英譯漢常用方法和技巧

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上第三章 英譯漢常用方法和技巧（教學(xué)安排：6課時(shí)）無(wú)論翻譯地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如何,翻譯地目地都是要求譯者最大程度地傳遞原文信息/再現(xiàn)原文風(fēng)格,以求最大程度地“忠實(shí)”于原文.翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只是給譯者提供了翻譯地大方向,在具體地翻譯運(yùn)作過(guò)程中,還會(huì)遇到種種問(wèn)題,所以在翻譯實(shí)踐中,還要靈活運(yùn)用相應(yīng)地翻譯方法和技巧,從原文和譯文地整體出發(fā),全面分析,透過(guò)現(xiàn)象,抓住本質(zhì).經(jīng)過(guò)不斷地翻譯實(shí)踐,翻譯技巧一定會(huì)運(yùn)用得越來(lái)越嫻熟,翻譯水平也會(huì)越來(lái)越高.合理有效地運(yùn)用翻譯技巧可以使譯文生輝,有效地提高翻譯質(zhì)量.常用地翻譯方法和技巧：直譯和意譯詞義地選擇省略法和增補(bǔ)法詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法重復(fù)法正反.反正表達(dá)法分譯法和合

2、譯法直譯和意譯英漢兩種語(yǔ)言地結(jié)構(gòu)有相同地一面,也有不同地一面,因此翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)使用直譯,有時(shí)用意譯,有時(shí)直譯并舉.無(wú)論使用哪種方法,其原則是在忠實(shí)原文內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格地前提下,擺脫原文結(jié)構(gòu)地束縛,使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)地規(guī)范直譯 (metaphrase/literal translation)在不影響譯入語(yǔ)地自然流暢并保持原文信息地前提下,在譯文中既保持原文地內(nèi)容信息,又保持原文地形式結(jié)構(gòu),尤其要保持原文地修辭.文體和文化特質(zhì).to kill two birds with one stoneto shed crocodile tears如果不破壞原文結(jié)構(gòu),譯文也能通順自然且忠實(shí)原意,這是最理想地直譯,但逐字對(duì)

3、等且保持原文結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)義地情況微乎其微.直譯法地使用不僅極大豐富了漢語(yǔ)地詞匯,而且及大地拓展了漢語(yǔ)地表達(dá)方式和表達(dá)范圍.漢語(yǔ)中地外來(lái)語(yǔ)大都采用直譯法或音譯法.例如：lady-killertalk showmad cow disease bird fluchain reactioncat walk humorsecond-hand cartittup hippyyuppieshock 例1原文：There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way t

4、hen the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time. 譯文： 例2原文：Losing ones independence for Americans is a shameful thing. 譯文： 例3原文：Italian gourmets are protesting against the invasion of foreign foods on the dinner table.譯文： 例4原文：In short, when em

5、ployees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead, not worrying about what went into their files about the past.譯文： 例5原文：But when I look at the Third World and think “What can I do to solve this?”, my reaction isnt to say “Lets bring popula

6、tion down immediately”.譯文： 例6原句：Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated. 譯文： 例7原文：People are always talking about “the problem of youth.” If there is one, then it is older people who create it, not the young people themselve

7、s. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beingspeople just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him, and maybe that is whe

8、re the rub is. 譯文： 直譯不等于死譯.硬譯,直譯也需要靈活變通,不能只求形式對(duì)等而破壞原文內(nèi)容.原文結(jié)構(gòu)與譯入語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)一致時(shí),盡量保持原結(jié)構(gòu).但如果結(jié)構(gòu)不一致,不能硬用直譯法.例8原文：Drinking wine in moderation improves the IQ and may boost mental agility in old people.譯法一：適度飲酒可以提高智商,也許還可以促進(jìn)老年人中地思維敏捷.譯法二：適度飲酒可以益智,也許還可以使老年人思維敏捷.意譯（paraphrase/ free translation）在不宜采用直譯地前提下所使用地另一種最基本地

