英語(yǔ)十大詞性學(xué)案

1、初高銜接語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)一：十大詞類/詞性詞類實(shí)詞表示人或事物的名稱 teacher, book等。表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) work, study, live 等。表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征 good, big, beautiful 等。表示動(dòng)作或性狀的特征 fast, very等。表示數(shù)量和順序two, fifth 等示說(shuō)話似的感情或口氣 Oh, ah等。虛詞用來(lái)連接詞，短語(yǔ)，從句或句子and, but等。表示與其他詞之間的關(guān)系 in, on, by, with等。代替名詞，數(shù)詞等 we ,me, he 等。表示名詞的泛指或特指a, an, the等。注意：寫(xiě)標(biāo)題時(shí)，一般說(shuō)來(lái) 首字母大寫(xiě)， 小寫(xiě)。第一章

2、Noun名詞一名詞分類名詞表示國(guó)名，人名，地名等China， Beijing, Zhu Geliang表示團(tuán)體，機(jī)構(gòu)名稱等the communist Party of China,the United Nations可數(shù)名詞表示個(gè)別人或物的名稱computer, ocean, bridge, piano表示若干人或物的總稱class, family, police, government不可數(shù)名詞表示性質(zhì)，行為狀態(tài)，情感等抽象概念的名詞future, grammar, air, work, new, friendship, kindness, help表示物質(zhì)，材料的名稱air, bread,

3、 glass, money, soup注意：專有名詞 要大寫(xiě),且都是 名詞。二不可數(shù)名詞的計(jì)量形式不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有詞形的變化，需要計(jì)量時(shí)，可用 連接相應(yīng)的標(biāo)量單位詞，并加以數(shù)詞和變表量單位詞為復(fù)數(shù)的形式來(lái)表示。a glass of water-two glasses of water a bottle of ink- ten bottles of ink三名詞的雙重性1. 有些名詞用作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，表示抽象概念；與不定冠詞連用或用作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)表示具體事物。名詞不可數(shù)可數(shù)pleasuredifficultybeautysuccess2.有些名詞，既可作可數(shù)名詞，也可以做不可數(shù)名詞，但意思不一樣。名

4、詞不可數(shù)可數(shù)experiencesandwaterwood四可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)（一）規(guī)則變化1. 一般在詞尾+ dogs, books2. 以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞+ glasses, boxes, watches, brushes3. 以元音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞, boys, monkeys 如果是以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞, countries, factories 4. 以o結(jié)尾的名詞+ radios, zoos 以下次只能+es: （黑人）， （英雄）， （土豆）， （西紅柿）5. 以f, fe結(jié)尾一般 knives, leaves7. 復(fù)合詞變復(fù)數(shù)以 為主passers-by, gro

5、wn-ups, girlfriends, sisters-in-law, lookers-on（二）不規(guī)則變化1. 有些名詞在固定詞組中一定用復(fù)數(shù) make friends with, shake hands with, thanks to2. deer, Chinese, sheep, fish, police, Japanese3. maths, crossroads, news, 4. 改換或增加字母 woman foot mouse 5. man,woman 構(gòu)成的合成詞， 都要變成復(fù)數(shù)a man doctor men doctors五名詞所有格（一）用于有生命的名詞1. 單數(shù)名詞后加

6、“ ” Tom s book, my friend s uncle2. .以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則在s后加“ ” Teachers Day, two weeks holiday3. 合成詞 my brother-in-laws mother, anybody elses opinion4. 多者共同擁有， ；各自擁有， Lucy and Lilys room 露西和莉莉的房間（兩人共有一間房間）Lucys and Lilys rooms 露西的房間和莉莉的房間（兩人各有一間房間）5. 介詞 表示所有格 the answers to the questions, the key to the lo

7、ck, the notes to the text6. 介詞 表示所有格 a gift for Jims birthdays, books for children, the ticket for the film7. 介詞 表示所有格 a girl with golden hail, a man with glasses, a child with good manners（二）用于無(wú)生命的名詞1. 在表示 , , , , ， ， ， 等名詞后+sTwo days journey, two miles distance, a dollars stamp, Chinas open-door p

