高考英語寫作技巧

1、一、 造句選詞服務(wù)于造句，而句子又是表達(dá)思想的最小語言單位。因此，如何寫出簡潔、生動(dòng)、有力的句子是寫作成功的關(guān)鍵因素。作文的句子除了要合乎一定的語法規(guī)則之外，還需遵循以下幾條原則：1、基本的句式模式：雖然寫作中會(huì)出現(xiàn)多種句式，但就單句而言，共有以下六種基本的句型模式：a. S V（主動(dòng)）wheels turn （車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。）b. S V C（主系表）Milk turns sour.（牛奶變酸了）c. S V O （主動(dòng)賓）Men turn wheels.（人們轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)車輪）d. S V Oi Od（主動(dòng)間賓直賓）Smith gives his assistant some hints.（史密斯給他

2、的助手一些暗示。）e. S V O Co （主動(dòng)賓賓補(bǔ)）Smith considers his suggestion very important.（史密斯認(rèn)為他的建議很重要。）f. There+ V+ S(There+ 動(dòng)+主)There are still lots of problems for Smith to consider.（史密斯還有很多問題要考慮）2.句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化單一句式給人以枯燥、乏味、單調(diào)的感覺，而句式結(jié)構(gòu)適當(dāng)變化可以給文章增色，進(jìn)而有助于引起閱卷教室的注意。句式結(jié)構(gòu)切忌使用同一句型，特別是全部使用主謂句式，請(qǐng)看下例：Mr. Zhang is a good teache

3、r. He knows all his students advantages and shortcomings. He teaches them in different ways. He also knows how to educate them in the proper time. He is a close friend of his students.糾正上面文章句子結(jié)構(gòu)的單一性可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手：a.把簡單句改為并列句或復(fù)合句；b.加上連接詞起邏輯承接作用。上面一段句子結(jié)構(gòu)單一的段落可以改寫如下：As a good teacher, Mr. Zhang knows all

4、his students advantages and shortcomings. He teaches them in different ways and knows how to educate them in the proper time. As a result, he becomes a close friend of his students besides a teacher.3. 句子長度的變化一篇好文章，句子不能寫得太長，結(jié)構(gòu)太復(fù)雜會(huì)令人費(fèi)解。句子若太短，雖然，每一句話都說得很清楚，但是連貫性差，讀起來沒有味道，閃光點(diǎn)太少，抓不住閱卷老師的注意力，也不能得高分。因此，一篇

5、好的文章要求句子長度適中，長短有變化。請(qǐng)看下面例文，句子長短適中，讀起來耳目一新，印象深刻。Books are to mankind what memory is to the individual.(A is to B what C is to D).They contain the history of our race and the discoveries we have made. (兩個(gè)簡單句合在一起構(gòu)成并列句)Without them, one can hardly be a scholar, an expert, or an honorable statesman.(利用介詞短

6、語，引起注意)Only through them can we see the past things.(倒裝句表強(qiáng)調(diào))In short, books lead us to the path of glory.(用連接詞過渡到主題)4.句子重點(diǎn)要突出所謂重點(diǎn)突出是指一個(gè)句子的主旨受到應(yīng)有的強(qiáng)調(diào)。句子的各個(gè)成分，或者強(qiáng)調(diào)、或者弱化，都應(yīng)根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要做到強(qiáng)弱得當(dāng)。一般來說，我們可以通過以下幾個(gè)方面突出句子的重點(diǎn)。（1）將應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分放在醒目的位置句子中最受注意的位置通常是句首和句尾。試比較下面兩句話：A. The student who cheats in an examination is c

7、heating only himself ultimately.B. The student who cheats in an examination is ultimately cheating only himself.句A就不如句B重點(diǎn)突出。（2）調(diào)整句子的并列和主從關(guān)系 當(dāng)句子互為并列關(guān)系時(shí)，各方面都得到相同強(qiáng)調(diào)；而在主從復(fù)合句中，強(qiáng)調(diào)之處通過主句來表達(dá)，非強(qiáng)調(diào)之處則通過從句或附加成分來表達(dá)。試看下例：I. They were waiting for the meeting to begin. They talked each other. They talked about the

