 過(guò)去完成時(shí)例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6 was/were being done 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)例 A meeting was being held

3、when I was there.7 shall/will be done 一般將來(lái)時(shí)例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8 should/would be done 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)例 The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived. 9 shall/will have been done 將來(lái)完成時(shí)(少用例 The project will have been completed before July.2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)

4、形式1 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be +過(guò)去分詞。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ) 變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞 +賓語(yǔ) +賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),將賓

5、語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的 主語(yǔ),其余不動(dòng)。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4在使役動(dòng)詞 have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí),在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式 to 要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié) 構(gòu)時(shí),要加 to 。例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為 A stranger was seen to w

6、alk into the building.5 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組,如“動(dòng)詞+介詞”,“動(dòng)詞+副詞”等,也 可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu), 但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體, 不能分開(kāi)。 其中的介詞或副詞也不能省 略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) (一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài) 。例 I don't like being laughed at in the public.二、 如何使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 不僅要知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu), 還要知道在哪些情況中使 用被

7、動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1. 講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 (這時(shí)可省 by 短語(yǔ) 。 例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 為了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一個(gè)主語(yǔ)就夠了三、 It is said that+從句及其他類(lèi)似句型一些表

8、示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be +過(guò)去分詞+that 從句”或“主語(yǔ)+be +過(guò) 去分詞+to do sth.”。有:It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō),It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道,It is believed that 大家相信,It is hoped that大家希望,It is well known that眾所周知, It is thought that大家認(rèn)為,It is suggested that據(jù)建議。例 It is said

9、 that the boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. 四、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1. 英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如 break, catch , clean , drive , lock , open , sell , read , write , wash 等,當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式 表達(dá) 被動(dòng)意義 , 主語(yǔ)通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征, 而

10、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影 響。試比較:The door won't lock. (指門(mén)本身有毛病The door won't be locked . (指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門(mén) , 指“門(mén)沒(méi)有鎖”是人的原因 2. 表示“發(fā)生、 進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ), 如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形 式表示被動(dòng)意義。例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來(lái)的呢?3. 系動(dòng)

11、詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式 , 但有些表示感受、 感官的連系動(dòng)詞 feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例 Your reason sounds reasonable五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 。1. 在 need , want , require, bear 等詞的后面, 動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義, 其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例 The house needs repairing(to be repaired.這房子需要修理。2. 形容詞 worth 后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形

12、式表示被動(dòng)含義,但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式; 而 worthy 后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例 The picture-book is well worth reading .(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.3. 動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ),不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),又和句中另 一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系 , 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do與 things 是動(dòng)賓 關(guān)系,與 I 是主謂關(guān)系。 試比較:Ill go to the post

13、office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表明 you 不是 post 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 4. 在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) 又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。 這些形容詞 有 nice , easy , fit , hard , difficult , important , impossible , pleasant , interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out . (可看作 t

14、o work out 省略了 for me . 5. 在 too to結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式前面可加邏輯主語(yǔ),所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被 動(dòng)意義。例 This book is too expensive (for me to buy.6. 在 there be句型中,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)式作定 語(yǔ),重點(diǎn)在人,用被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ),重點(diǎn)在物。例 There is no time to lose (to be lost . (用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose ; 用 to be lost,誰(shuí) lost time不明確。7. 在 be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)

15、用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng) , 被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而 , 由 于古英語(yǔ)的影響 , 下列動(dòng)詞 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介詞 in, on, under等 +名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)表被動(dòng)意義表示方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用, 含被動(dòng)之義, 其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng) 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式,名詞前一般不用冠詞。1. “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),表示“某事在進(jìn)行中”。常見(jiàn)的有:under control (受 控制 , under treatment (在治療中 , under repair (在修理中

16、, under discussion (在討論中 , under construction(在施工中。例 The building is under construction( is being constructed.2. “beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), “出乎勝過(guò)、 范圍、 限度”。 常見(jiàn)的有:beyond belief (令人難以置信 , beyond ones reach(鞭長(zhǎng)莫及,beyond ones control (無(wú)法控制, beyond our hope. 我們的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond belief(=cant be believed.3.