8、olicy, Londons future, the earths environment, industrys pollution problem, the factorys output, the machines design, the colleges good environment2. 一般情況用 表示所屬關(guān)系 the top of the tower, the legs of the table第二章 Article 冠詞一冠詞的分類冠詞aanthe不使用冠詞二. 不定冠詞的用法1. a用在以 開(kāi)頭的單詞前 an用在以 開(kāi)頭的單詞前 _book _ egg _ useful bo

9、ok _ underground room2. 指人或事物的某一種類。 She is a girl. 她是女孩 This is a desk. 這是一張書(shū)桌3. 泛指某人或者某物，但又不具體說(shuō)明何人何物I can see a kite. 我能看見(jiàn)一只風(fēng)箏 A boy is in Grade 1.一個(gè)男孩在一年級(jí)4. 表示數(shù)量，有“ ”的意思We have six classes a day. 我們一天上六節(jié)課5. 用在一些固定短語(yǔ)中: a lot of, after a while, go for a walk, have a good time, in a hurry三. 定冠詞的用法1.特

10、指某（些）人或者某（些）事物，以便與其他的人或物有所區(qū)別The book on the desk is Jims. 書(shū)桌上的那本書(shū)是吉姆的The chairs are there. 椅子在那里2. 指 的人或事物Where is the kite? 風(fēng)箏在哪兒？（雙方都知道指的是哪只風(fēng)箏） Open the door, please.請(qǐng)把門(mén)打開(kāi)（雙方都知道要打開(kāi)哪扇門(mén)）3. 在敘述中，上文提到過(guò)的人或者事物，再次出現(xiàn)時(shí)：I can see a kite. ：where is the kite?4. 用在 前，表示“一家人”the Blacks 布來(lái)克一家5. 用在 的天體名詞之前the sun

11、 the sky the moon the earth6. 用在 和 ，以及 前I live on the second floor.我住在二樓Skating is the best sport in winter. 滑冰是冬天最好的運(yùn)動(dòng)He comes from the south. 他來(lái)自南方。7. 與 連用表示一類事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐貍或與 連用，表示一類人：the living 生者。the old老人8. 用在表示 的名詞之前the violin the piano9.用在一些固定短語(yǔ)中: all over the world, at the ag

12、e of, at the same time, by the way, in the end, the day before yesterday四. 零冠詞的用法1. 名詞前有了 時(shí)。Our books， those apples，some students, Jims pen2. 名詞在表示一類人或者事物時(shí)。They are teachers. 他們是老師。3. 在表示 的名詞前China England4. 在 前on Sunday in August on Childrens Day5. 在 前及 名詞前play football/ basketball have supper6. 在一

13、些固定搭配中: at night, go to school, watch TV, by bike, at home 下列詞組中，有無(wú)冠詞意義不同。go to school go to the school take place take the place of in front of in the front of 第三章 Numeral數(shù)詞一數(shù)詞的分類數(shù)詞表示數(shù)量的多少one, two, ten表示數(shù)的順序 first, second, twelfth基數(shù)詞：1. 1至12詞尾不固定one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine,

14、 ten ,eleven, twelve2. 13至19詞尾+ thirteen, fourteen, , sixteen, seventeen, eighteen nineteen3. 20至90詞尾+ twenty, thirty, , , sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety4. 十位和個(gè)位用 連接twenty-one, thirty-two, forty-three, fifty-four, sixty-five, seventy-six5. 百位和十位之間用 121 6. 單位詞：100 1,000 1,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,00

15、0,000 123,456,789,012 序數(shù)詞：1. 第1至第3形式各異: 第1 （ ），第2 （ ），第3 （ ）2. 第4至第19用 fourth, , sixth, seventh, , , tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, ,sixteenth, seventeenth, , nineteenth3. 第20至第90 twentieth, thirtieth, , ,sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth4. 只變個(gè)位基數(shù)詞為序數(shù)詞123,456,789,012 二與數(shù)詞