8、Chinese women volleyball team. The volleyball team had won victories.ii. While they were waiting for the meeting to begin ,they talked about the victories that the Chinese woman volleyball team had won.在A段中，所以內(nèi)容均為并列成分，因此無重點(diǎn)可言。修改后的文章重點(diǎn)有了應(yīng)有的突出，使文章層次清楚，意思明確。（3）英語表達(dá)中通常采用漸進(jìn)法。即先不說重要的內(nèi)容，再說重要的內(nèi)容。 例如：She was

9、 neat, friendly and honest.如果把上句表語反過來說就不恰當(dāng)。（4）主動(dòng)句與被動(dòng)句的搭配使用 漢語中被動(dòng)句用得少，但英語卻比較多。被動(dòng)語態(tài)常常用于突出動(dòng)作的承受者，皆在進(jìn)行客觀描述、報(bào)導(dǎo)等。而主動(dòng)句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的發(fā)出者，要根據(jù)句子表達(dá)得重點(diǎn)選擇使用。（5）為了突出句子的某一部分，我們還可以采用強(qiáng)調(diào)句（It is/wasthat）、倒裝句或排比句式去增加表達(dá)效果。三、段落寫作1.段落的組成一個(gè)段落常常是由兩個(gè)部分組成，即表達(dá)該段落主題的主題句（Topic sentence）部分和說明、論述及支持這一主題的擴(kuò)展句（Developing sentences.）部分。在某些段落中

10、，還有第三個(gè)部分：結(jié)論句（Ending sentence）部分。如圖所示： 主 題 句 擴(kuò)展句（2）擴(kuò)展句(1)擴(kuò)展句（3） 結(jié) 尾 句下面這段文章的結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰和完整：Diligence is the key factor of success, Diligence gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. Many men have become great because of their hard work, Diligence can make a fool wise and a poor ma

11、n rich. Thus, we know that diligence is a good thing.把上面這個(gè)段落按上圖進(jìn)行分解，其結(jié)構(gòu)便一目了然： 主 題 句擴(kuò)展句（2）擴(kuò)展句(1)擴(kuò)展句（3）Diligence is theMany men haveDiligence canDiligence gives 結(jié) 尾 句 Thus，we know從以上例子可以看出，按照這種方法寫出來的段落，主題明確，條理清楚，而且容易被初學(xué)者掌握。2. 段落的基本特征（1）段落的一致性（Unity）一致性用英語表示是unity，又可譯為整體性。英語寫作理論十分強(qiáng)調(diào)文章的整體性，也就是說，一篇文章要有一個(gè)

12、明確的核心思想，即主旨。同樣，每個(gè)段落也都應(yīng)該有各自明確的中心思想，即主題句。文中的各個(gè)段落以主旨為核心進(jìn)行闡述和說明，段中的每一句話都要以主題句為核心來論證。英語寫作中的一致性原則體現(xiàn)在段落上。段落的一致性就是說，一段文章必須討論一個(gè)中心思想，服務(wù)于一個(gè)目的。根據(jù)一致性的原則，文章所有細(xì)節(jié)都要與主題句直接相關(guān)，要有利于說明中心思想。凡是與中心思想無關(guān)的句子都不能出現(xiàn)在段落中，否則就破壞了英語寫作的一致性原則。請(qǐng)看下面兩個(gè)例子：【例1】Many of us impose unnecessary limitations upon ourselves. We say, or think, we c

13、ant do something without really checking. We hold ourselves back when we could move ahead. We assume that certain good occupations are closed to us, when theyre really not closed at all. We think were NOT OK when were really just as good as the next person.例1的中心思想是“我們中許多人的能力被我們自己認(rèn)為地束縛住了”，后面四句都是圍繞這一核