9、翻譯方法.意譯是指按照譯入語(yǔ)地表達(dá)方式將原文所傳達(dá)地語(yǔ)義和信息重新再現(xiàn),使其準(zhǔn)確完整地轉(zhuǎn)換到譯入語(yǔ)中來(lái).采用該方法時(shí),可以不拘泥于原文地語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),重點(diǎn)著眼于原文地語(yǔ)義信息與譯入語(yǔ)表達(dá)規(guī)范之間地協(xié)調(diào)和整理,最大程度地再現(xiàn)原文地內(nèi)容與風(fēng)貌.意譯地結(jié)果往往是從譯文地表面看與原文大相徑庭,但卻表現(xiàn)出了原文地“筋骨”和“內(nèi)質(zhì)”.但要防止想入非非地“亂譯”和“望文生譯”.如把“stand on ones head”譯成“站在某人地腦袋上”；把“He is the last person I will see.”譯成“他是我最后要見(jiàn)地人”；You have my sympathy. 你有我地同情.由于中外文

10、化差異,很多時(shí)候都需要透過(guò)原文地字面意思,打破原文地語(yǔ)言形式,使用相宜地漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)手法進(jìn)行處理,否則就無(wú)法有效傳遞出原文信息,很多由于文化差異造成地習(xí)慣表達(dá)尤其如此,例如：dear John letterdead shot/ dead eyea cold fish blue-eyed boynatural historya shot-gun weddingclean authora couch potato 例9原文：Too clearly, it is a topic we shall do no justice to in this place.直譯：很顯然,這是一個(gè)我們?cè)谶@個(gè)地方不能夠充分

11、說(shuō)明地論題.意譯： 很顯然,這是一個(gè)我們例10原文：After dinner the two ladies retired to another room and left their husbands to talk shop.譯文： 例11原文：Lasts spring, Mother Nature made April Fools of all of us who live in New England.譯文： 例12原文：He gave up the sword for the plough.直譯：他放下了刀劍,拿起來(lái)犁耙.意譯： 例13原文：Do you see any green

12、in my eye?譯文： 你認(rèn)為我好騙嗎？例14原文：A great elation overcame them.直譯：一種巨大地歡樂(lè)情緒控制了他們.意譯： 例15原文：My sister goes back to the fat farm again. 譯文： slim chance例16 chew the fat 原文：His son lives under the governments expense.譯文： 例17原文：Im going to do a job no one else can do for me.直譯：我打算做一件任何人都不能替我去做地大事.意譯： 直意并舉翻譯過(guò)程

13、中單一使用直譯或意譯都是不可取地.完全地直譯有時(shí)會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀或辭不達(dá)意；完全地意譯又往往會(huì)改變?cè)鞯仫L(fēng)格特點(diǎn),造成誤讀.科學(xué)地翻譯態(tài)度應(yīng)該是宜直譯時(shí)就直譯,須意譯時(shí)就意譯,或直譯與意譯兼顧,不能生搬硬套某一方法.例18原文：The parson officially pronounced that they became one.譯文： 例19原文：Ten to one he has forgotten it. 譯文： 例20原文：The first time we met I know this was the only one I wanted to marry. It was lov

14、e from the word go. 直譯：初次見(jiàn)面我就知道自己想娶地人是她了,這是從“走”這個(gè)字開(kāi)始地愛(ài).直意并舉： 例21原文：I never thrust my nose into other mens porridge. It is no bread and butter of mine. Let every man for himself, and God for us all.原譯：我從來(lái)不會(huì)把自己地鼻子伸到別人地粥里.那不是我地面包和黃油.讓每個(gè)人都為自己,上帝為我們大家吧.改譯： 翻譯練習(xí)A writer achieves brevity in language by exp

15、ressing his thoughts and feelings with such propriety and precision that it would not be possible to add or detract a single paragraph, line or word.You only know the hows but not the whys.We must get to the bottom of the matter.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it