17、“above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) , 表示“(品質(zhì)、行為、能力等 超過(guò)、高于”。 例 His honest character is above all praise . =His honest character cannot be praised enough.4.“for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),表示 “適于、 為著”。如:for sale(出售 , for rent (出租等。例 That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold.5.“in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ,表示“在過(guò)程中或范圍內(nèi)”常見(jiàn)的有:in print(在印 刷中, in sight(在視野范圍內(nèi)

18、,等。例 The book is not yet in print. (=is not yet printed6. “on+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) , 表示“在從事 中”。 常見(jiàn)的有:on sale(出售 , on show (展出 , on trial(受審。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed.7. “out of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ; 表示 “超出 之外“, 常見(jiàn)的有:out of control (控制不了 , out of sight (超出視線之外,out of ones reach(夠不著 , ou

19、t of fashion(不流行 等。例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled. 。8.“within+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),“在內(nèi)、不超過(guò)”。例 He took two days off within the teacher's permission講解二 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞的形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的, 用來(lái)表明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系, 英語(yǔ) 的動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)形式,即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:They speak English.他們講英語(yǔ)。

20、主語(yǔ)“他們”是“講”這一行為的執(zhí)行者,是主動(dòng)句,動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)表示; English is spoken by them.英語(yǔ)由他們講。主語(yǔ)“英語(yǔ)”是“講”的承受者,是被動(dòng)句,動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式。He opened the door.他打開(kāi)了這扇門(mén)。(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The door was opened.這扇門(mén)被打開(kāi)了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成1、 助動(dòng)詞 be(is/are/was/were+(及物動(dòng)詞的 過(guò)去分詞2、 is spoken/ was opened二、 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟:(1將主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ):注意:如果主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)是代詞,需將其由賓格變

21、為主格。如:Tom killed him. He was killed by Tom.They played basketball. 主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~ by 的賓語(yǔ),組成介詞短語(yǔ),放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。 在動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無(wú)須說(shuō)明或不必要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí), by 短語(yǔ)可以省略。The door was opened.注意:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致。(2將動(dòng)詞改為 "be+過(guò)去分詞 " 。They held a meeting yesterday. A meeting was held by them yesterday. He sang a song. 2、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)

22、態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng):含有雙賓語(yǔ),即直接賓語(yǔ)(常指事物和間接賓語(yǔ)(常指人的句子,每個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都 可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ),即其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。Jack told us the truth.杰克告訴了我們真相。We were told the truth by Jack.The truth was told (to us by Jack.三、 各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):am/is/are +過(guò)去分詞We are taught English by her.由她教我們英語(yǔ)。2、 一般過(guò)去時(shí):was/were+過(guò)去分詞A present was given to me

23、 by Mary.瑪麗給了我一件禮物。3、 一般將來(lái)時(shí):will be+過(guò)去分詞The desk will be mended by him.這張桌子將由他修理。4、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):am/is/are +being + 過(guò)去分詞The walls are being painted now.正在粉刷墻壁。5、 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):was/were +being + 過(guò)去分詞The talk was being given at this time yesterday.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候正在作報(bào)告。 6、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):have/has been+過(guò)去分詞The flowers have been watered

24、.這些花已經(jīng)被澆了。7、 過(guò)去完成時(shí):had been+過(guò)去分詞She said this lift had never been used.8、 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí):would be+過(guò)去分詞The film would be shown again sometime next week.這部電影下周的某個(gè)時(shí)候又將上映。9、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be+過(guò)去分詞; 其時(shí)態(tài)及句型的變化僅由情態(tài) 動(dòng)詞完成, "be+過(guò)去分詞 " 部分不變。如:Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石頭制造。Tables could be made of st