14、心展開的。【例2】Of the several typical units in a shopping center, the department store, the five-and-ten cent store, and the drug store deserve special mention. A department store, true to its name, is composed of many departments. Indeed, it is in itself a miniature shopping center, selling virtually eve

15、rything but foodstuffs. Mens and womens clothing, shoes, hats, furniture, floor coverings, large and small electrical appliances,house，wares，sporting，goods, books, jewelry, stationery, cameras, records, cosmetics, toys, linens, curtains and draperies, silverware and chinawareall these and many other

16、 items are part of the regular stock of the modern department store.例2的核心內(nèi)容是介紹百貨商店，下面幾句都是在講百貨店的售貨范圍。然而段中的第一句是統(tǒng)帥下面三句的核心句。根據(jù)第一句，讀者可以判斷出下面的三句是分別圍繞三方面展開。（2）段落的連貫性（Coherence）在一篇文章里，語言的連貫主要體現(xiàn)在句與句和段與段之間。連貫性好的語言前句很自然地帶出后句，中間不停頓，后句與前句呼應(yīng)，句句相連，一氣呵成，讀起來不打磕絆，就如同一段優(yōu)美的樂曲。同樣，段與段之間也要相互呼應(yīng)，不可各自獨(dú)立、前段不搭后段、后段不理前段，使文章缺乏整體

17、性。段落的連貫性是指在一段文章中，句子的安排必須符合一定的順序和條理；各句之間的銜接要緊密，過渡要流暢。條理不清、行文不暢的文章會(huì)給讀者以費(fèi)解的感覺。通常，文章的連貫是通過以下兩種手段來實(shí)現(xiàn)的：A. 內(nèi)容的安排（Arrangement of Details）文章細(xì)節(jié)可按照邏輯關(guān)系編排材料次序：(1)時(shí)間順序（常見于記敘文和說明文）；(2)空間順序（常見于說明文、描述文、記敘文）；（3）段落內(nèi)容重要性遞增或遞減順序（常見于各類文體）；(4)歸納法（常見于說明文議論文）；(5)演繹法（常見于記敘文、說明文、議論文）。B. 過渡連接語的使用語言的連貫方法很多，有我們最常說到的過渡詞（transiti

18、onal words），也可以成為轉(zhuǎn)折詞。為確保段落內(nèi)的連貫性，除了內(nèi)容安排要符合一定的順序外，句子與句子之間還應(yīng)使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡連接語。請(qǐng)閱讀下面兩段文章，體會(huì)一下過渡連接語的使用情況。試比較下面兩例：There are reasons why I like to fish. I enjoy the pull of a four-pound bass at the other end of the line. My enjoyment increases if the fish is in the deep waters of the lake. I dont like him close t

19、o shore among the weeds. The hope of watching a big one lures me to the less-knows pools and the cool waters beneath some underwater rocky ledge. I like to have a well-oiled and smooth-running motor to drive my boat from spot on the open lake I like the quite under the pen sky away from the weekend

20、campers and two-week vacationers. I prefer the last reason.這一段落在一致性方面沒有大的問題，內(nèi)容也具有一定的連貫性，但由于缺乏連接詞語的使用，不能明確地揭示句間和段落發(fā)展中的邏輯關(guān)系，讀起來連貫性不強(qiáng)，枯燥乏味。如果加上相應(yīng)的連接詞語，這一段落就變得更加完整。 There are three reasons why I like to fish. First，I enjoy the pull of a four-pound bass at the other end of the line. Moreover my enjoyment

21、 increases if the fish is in the deep waters of the lake， rather than close to shore among the weeds. Second ，the hope of watching a big one lures me to the less-knows pools and the cool waters beneath some underwater rocky ledge. Still I like to have a well-oiled and smooth-running motor to drive m

