托福100句長(zhǎng)難句

1、1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface，the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space(定語(yǔ)后置in some ways)由于完全沒(méi)有光，而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力，深海底部對(duì)人類而言是一個(gè)充滿敵意的環(huán)境，在

2、某些方面就像外層空間一樣險(xiǎn)惡和遙遠(yuǎn)。Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface 原因狀語(yǔ)the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 主句in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 后置定語(yǔ)，修飾a hostile environment to humans整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)是

3、：原因狀語(yǔ)+主句+后置定語(yǔ)這是一個(gè)主句前后分別有狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)的修飾成分，但是不是復(fù)合句。句子的核心意思是深海對(duì)于人類而言是一個(gè)充滿敵意的環(huán)境。2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Basic to any understandingis)要理解二戰(zhàn)之后20年中的加拿大，就必須了解該國(guó)驚人的人口增長(zhǎng)。該句的正常語(yǔ)序是The country's impressi

4、ve population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War本句是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，只不過(guò)使用了倒裝，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是is.3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely pu

5、blicized and form the basis for folklore(同位語(yǔ)從句claims that)本句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)是claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. 那些觀點(diǎn)廣為人知，并成為一些民間說(shuō)法的基礎(chǔ)。同位語(yǔ)從句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：只食用綠色食品

6、就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康本句的機(jī)構(gòu)是主句內(nèi)部嵌套一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，結(jié)果，那些認(rèn)為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康的觀點(diǎn)廣為人知，并成為一些民間說(shuō)法的基礎(chǔ)。4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains a

7、nd the like(并列同位語(yǔ)從句reports that，that，that)關(guān)于天然維生素優(yōu)于人造維生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值更高，未經(jīng)熏蒸消毒處理的谷物比經(jīng)過(guò)處理的好等等報(bào)道屢見(jiàn)不鮮，但都沒(méi)有得到證實(shí)。5·The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North，though less spectacularly(同位語(yǔ)從句fact that)南方極為嚴(yán)重的困境使北方同樣需要開(kāi)始重建(盡管不像南方那

8、么引人注目)這一事實(shí)顯得不太重要。6·The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl (賓語(yǔ)從句what we now know as)現(xiàn)在可以獲得這些環(huán)繞幾乎每個(gè)大城市邊緣地區(qū)的土地，這一可能性激發(fā)了一場(chǎng)房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)的熱潮并造成了我們現(xiàn)在稱為城區(qū)無(wú)計(jì)劃擴(kuò)展的現(xiàn)象。7.But these facto

9、rs do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth(of結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs)但這些因素并不能解釋這個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題：為何在一個(gè)特定的地點(diǎn)會(huì)如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷

10、孕魚(yú)龍群。8.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 50 miles in extent，the two captains set out(同位語(yǔ)從句rumors that)當(dāng)時(shí)有一些傳言，說(shuō)有史前的猛犸在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動(dòng)，而且在這一區(qū)域的某個(gè)地方有一座巨大的鹽石山，其面積達(dá)80英里長(zhǎng)50英里寬。就在這些傳言中，兩位上尉出發(fā)了。9.

11、 In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century(同位語(yǔ)a supremacy)17世紀(jì)時(shí)，管風(fēng)琴，敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤類樂(lè)器的主要成員，這種至高無(wú)上的地位一直由它們保持，直到18世紀(jì)末被鋼琴所取代。10

12、A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most del

13、icate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)fromto作定語(yǔ))持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)的一系列機(jī)械上的改進(jìn)，包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和，改善金架，以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲，最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無(wú)數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂(lè)器這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂(lè)音響，從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂(lè)器的恢弘氣氛。11The largest, later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty

14、 Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more(虛擬語(yǔ)氣)最大的一座后來(lái)被西班牙人稱為Pueblo Bonito(美麗的城鎮(zhèn))，是一個(gè)五層梯式樓，有800多問(wèn)房子，能夠容納1 000人以上。12Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has n

15、ever been，in the full sense of the word, silent(倒裝accustomed though we are=though we are accustomed)雖然我們習(xí)慣于將1927年以前的電影叫做“無(wú)聲電影”，但是就“無(wú)聲這個(gè)詞的完整意義上說(shuō)，電影從未真正的無(wú)聲過(guò)。13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra，an

16、d very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)notSO much as與其說(shuō)不如說(shuō))在好些年內(nèi)，為各部影片選擇配樂(lè)的權(quán)力完全掌握在樂(lè)隊(duì)指揮或隊(duì)長(zhǎng)手中，而通常擔(dān)任這種職位的資格與其說(shuō)是技巧或鑒賞品位，不如說(shuō)是個(gè)人擁有音樂(lè)作品的豐富收藏。14·Coincident with concerns about

