材料科學專業(yè)詞匯

1、專業(yè)詞匯鋼steel鋼種，鋼號grade of steel鐵屑scrap iron雜質impurity爐渣slag生鐵pig iron平爐open hearth furnace轉爐basic oxygen furnace, oxygen converter, converter高爐blast furnace電爐electric furnace沖天爐cupola高級碳素鋼high grade carbon steel普通碳素鋼plain carbon steel合金鋼alloy steel特殊鋼，特種鋼special steel不銹鋼stainless steel鑄錠ingot模具die, mo

2、uld凝固solidify (v), solidification (n)軋制roll精加工fine finishing成分component, composition, constituent, ingredient碳carbon石墨graphite精煉refine熔化melt添加劑additive, addition鑄造cast, foundry鍛壓forge焊接weld熱處理heat treatment退火annealing正火normalizing淬火quench回火tempering沸騰鋼rimmed steel鎮(zhèn)靜鋼killed steel半鎮(zhèn)靜鋼semikilled steel晶

3、體crystal晶粒grain粗晶coarse grain細晶fine grain非金屬夾雜nonmetallic inclusion氧化物夾雜oxide inclusion疲勞極限endurance limit疲勞壽命fatigue life真空vacuum氧oxygen氫hydrogen鑄鐵cast iron力學性能mechanical property物理性能physical property強度strength硬度hardness塑性ductility韌性toughness缺口韌性notch toughness斷裂韌性fracture toughness各向異性的anisotropic

4、各向同性的isotropic惰性氣體inert gas壓力容器pressure vessel有色金屬nonferrous metal黑色金屬ferrous metal噴丸處理shot blasting碳鋼carbon steel低碳鋼low carbon steel中碳鋼medium carbon steel高碳鋼high carbon steel彈簧spring元素element高速工具鋼，高速鋼high speed tool steel, high speed steel熱作模具鋼hot work die steel冷作模具鋼cold work die steel表面surface界面in

5、terface晶界grain boundary表面光潔度surface finish磨光grinding拋光polishing磨損wear脆性brittleness白鐵white iron灰鐵gray iron可鍛鑄鐵malleable iron球墨鑄鐵nodular iron抗拉強度tensile strength抗彎強度bending strength抗壓強度compressive strength抗扭強度torsional strength抗剪強度shear strength疲勞強度fatigue strength沖擊強度impact strength應力stress應變strain彈性

6、elasticity彈性極限elastic limit彈性模量modulus of elasticity壓力compression張力tension交變應力alternating stress最大抗拉應力ultimate tensile stress屈服應力yield stress伸長率percentage elongation結構敏感性structure sensitive property壓痕indentation壓頭indenter低溫性能cryogenic property高溫性能pyrogenic property晶體結構crystal structure體心立方body cente

7、red cubic面心立方face centered cubic密排六方hexagonal closest packing晶態(tài)crystalline state非晶態(tài)noncrystalline state, amorphous state電子electron原子核nucleus原子atom分子molecule離子ion晶體點陣crystal lattice顯微鏡microscope光學顯微鏡optical microscope掃描電子顯微鏡scanning electron microscope透射電子顯微鏡transmission electron microscope高分辨率透射電子顯微

8、鏡high resolution transmission electron microscope掃描隧道顯微鏡scanning tunneling microscope原子力顯微鏡atomic force microscopeX射線衍射法X-ray diffractionX射線熒光光譜法X-ray fluorescence spectroscopyX射線光電子譜X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy電子探針微區(qū)分析法electron probe microanalysis波譜法wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy能譜法en

9、ergy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy相phase相變phase transformation組織structure顯微組織microstructure鐵素體ferrite奧氏體austenite滲碳體cementite珠光體pearlite萊氏體ledeburite馬氏體martensite貝氏體bainite索氏體sorbite托氏體，屈氏體troostite磁性的magnetic順磁性的paramagnetic鐵磁性的ferromagnetic臨界溫度critical temperature轉變溫度transformation temperature相圖ph

10、ase diagram液相l(xiāng)iquid phase固相solid phase液相線liquidus固相線solidus勻晶isomorphous共晶eutectic包晶peritectic亞共晶hypoeutectic過共晶hypereutectic共析eutectoid亞共析hypoeutectoid過共析hypereutectoid固溶體solid solution無限固溶體all proportional solid solution過飽和固溶體supersaturated solid solution硼化物boride碳化物carbide氮化物nitride氧化物oxide硫化物sul

11、phide溶解dissolve沉淀deposit析出precipitate偏析segregate析出強化，沉淀強化precipitation strengthening, precipitation hardening彌散強化dispersion strengthening體積膨脹volumetric expansion體積收縮volumetric contraction耐磨的wear resistant含量content碳含量carbon content金屬metal陶瓷ceramic聚合物polymer顆粒particle, particulate纖維fibre晶須whisker表面處理s

12、urface treatment表面硬化case hardening滲碳carburizing滲氮nitriding碳氮共滲carbonitriding氮碳共滲nitrocarburizing氰化cyaniding高頻淬火high frequency induction hardening中頻淬火intermediate frequency induction hardening工頻淬火power frequency induction hardening磷化phosphorization高溫計pyrometer熱電偶thermocouple等軸晶equiaxed grain柱狀晶column