22、y boat from spot on the open lake. Finally, I like the quite under the pen sky away from the weekend campers and two-week vacationers. Of the three reasons, I prefer the last reason.上面這一段雖然也是由簡單的句子組成，但由于有效地使用了連接詞語，并不給人留下簡單的印象；相反，讀者通過連接詞語，正確地了解到作者所陳述的“three reasons”的具體內(nèi)容。加上合適的連接詞語后，該段落的連貫性得到明顯加強(qiáng)，讀起來有

23、“一氣呵成”的感覺。 在寫作中，寫段落時(shí)始終有明確的寫作目的，并且能有意識(shí)地使用過渡連接詞語，這是加強(qiáng)段落連貫性的重要方法。常用的過度連接詞：（1） 有關(guān)“啟”的常用詞語：用于引導(dǎo)主題句，或用于主題句的后面，引導(dǎo)第一擴(kuò)展句。 first (ly) 第一 at first 最初 first of all 首先，第一 in the beginning 起初 in the first place首先，第一 at present 現(xiàn)在 to begin with首先，第一 currently 目前to start with首先，第一 lately 最近 for one thing首先 recently

24、 最近（常與for another連用） in general 一般來說on the one hand首先 generally speaking 一般地說（常與on the other hand連用）（2） 有關(guān)“承”的常用詞語：用于承接主題句或第一個(gè)（或前一個(gè)）擴(kuò)展句。 second(ly)第二，第二點(diǎn) in other words 換句話說third（ly）第三，第三點(diǎn) in particular 特別，尤其also/too 并且，又，也 in the same way 同樣地besides(this) 此外 after that此后in addition 除之外 after a few

25、days 幾天以后furthermore 而且，此外 after a while 過了一會(huì)兒moreover而且，此外 from now on 從此what is more而且，此外 later 后來for another 其次 just 正如（常與for one thin連用） similarly 同樣的 for example例如 for instance 例如equally important 同樣重要地 meanwhile 與此同時(shí)as an example例如 at the same time 同時(shí)as another example 再如 by this time 此時(shí)namely

26、 即，就是 soon 不久then 然后 consequently 結(jié)果of course 當(dāng)然 for this purpose 為此（3）有關(guān)“轉(zhuǎn)”的常用詞語；用來表示不同或相反的情況。after all 畢竟 on the contrary 相反地but 但是 in contrast 相比之下yet 仍，然而 unlike 與不同however 然而 whereas 然而nevertheless 盡管如此 on the other hand 另一方面conversely 雖然 unfortunately 不幸地through 盡管 still 仍然although 盡管 in fact

27、事實(shí)上in spite of 盡管 as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上（4）有關(guān)“合”的常用詞語：用于小結(jié)段落中上文的內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)最后一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句或引導(dǎo)結(jié)尾句表示段落結(jié)束。finally 最后 as has been noted 如前所述hence 因此 as I have said 如我所訴in brief 簡言之 at last 終于，最后in conclusion 總之 at length 最后，終于in short 簡言之 by and large 一般說來in summary 摘要地說 consequently 因此therefore 因此 eventually 最終thus

28、 因此 accordingly 于是to sum up 總而言之 indeed 的確to conclude 總而言之 surely 無疑to summarize 總而言之 no doubt 毫無疑問briefly 簡單地說 undoubtedly 無疑above all 最重要的是 truly 的確as a consequence 因此 so 所以as a result 所以 obviously 顯然for this reason 所以 certainly 無疑注：以上只是一個(gè)基本的分類，在不同的上下文中，有的表達(dá)方式如 naturally， obviously，consequently，at

29、 length，by and large 可以表達(dá)幾種不同的邏輯關(guān)系。3. 段落寫作常用方法 段落是文章的縮影，文章是段落的擴(kuò)展。段落的擴(kuò)展必須圍繞主題句的中心思想闡述某一方面。段落擴(kuò)展的方法很多，比較常見的有列舉法，舉例法、因果法、比較和對(duì)比法、歸類法。（1） 列舉法， 是一種最為常見的段落擴(kuò)展方法。寫出主題句后，需要列舉一系列論據(jù)對(duì)主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行陳述和解釋，列舉的順序可以按照各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性 ，時(shí)間的先后或地理位置的遠(yuǎn)近等關(guān)系來進(jìn)行。請(qǐng)看下面例子： Yesterday was one of those awful day for me when everything I did went