17、 the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being(倒裝coincident with concernshas been=has been coincident with concerns)在對(duì)物種和動(dòng)物棲息地加速消失

18、表示關(guān)注的同時(shí)，人們也越來(lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到生物多樣化，即一個(gè)特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的數(shù)量對(duì)地球的健康以及人類幸福的重要性。15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species (同位語(yǔ)從句fact that；定語(yǔ)從句that comprise the bulk)考慮到組

19、成大部分物種的昆蟲(chóng)的巨大數(shù)量，認(rèn)為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事實(shí)看起來(lái)并不令人吃驚。16.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea，it helps to think small (特殊結(jié)構(gòu)it helps to做有幫助) 要充分認(rèn)識(shí)海洋生命的多樣性和豐富性，從小的角度思考有幫助。1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a collection of facts cannot be cal

20、led science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)not any more than像一樣不)科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但收集的事實(shí)不能被叫做科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被稱為房子一樣。18.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities(從句which sideis used作corresponds to的賓語(yǔ)兩個(gè)半球之

21、間的不同與身體的哪一部分用于進(jìn)行特定的活動(dòng)是對(duì)應(yīng)的。19.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of

22、her fiction(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)characterized by以為特征)盡管處于一個(gè)以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傳統(tǒng)(以作家約翰·巴思、唐納德·巴塞爾姆和托馬斯品欽為代表)為特征的時(shí)代，喬伊斯·卡羅爾·歐茨因?yàn)閳?jiān)持自己小說(shuō)本質(zhì)上模仿的特點(diǎn)，有時(shí)候看起來(lái)是一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的守舊派。20If it were not for this faculty，they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence(虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

23、如果不是具有這種能力，它們就會(huì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能會(huì)因餓死而滅絕。21Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures，as are social classes(倒裝as are social classes) 個(gè)人主義和社會(huì)階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分薄弱。22People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's

24、economy would bring social chaos(同位語(yǔ)從句prospect that)19世紀(jì)的美國(guó)人因?yàn)楹ε聡?guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)中史無(wú)前例的變化會(huì)帶來(lái)社會(huì)混亂這一前景而提心吊膽。23Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricul

25、tural pursuits(倒裝Accompanying that growth was a structural change that=A structural changewas accompanying that growth)伴隨著這一增長(zhǎng)的是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)變化，它以經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷多樣化和國(guó)家勞動(dòng)力從農(nóng)業(yè)到制造業(yè)和其他非農(nóng)業(yè)職業(yè)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為特征。24As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home(倒裝so did

26、)隨著男人和女人在社會(huì)中扮演的角色被限定的更加嚴(yán)格，他們?cè)诩抑械慕巧彩侨绱恕?5. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.(sepal花萼，萼片petal花瓣）（倒裝Surrounding the column are.)圍繞著蕊住的是三個(gè)萼片和三個(gè)花瓣，有時(shí)候很容易辨認(rèn)出來(lái)，但經(jīng)常被扭成華麗、奇特但總是有

27、用的形狀。26. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second Word War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.（倒裝than had their predecessors 比較結(jié)構(gòu)的第二部分）隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來(lái)的

28、持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人結(jié)婚成家更早，而且養(yǎng)育的家庭比他們的前輩更大。 27. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature; furthermore, in its manifestation of speed and noise, it might be a despoiler of human nature as well. （despoiler掠奪者manifestation表現(xiàn)，表明）（關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)could be and was)鐵路可以，事實(shí)上也是自然的掠奪者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表現(xiàn)上也可能

29、是人性的掠奪者。28. In the railroads prime years, between 1890 and 1920, there were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with solid railroading experience behind them, who made a profession of writing about railroading-works offering the ambience of stations, yards, and locomotive cabs. （pri

30、me黃金時(shí)期railroading鐵路建設(shè)和經(jīng)營(yíng)locomotive cab機(jī)車，火車頭）（同位語(yǔ)most of them;定語(yǔ)從句who made a profession of writing）在1890年到1920年間鐵路的黃金時(shí)期，美國(guó)有幾個(gè)人（他們大多有豐富的鐵路經(jīng)驗(yàn)）以寫鐵路題材為職業(yè)-作品圍繞車站、停車場(chǎng)和機(jī)車。29. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information, crows are less well known than many comparably

31、common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example.（condor禿鷲） （特殊結(jié)構(gòu)for that matter）在另一方面，當(dāng)涉及實(shí)質(zhì)性的，特別是行為方面的信息時(shí)，烏鴉就不如許多比較而言很普通的鳥(niǎo)類那樣為人所知；而且，也不如許多很不尋常的鳥(niǎo)類，舉一個(gè)明顯的例子，如像瀕危的加利福尼亞大禿鷲那樣為人所知。30. Keen observers and quick learners, they