13、ar grain經度，經線longitude緯度，緯線latitude縱向的longitudinal橫向的transverse垂直的，正交的perpendicular內力internal force外力external force平衡equilibrium靜態(tài)平衡static equilibrium動態(tài)平衡dynamic equilibrium平衡方程equation of equilibrium抗力，阻力resistance, resisting force切面，剖面，截面section, cut section橫截面cross section微分differential積分integral

14、坐標系coordinate system, system of axes坐標軸coordinate axis宏觀的macroscopic微觀的microscopic均勻的homogeneous, uniform非均勻的heterogeneous, inhomogeneous晶體學方向crystallographic direction樣品，樣本specimen, sample統(tǒng)計的，統(tǒng)計學的statistical統(tǒng)計學statistics復合材料composite顆粒增強復合材料particle reinforced composite纖維增強復合材料fibre reinforced comp

15、osites晶須增強復合材料whisker reinforced composites單晶single crystal粉末冶金powder metallurgy缺陷defect空位vacancy位錯dislocation刃型位錯edge dislocation螺型位錯screw dislocation不全位錯partial dislocation熱加工hot working冷加工cold working擠壓extrusion拉拔drawing深沖deep drawing應變速率，應變率strain rate回復recovery再結晶recrystallize (v), recrystalliz

16、ation (n)晶粒長大grain growth滑移slip蠕變creep形變織構deformation texture擴散diffusion氣孔blowhole疏松porosity脫碳decarburize (v), decarburization (n)表面反應surface reaction爐內氣氛furnace atmosphere氧化oxidation活潑金屬reactive metal留余量make allowance尺寸公差dimensional tolerance上限upper limit下限lower limit上限溫度ceiling temperature下限溫度lowe

17、r temperature limit加工硬化strain hardening, work hardening低熔點組分low melting constituent熱脆hot shortness過燒burning, overheating流變應力flow stress流變抗力flow resistance中間退火intermediate annealing應力松弛stress relief殘余應力residual stress波動，起伏fluctuate溫度起伏temperature fluctuation塑性變形plastic deformation金屬切削metal cutting, m

18、etal removal形變熱處理ausform力矩moment冶金metallurgy摩擦，摩擦力friction電荷electric charge導體conductor半導體semiconductor絕緣體insulator電阻resistance電阻率resistivity電導率conductivity能隙energy gap能級energy level能帶energy band允帶permitted band禁帶forbidden band導帶conduction band價帶valence band滿帶filled band空帶empty band費米能級Fermi level本征半

19、導體intrinsic semiconductor非本征半導體extrinsic semiconductor施主能級donor level受主能級acceptor level電容capacitance電感inductance介電性dielectricity極化polarize電子極化electronic polarization離子極化，原子極化ionic polarization, atomic polarization分子極化，取向極化molecular polarization, orientation polarization磁矩magnetic moment軌道磁矩orbital m

20、agnetic moment自旋磁矩spin magnetic moment磁滯回線magnetic hysteresis loop擇優(yōu)取向preferred orientation二輥式軋機two high mill可逆式二輥軋機two high reversing mill行星式軋機planetary mill剛度rigidity剛性stiffness軋出速度delivery speed酸洗pickle屈服平臺yield point elongation拉伸應變stretcher strain輥矯roller leveling拉矯stretcher leveling開式模鍛open die

21、 forging閉式模鍛close die forging自由鍛hammer forging精密鍛造precision forging飛邊f(xié)lash倒角fillet縮頸web凸緣rib動能kinetic energy勢能potential energy熱力學thermodynamics動力學dynamics, kinetics沖程stroke振動vibration液壓機hydraulic press偏心曲柄eccentric crank正擠壓direct extrusion反擠壓indirect extrusion擠壓筒container擠壓墊dummy block, pressure pla

22、te, follower pad頂桿mandrel同心度concentricity難熔金屬refractory metal薄板成形sheet metal forming潤滑lubricate斷口fracture裂紋crack擴展，增殖propagate穿透penetrate沖桿punch副產物outgrowth曲線curve曲率curvature彈性后效springback翹曲warp起皺wrinkle變形過程deformation process機加過程machining process機械學mechanics機床machine tool主運動primary motion進給運動feed m

23、otion鏜boring刨shaping, planing銑milling引用cite機械工程mechanical engineering電氣工程electrical engineering化學工程chemical engineering土木工程civil engineering船舶設計師naval architect石油petroleum太陽能電池solar cell工業(yè)純commercially pure化學純chemically pure分析純analytically pure原子量atomic weight原子質量單位atomic mass unit原子間距interatomic di

24、stance長程有序long range order短程有序short range order晶胞unit cell配位數(shù)coordination number致密度packing factor正方晶系，四方晶系tetragonal正交晶系，斜方晶系orthorhombic熱振動thermal agitation, thermal vibration熱膨脹系數(shù)thermal expansion coefficient校準calibrate斜率slope, gradient定向鍵合directional bond熱容heat capacity熔解熱heat of fusion原子間鍵intera

25、tomic bond置換固溶體substitutional solid solution間隙固溶體interstitial solid solution過冷supercool過冷度degree of supercooling溶質solute溶劑solvent同素異形體allotrope, polymorph酸acid腐蝕etch, corrode (v), corrosion (n)鏡面反射specular reflection定性的qualitative定量的quantitative半定量的semiquantitative交點intersection point, crossing point放大倍數(shù)magnification階乘factorial指數(shù)exponent階乘增長factorial increase指數(shù)增長exponent increa