16、有關(guān)的其他表示法1. 分?jǐn)?shù)：分子是 ，分母是 。分子大于1時(shí)，分母序數(shù)詞+ 。分母若是2和4，half, quarter可代替。1/5 ；2/5 ；1/2 ；1/4 ；2. 百分?jǐn)?shù)：%讀作 35% thirty-five percent3. 小數(shù)：小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀作 23.065 twenty-three point zero six five4. 倍數(shù)： 一倍 ；二倍 ；三倍 ；四倍 ；5. 度數(shù)：°C讀作 ；15°C讀作 fifteen degrees centigrade6. 其他：第15行 ；倒數(shù)第15行 ；倒數(shù)第二 ；倒數(shù)第三 ；7. 常見(jiàn)數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)的英文讀法：+ ； ；&

17、#215; ；÷ ；= ； ； ；> ；< 8. 年月日：在某年（月、世紀(jì)、上午、下午、晚上）用 ；在星期幾，某日，某日的上午、下午、晚上用 ；在幾點(diǎn)幾分前用 ；9. 時(shí)刻：包括或低于30分鐘用 ；超過(guò)30分鐘用 ；電臺(tái)、機(jī)場(chǎng)、車站等計(jì)時(shí)直接讀數(shù) 6:15 ；6:45 ；6:30 第四章 Pronoun代詞一代詞的分類代詞用來(lái)代替人或物表示所屬關(guān)系謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作返回到發(fā)出者本身，起強(qiáng)調(diào)或?qū)Ρ茸饔帽硎鞠嗷リP(guān)系，互相，彼此起指示、指代作用表疑問(wèn)，可指人或物引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)名詞性從句代替或修士任何不定數(shù)量及不定范圍的人或物二人稱代詞1人稱代詞的人稱、數(shù)和格，如下表所示。單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格賓

18、格主格賓格第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱2人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。通常 作主語(yǔ)， 作賓語(yǔ)。如：I like table tennis. （作主語(yǔ)） Do you know him?（作賓語(yǔ)）3人稱代詞還可作表語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)時(shí)用 。如：-Who is knocking at the door?-Its me.4人稱代詞在than之后與其他人或事物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用主格和賓格都可以。如：He is older than me. He is older than I am. 三. 物主代詞1)物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞，如下表所示。 形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞單數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)

19、第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱2) 物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，可在句中作定語(yǔ)。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box.3) 物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主語(yǔ)）- Is this English-book yours? （作表語(yǔ)）- No. Mine is in my bag. I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作賓

20、語(yǔ)） 四. 反身代詞英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我們自己"，"你們自己"等意義的代詞稱為反身代詞，也有人稱之為自身代名詞，其形式如表所示：第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)反身代詞可以在句中作 ， ， 。1作 ，表示動(dòng)作的承受者就是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)指同一個(gè)人或一些人。 He called himself a writer2作 。It doesnt matter. Ill be myself soon3作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的 ，表示親自或本人。 I myself washed

21、 the clothes反身代詞 ：enjoy oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understoodheard，for oneself為自己，of oneself自然地，自動(dòng)地 by oneself獨(dú)自地，五相互代詞 用于兩者或兩者以上, 用于三者或三者以上，在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中可通用。I hope you will get along well with each other/one another. 六指示代詞1. 指示代詞的分類：指示代詞單數(shù)近指，承上啟下復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)遠(yuǎn)指，承上復(fù)數(shù)這樣的同樣的This is a pen and that is

22、a pencil We are busy these days In those days the workers had a hard time 2有時(shí) 和 指前面講到過(guò)的事物， 和 則是指下面將要講到的事物。I had a cold. Thats/Thiss why I didnt come. What I want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning English 3. 有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)提到的名詞，?？捎胻hat或those代替。Television sets made in Beijing are j

23、ust as good as those made in Shanghai4 在電話用語(yǔ)中代表自己， 則代表對(duì)方。Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking? 5. such 和same也可具有指示和指代的作用。-You have made such rapid progress in English. -So it is the same with you.七疑問(wèn)代詞1. who（指人，主格）: Who went with you to the party?2. whom（指人，賓格）: Whom did you go with to the par

24、ty?3. whose（指人，所有格）: Whose book is this?4. what（指物，主格或賓格）: What is this?5. which（指人或物）: Which do you like?6.whoever, whichever, whatever（表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，不帶疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣）Whichever of you get fist will get the prize. Take whatever action is needed.Ill take whoever wants to go.八關(guān)系代詞用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞稱為關(guān)系代詞，主要有以下幾種：關(guān)系代詞指人指物指人或物1.