32、 are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them.（keen敏銳的astute精明的，敏銳的）（并列同位語(yǔ)keen observers and quick learners）烏鴉是敏銳的觀察家和快捷的學(xué)習(xí)者，它們對(duì)其他生物（包括研究人員）的意圖感覺(jué)非常敏銳，并且善于多開(kāi)它們。31. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable t

33、ool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.（賓語(yǔ)從句demonstrate that.;特殊結(jié)構(gòu)otherwise）這些研究人員已經(jīng)力圖證實(shí)它們的工作不僅可以成為科學(xué)而且還是歷史的寶貴工具，為了解普通人的日常生活提供新的觀點(diǎn)，否則這些普通人的生存狀態(tài)不可能被記載的這么好。32Legend has it

34、that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861-1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)Legend has it that=There is a legend that)傳說(shuō)在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861-1865)快結(jié)束的某個(gè)時(shí)候，一列載著牛群的政府的火車在穿過(guò)懷俄明州東部的北部平原時(shí)遇到了暴風(fēng)雪

35、，因此不得不被遺棄。33It is a lifelong process，a process that starts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life(并列同位語(yǔ)a process that，and one that)教育是一個(gè)終生的過(guò)程，早在人們上學(xué)之前就開(kāi)始了。它應(yīng)成為人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。34Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much

36、of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)as muchas；倒裝as was the genesis of life) 生命從海洋到陸地的過(guò)渡可能是一個(gè)像生命起源那樣的進(jìn)化挑戰(zhàn)。35In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many

37、 of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)marked by；定語(yǔ)從句that seemedthe visible sign)在農(nóng)業(yè)上，這一變化的標(biāo)志是谷物升降機(jī)、皮棉打包機(jī)廠、貨棧和商品交換的出現(xiàn),對(duì)全國(guó)的眾多農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)它們是反對(duì)農(nóng)民的大陰謀的明顯標(biāo)志。36And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what we

38、re essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building(where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；what引導(dǎo)的從句作presided over的賓語(yǔ))仍然有像金屬制造廠一類的工廠，在那里個(gè)體承包商管理在同一幢樓里的本質(zhì)上是手工藝品所有人的工場(chǎng)。37But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 84 million in 1920the n

39、umber of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned，as did the size of the average plant(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)as did)但隨著制造業(yè)中掙工資的人數(shù)從1880年的270萬(wàn)上升到1900年的450萬(wàn)到1920年的840萬(wàn)，像費(fèi)城的包德溫機(jī)車工廠這樣的大型工廠的數(shù)量也大幅增加，同時(shí)普通工廠的規(guī)模也劇增。38What we today call American folk art was，indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, e

40、veryday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kindsand especially for portraits(what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)；介詞結(jié)構(gòu)(art)of，by，and for所有、所創(chuàng)和所享的(藝術(shù)) 我們今天所稱的美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)確實(shí)是被普通民眾所有、所創(chuàng)和所享的藝術(shù)。隨著日漸繁榮和不斷增加的空閑，這些民眾為各種藝術(shù)，尤其是肖像藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)市場(chǎng)。39But in the heyday of portrait painting-from the l

41、ate eighteenth century until the 1850sanyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.(as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句)但是在肖像畫的全盛期從18世紀(jì)晚期一直到19世紀(jì)50年代任何一個(gè)稍有藝術(shù)能力的人都能夠成為一個(gè)繪畫者(人們當(dāng)時(shí)就是這樣稱呼一個(gè)肖像畫家的)。40The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial pred

42、ecessors was far from a rich one，and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople(并列句；特殊結(jié)構(gòu)far from) 新生的美國(guó)從其殖民地時(shí)期的先輩那里繼承的雕塑遺產(chǎn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)談不上豐富，而且，實(shí)際上在410n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired，Americans turned to foreign sculptors，as in the

43、 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina，commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt(句子主干是Americans turned to foreign sculptors；兩個(gè)when都引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：occasion when，1770's when；as(in the 1770's)的意思是“正如”)在少數(shù)情況下，當(dāng)需要一件精美的雕刻品時(shí)，就像1770年紐約與南

44、卡羅來(lái)納的查爾斯頓城委托英國(guó)人約瑟夫·威爾頓制造威廉·皮特的大理石雕像一樣，美國(guó)人求助于外國(guó)人。42Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisansoriginally trained as stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakers-attacked the medium from which they were to make their images，and one understands more fully the development of sculpture m

45、ade in the United States in the late eighteenth century(add to this the timidity=add the timidityto this為祈使句，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件句：if one adds to this the timidity)這個(gè)再加上沒(méi)有受過(guò)學(xué)校教育的藝人他們最初是被訓(xùn)練為石匠、木匠或家具木工的對(duì)待他們要制作成雕像的媒介物的膽怯，使人更充分地了解18世紀(jì)晚期美國(guó)雕刻藝術(shù)的發(fā)展。43Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the b