30、 wrong. First ,t didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunchtime, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money t

31、hat was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said“Wet paint” and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key at work .so I broke a window to get in-and cut my hand!根據(jù)本段主題句中的

32、關(guān)鍵詞組everything I did went wrong作者列舉了八點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，分別有first, then, during the coffee break ,after lunch time等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚，脈絡(luò)分明，內(nèi)容連貫。該段無結(jié)尾句。列舉常用的詞匯及短語有 first , in the first place, first of all ,to begin with , in the second place also ,besides, furthermore ,moreover ,in addition ,what is more, beyond that ,

33、 for another ,for one thing ,finally等。（二） 舉例法。為了闡明一個(gè)或支持一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，采用的例子幫助說明說以常用而且有力的手段，關(guān)鍵在于各個(gè)實(shí)例都要與主題密切相關(guān)，具有典型性和說服力，或者能夠不斷地深入說明，或反映主題各個(gè)側(cè)面。請(qǐng)看下面用舉例法展開的段落:There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another ex

34、ample ,if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides ,people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter, In short ,no matter what their interests are, people can always find one or more sports that are suitable to them.

35、本段采用了三個(gè)事例來說明主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞different forms of exercises，這三個(gè)例子分別由連接詞for example ，for another example 和besides引出，最后由in short引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。舉例法常用的表達(dá)詞匯手段有：for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, as an illustration, such as, namely, that is 等。（3）因果法。在人類的思維活動(dòng)中，人們常常會(huì)根據(jù)事物的原因推斷其結(jié)果，或者根據(jù)某一結(jié)果分析其原因。

36、寫作中的因果法正是這種思維方式在寫作過程中的具體體現(xiàn)，所謂因果法，就是通過分析事物發(fā)生的原因，自然地說明由此而產(chǎn)生的各種結(jié)果，或者分析某一結(jié)果。請(qǐng)看下面用因果法展開的段落：It is difficult for workers to find employment this year. One reason is that many industries are not hiring new workers. In addition, industries are reducing their current staff levels because of a decline in natio

37、nal economic conditions. Another reason is that workers who once might have considered early retirement are now staying at their jobs. Finally other works who used to view their jobs as optimal now must keep their positions in order to meet their minimum financial responsibilities.主題句指出：今年工人就業(yè)困難，理由有

38、四條。第一，許多工業(yè)部分不再雇傭工人，第二，由于全國經(jīng)濟(jì)大滑坡，工業(yè)部分正在減少現(xiàn)在的職工；第三，原想早日退休的工人仍占得固定的工作；第四，曾想把他們的工作看作跳板的工人現(xiàn)在必須穩(wěn)住他們的職位，以滿足現(xiàn)有最低的經(jīng)濟(jì)職責(zé)。因果法常用的詞匯、短語及句式有：the reason why, as a result, consequently, in consequence, so, from the above reasons, therefore, we have good reasons to believe that, the reasons for such a serious problem

39、 can be, the major causes are（4）比較和對(duì)比法。通過兩種事物或兩件事情的比較和對(duì)比得出結(jié)論，是一種常見的段落擴(kuò)展方法。比較側(cè)重于相似之處，而對(duì)比則側(cè)重于不同之處。通過比較和對(duì)比來明確論述主題內(nèi)容，增加說服力。Canada and the United States have some differences and similarities. They are both large of heavy and light manufacturing plants. Whereas Canada is self-sufficient in oil. However t

40、he United States imports most of its energy. Unlike the United Stated, however. Canada was once partly under French control, and still a member of British Commonwealth while each country is predominantly English-speaking, Canada has two official languages-English and French, where the United States