25、Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.2. Professor Liu is the person whom you talked about in the classroom.3. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.4. Football is a game which is liked by most boys.5. This is an old computer that/which woks much slower.6. As we all know, the moon tr

26、avels around the earth once every week.九連接代詞用于引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（即主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）的詞稱為關(guān)系代詞，主要有 ， ， ， ， 等1. Who（主從）will go there is what（表從） you must decide.2. I wondered which （賓從）team will win.3 I dont know whom（賓從）I just talked to.3. I have no idea whose（同為從）side I should take.十不定代詞1. some與any： some用于 句

27、中,表示“一些”,用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示“ ”。I have some friends. Smith went to some place in England.（定語(yǔ)） 在期待對(duì)方回答yes 時(shí)，some用在表示請(qǐng)求或邀請(qǐng)的問(wèn)句中。 Would you like some bananas?（邀請(qǐng)） Mum, could you give me some money?(請(qǐng)求) any用于 句和 句 。 Is there any student in the classroom? No ,there isnt any student.當(dāng)any強(qiáng)調(diào)“ ”時(shí)，也可用于肯定句中Any day is o

28、kay for me. 同理，something，somebody，someone的用法同some；anything，anybody，anyone的用法同any。2. one, both, all v one指人或物，“ ”，其復(fù)數(shù)為 . This is not the one I want.(表語(yǔ)) v both指人或指物，“ ” This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定語(yǔ)) both用于否定句，表示 否定；表示完全否定時(shí)，用 。Both of us are not teachers.我們倆并不都是教師。Neither of u

29、s is a teacher. 我們倆都不是教師。both不能放在the、these、those、my等之 ，而應(yīng)放在它們之 。Both my parents like this film. v All “ ”，可與可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞連用，表示“ ”，指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物。 He gave me all the money.他把全部的錢給了我。 All the schools are flooded.所有的學(xué)校都被淹了。 注意：all 用于否定句，表示 否定，完全否定用 。Not all the ants go out for food. / All the ants dont go out

30、 for food.并不是所有的螞蟻都出去尋找食物。 None of the money is mine. 這錢一分也不是我的。 3. few, little; a few, a little v 和 表示沒(méi)有多少，含否定意義；而 和 表示有一些，有幾個(gè)，含肯定意義。另外， 和 修飾可數(shù)名詞； 和 修飾不可數(shù)名詞。它們?cè)诰渲谐Ｓ米鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。4. each和every v each（各個(gè)），指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物，側(cè)重個(gè)體，在句中作 。v every（每個(gè)），指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物，側(cè)重整體，在句中只能作 。 Every student it our class has a dict

31、ionary.(強(qiáng)調(diào)班上“所有的人”) Each student in our class has a dictionary.（強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)個(gè)體） Each of them has been there. The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook. We each got a ticket. 5. either和neither v either是“ ”的意思，可修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞v neither是“ ”的意思，可以修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，它們可在句在作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。如： Neither of them is a teache

32、r.(主語(yǔ)) Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(賓語(yǔ)) Neither boy knows French.(定語(yǔ)) 6. other, others ,the other, the others 和 anotherv other意思是“其他的”，不可以 使用，后面必須接名詞，表泛指；others可指其他的人或東西，相當(dāng)于 ；v the other表示“ ”； the others特指其他某些人或物，相當(dāng)于 。v another修飾或代替 名詞，意為“（三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的）另一個(gè)”，不能指兩者中的另一個(gè)，在句中可作賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。 He g

33、ot two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, the others (the other pens) are yellow. Some students are singing, others (other students) are dancing. Please give me another book.It的用法：1用作人稱代詞，代替 My pen is missing. I cant find it anywhere.-Who is knocking at the do

34、or?- Its me.Jack is ill. Have you heard about it?2用以代替指示代詞 - Whose exercise-book is that? - Its hers.- Whats this? -Its a flag.3表示 、 、 、 、 、 等Its time for lunch.When spring comes, it gets warmer and warmer.Its about two hours from here to the zoo.Its winter now. It was very quiet (noisy) at the mome