46、ody, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy，desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles(what引導(dǎo)的從句作rise to的賓語(yǔ))沙漠哺乳動(dòng)物并不試圖將體溫控制得很低，因?yàn)檫@么做將會(huì)涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允許體

47、溫上升到平常是高燒的溫度有人在格蘭特羚羊身上曾測(cè)到高達(dá)46攝氏度的體溫。44Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.(whereby=by which，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，表示手段) 租金管制是政府借以告訴房主他們可以收取多少租金的系統(tǒng)。45They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's，which，combined with Cali

48、fornia's rapid population growth，pushed housing prices，as well as rents, to record levels(which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句)它們受到了20世紀(jì)70年代通貨膨脹的刺激，這次通貨膨脹與加利福尼亞人口的迅速增長(zhǎng)結(jié)合在一起，將房?jī)r(jià)與租金推到了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的水平。46Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well：that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which

49、 sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is implicit in it as well，that引導(dǎo)的句子做principle的同位語(yǔ))其中也蘊(yùn)涵一個(gè)美學(xué)原則：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表現(xiàn)力的特性，雕刻家必須使他們自己的審美感與這些特性融為和諧的體。47With the turn-of-century Crafts movement a

50、nd the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration，such as wooden African figures and masks，there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(there arose是一個(gè)存在句)隨著世紀(jì)之交的手工藝運(yùn)動(dòng)和非傳統(tǒng)靈感源泉(像非洲形體和面具)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)了一種親自實(shí)踐、親手制作藝術(shù)和與媒介物直接接觸的新要求。48The common kestrel

51、roosts and hunts alone，but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks，possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms(possibly so=possibly so that)普通紅隼單獨(dú)棲息和狩獵，但較小的紅隼群棲群食，很可能因此一只鳥(niǎo)可以從其他鳥(niǎo)那兒了解到在哪兒可以找到成群的昆蟲(chóng)。49In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the

52、southwestern United States，they encountered the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo，Hopi，and Zuni peoples (when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，what引導(dǎo)的從句作moved into的賓語(yǔ))16世紀(jì)西班牙人進(jìn)入后來(lái)成為美國(guó)西南部的地方時(shí)，他們遇到了今天皮艾布魯人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。50During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a vis

53、ible light microscope, while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement.(that指代前面的resolution，possible with a visible 1ight microscope作that的定語(yǔ))20世紀(jì)40年代，電子顯微鏡通常比可見(jiàn)光顯微鏡的分辨能力更強(qiáng)，而X光顯微鏡的表現(xiàn)卻沒(méi)有改進(jìn)。51What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem

54、 foolish，harmful or affected(what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句；that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句) 它們所做的就是從這樣一個(gè)角度來(lái)看待熟悉的環(huán)境，使這些環(huán)境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。52Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false(out ofinto擺脫，進(jìn)入；that引導(dǎo)的從句many of the valuesare false同位語(yǔ)；we unquestioningly

55、 accept作values的定語(yǔ))諷刺作品使我們擺脫了自滿情緒，并在愉快與震驚之中認(rèn)識(shí)到：許多我們毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地接受的價(jià)值觀是錯(cuò)誤的。53With spontaneous irreverence，satire rearranges perspectivesscrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude (and連接并列句)諷刺作品用自然流露的嘲諷態(tài)度再設(shè)了視角，將熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用個(gè)性化語(yǔ)言，

56、而不是抽象的陳詞濫調(diào)。54It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus，an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy(that引導(dǎo)的從句作reminder的同位語(yǔ))它之所以存在，是因?yàn)樽x者欣賞它使人耳目一新的刺激，它毫不客氣地提醒：他們活在一個(gè)充滿陳腐思想、廉價(jià)的道德說(shuō)教與荒謬哲學(xué)的世界里。55 Soldiers rarely h

57、old the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)attribute to賦予，歸因于；nor放在句首引起倒裝)軍人很少擁有人們?cè)陔娪爸匈x予他們的那種理想，普通公民也很少奉獻(xiàn)他們的生命為人類無(wú)私地服務(wù)。56In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow fie

58、ld，the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation(what引導(dǎo)的從句作specializing in的賓語(yǔ))除了在專攻似乎是一個(gè)狹窄領(lǐng)域時(shí)不得不成為多面手以外，研究人員還面臨著關(guān)于原始材料的文獻(xiàn)很少或者根本沒(méi)有這一問(wèn)題。57.Moreover，the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best(句子主干是the degreehelps determine，從句to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed作degree的定語(yǔ))64A detailed study has been made of th