41、has only one-English.上段比較了加拿大和美國的一些相同和相異之處。段落首先比較了兩者的相似處，然后逐點(diǎn)比較了兩者的不同之處。連接詞語主要有both，each，whereas，however，unlike，while等。比較和對(duì)比法常用的詞匯、短語及句式有：on the contrary, in comparison with, compared with, from the other side of matter, just as a coin has two sides, we have to look the other side of the coin, in th

42、e same way, likewise, similarly.4.段落寫作模板文章的三段一般可以接下列模式寫作：（1）開始段（opening paragraph）俗話說“萬事開頭難”。開始段是文章中最重要的一段，也是最難寫的一段。開始段得目的在于揭示主題，也就是要引出文中要討論的核心問題，從而起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的作用。開始段又引導(dǎo)句和中心思想句兩部分組成。前者是引起讀者的興趣及注意，后者交代寫作的主要目的。英語中有句格言“A good beginning its half the battle.”開始段通常由3句話組成。為了方便大家準(zhǔn)備考試，現(xiàn)將開始段的首句常用句型歸納如下：A) It goes

43、without saying that.B) As is known to all,.C) Recently the issue/problem of.has been brought to public attention.D) Recently, extensive studies/investigations show that.E) Its needless to say that.請(qǐng)看Getting up early 一文開始段As is known to all, getting up early is a good habit. It can do us much good. S

44、ome students are often for school because they get up late.第一句引出主題，第二句和第三句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充。（2）主題段（正文部分 body paragraph）部分正文是從不同的側(cè)面對(duì)文章主題展開論述。各部分闡述的內(nèi)容必須與主題一致，支持主題思想，但是只涉及主題的一個(gè)方面。要通過“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”銜接手段，使整個(gè)部分讀起來自然流暢，渾然一體。此部分通常由4至5句話組成：一句主題句，三個(gè)擴(kuò)展句，一個(gè)總結(jié)句。正文部分的首句通?？捎靡韵戮湫鸵觯篈) As far as.is/are concerned, I want to discuss it

45、in the following ways.B) Therefore, This issue/problem from two aspects.正文發(fā)展部分用過渡詞引出，歸納如下：A) On the one hand,.on the other hand,.B) For one thing,.，for another,.C) First（ly），第一 Second（ly），第二Third(ly),第三 Moreover，而且，此外Furthermore，而且 Besides，此外In addition，此外Whats far more important is that.更為重要的是.The

46、last but not the least important is that.最后但同樣重要的是.就大綱要求的三種文體而言，發(fā)展段的這幾種寫法都很適用，但需要指出的是，最后兩個(gè)句子可以作為第三段的結(jié)尾句，是一個(gè)復(fù)合句?？忌稍谄饺沼?xùn)練中加以練習(xí)，很快即可掌握。請(qǐng)看上面作文的主體部分：As far as the advantages are concerned, I want to discuss it in the following ways. First, getting up early can help you to keep healthy and make you strong

47、er and stronger. Second your can study better in the early morning hours. You think more quickly than in any other time of the day. Whats far more important is that getting up early will also help you to train your character.(3)結(jié)尾段（concluding paragraph）結(jié)尾段概括全文的內(nèi)容，使讀者對(duì)全文有一個(gè)完整、清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。它往往用不同的話重新闡述中心思想，從

48、而與開頭段相呼應(yīng)。寫結(jié)尾段時(shí)應(yīng)注意三點(diǎn)：不可提出新的觀點(diǎn)或設(shè)計(jì)文章中未談到的內(nèi)容；不要過分夸張；也不要單純重復(fù)開始段的話，為總結(jié)而總結(jié)。尾段通常由三句話組成，現(xiàn)歸納如下：A) From the above discussion, we can make the conclusion that.B) In my opinion, its more advisable that.C) We have every reason to believe that.D) In short, it can be warily proved that.E) As it is described above, we may conclude that.通常為了加強(qiáng)文章結(jié)尾段的說服力，可以在尾句用一句格言或諺語來表達(dá)。這需要考