35、nt. 4作 ，代替由不定式（或不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正主語(yǔ)。It is exciting to find an ancient tomb. (代替不定式) It was wrong for you not to help her. (代替不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)) It is believed that this man found in the grave was from a rich family.（代替主語(yǔ)從句）5作 ，代替由不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正賓語(yǔ)。He feels it his duty to help others.We thought it no use do

36、ing that.I find it difficult to solve the problem.6用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一成分（通常是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或狀語(yǔ)），常用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) I saw Li Ping in the street yesterday.It was I that / who saw Li Ping in the street this morning.It was Li Ping that I saw in the street this morning.It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.It wa

37、s yesterday that I saw Li Ping in the street.¨ 強(qiáng)調(diào)not until結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，句型為： 注意:that后接肯定式。I didnt go to bed until I had finished my homework last night.It was not until I had finished my homework last night that I went to bed.7. It句型的歸納1）. 或 Its cruel of him to kill that animal. It is very kind of you to

38、 help us. ( = You are kind to help us. ) 常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：clever, bright, foolish, stupid, silly, wise, careful, careless, rude, impolite, nice, right, wrong, silly, good, brave, honest 等描繪 的形容詞。2）. It is difficult for us to learn English. It is important for her to come to the party. 常見(jiàn)形容詞的有： important， nec

39、essary， natural ， easy ， common ， normal ， hard ， difficult ， dangerous ， unusual， rare ， impossible ， pleasant等描繪 的形容詞。3）表示“做某事花費(fèi)某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”. 或 It took him some time to find the elephant. He spent some time (in) finding the elephant.4）. 表示“做某事花費(fèi)某人多少錢”. 或 或 或 或 5）. 表示“做某事無(wú)用” It is no use regretting your

40、 past mistakes. It is no use crying over split milk. It is no good learning English without speaking English. 能以動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的這類句子并不多，主要在以no good, no use, useless, worthwhile, 等詞作表語(yǔ)的句子中用。6）. 表示“某件事怎么樣或是什么” It is very clear that hes tall like a tree.It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.適用于這種句型的形容詞詞

41、有: obvious, necessary, right, strange, natural, true適用于這種句型的名詞有: a fact, a shame, an honor, no wonder7）. 表示“某件事被怎么樣” It is said that he has been ill for years. = He is said to have been ill for years.適用于這種句型的動(dòng)詞有report, announce, decide, learn, expect, arrange, suggest, etc.8）. 表示“某件事看起來(lái)怎么樣” It seems

42、 that they are talking. It looks as if he is ill.用于這種句型的動(dòng)詞happen, turn out, appears等It happened that she was not at home. It turned out that he was Bushs father.9）. 表示“這/那是某人第幾次做某事” 該句型中的 that 從句用完成時(shí)態(tài)。至于用什么完成時(shí)態(tài)，由主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)決定。如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，后面從句用 時(shí)態(tài)；如果是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，后面從句則用 時(shí)態(tài)，It is the first time I have been here.

43、 = This is the first time I have been here. It was the first time I had been here. 10）. 表示“該做某事了” It is time for supper./ It is time (for us ) to have supper./ It is time that we had supper. 注意：that從句中要用 語(yǔ)氣 Its time that this problem was / should be solved第五章 Adjective形容詞 一. 形容詞的位置1放在 前做定語(yǔ)。 She is a

44、 good student Mary is an honest, hardworking girl.2放在 之后作表語(yǔ)。This film is very interesting. She looks younger than her age. 3放在 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。We painted the wall white.  His coming made us happy. 注意：1）修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing,one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，形容詞放在名詞之 。 nobody absent, everything possible2）

45、有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞，以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于之 . the best book available, 3） alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以 . the person awake4）用 and 或 or 連接起來(lái)的兩個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞之 。 Everybody, old and young, should attend the meeting. 二. 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序：冠詞，物主代詞，指示代詞（the, my, this）序數(shù)詞（first）基數(shù)詞（three）觀點(diǎn)（kind, fine）形狀（small, long）年齡，新舊（young, old）顏色（red, green）國(guó)籍（Chinese, American）材料名詞（oil, wooden）+被修飾名詞口訣： 三.