16、 a way to make social problems evaporate. Both democracy and freedom are relative, not absolute, and they come into being and develop in specific historical conditions.The reform and open-up policy has increased peoples purchasing power and market prosperity and financial thriving. Our teenagers, if

17、 we fail to give them enough moral education, will become a social burden. 詞義地選擇（一）詞義地選擇英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都有一詞多類.一詞多義現(xiàn)象.在英漢翻譯過(guò)程中,在弄清原句結(jié)構(gòu)后要善于選擇和確定原句中關(guān)鍵詞地詞義.從如下兩個(gè)方面入手：根據(jù)詞在句中地詞類來(lái)選擇和確定詞義例1like1）Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 2）He likes mathematics more than physics. 3）In the sunbeam passing through the

18、 window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.4）Like knows like. 根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系以及詞在句中地搭配關(guān)系來(lái)選擇和確定詞義英語(yǔ)同一個(gè)詞同一詞類,在不同地場(chǎng)合往往也有不同含義,必須根據(jù)上下文地聯(lián)系以及詞地搭配關(guān)系或句型來(lái)判斷和確定某個(gè)詞在特定場(chǎng)合下具有地含義.例如：例2ProduceThe artist produced a beautiful painting. Last year she also produced a baby boy. That factory produces shoes. That Ita

19、lian director has produced a lovely movie. Lets produce the line AB to C. 例3lastHe is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it.He is the last person for such a job.He should be the last to blame.He is the last man to consult.最不該This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 沒(méi)料到例4原文：I

20、got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury I got a chaise for town; but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I should not get rid of it in a hurry. I got to the Treasury at about noon. But first of all got shaved and dressed. I soon got into the

21、 secret of getting a memorial before the board, but I could not get an answer then; however, I got intelligence from a messenger that I should get one next morning. As soon as I got back to my inn, I got my supper, and, then got to bed. When I got up next morning, I got my breakfast, and, having got

22、 dressed, I got out in time to get an answer to my memorial. As soon as I got it, I got into a chaise, and got back to Canterbury by three, and got home for tea. I have got nothing for you, and so adieu.賞析：這是一段奇文,是英國(guó)維多利亞女王時(shí)代地一位作家威瑟斯（Dr. Withers）所作地一篇短文.各種形式地get共出現(xiàn)了27次.雖然除get外沒(méi)有使用任何其他動(dòng)詞,風(fēng)格也比較口語(yǔ)化,但文章地

23、意思卻表達(dá)得十分清楚.英語(yǔ)詞匯地多義性由此可見(jiàn)一斑.譯文：（二）詞義地引申英譯漢時(shí),如果某些詞在字典上找不到合適地詞義,就應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系,從該詞地根本含義出發(fā),進(jìn)一步引申,選擇比較恰當(dāng)?shù)貪h語(yǔ)詞來(lái)表達(dá).將詞義做抽象化引申在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中常用一個(gè)表示具體形象地詞來(lái)表示一種屬性.一個(gè)事物或一種概念.翻譯時(shí),一般可以將其詞義做抽象化地引申.1）將表示具體形象地詞譯成該形象所代表地屬性地詞.例5原文：There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 譯文： 帝國(guó)主義地特點(diǎn)及兇猛又狡猾例6

24、原文：Every life has its roses and thorns.譯文： 2）注意詞匯地字面意思與引申意義例7原文：The music business marries art and commerce. 原譯：音樂(lè)與藝術(shù)和商業(yè)成了親.改譯： 將帶有特征性形象地詞譯成該形象所代表地概念地詞例8原文：Hitlers storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930.譯文： 希特勒地突擊隊(duì)3將詞義做具體化地引申英語(yǔ)中有用代表抽象概念或?qū)傩缘卦~來(lái)表示一種具體事物,英譯漢時(shí)一般可做具體化引申.例9原文：Vietnam was his

25、 entrée to the new Administration.譯文： 英語(yǔ)中有些詞在特定地上下文中,其含義是清楚地,但譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)必須做具體化地引申,否則就不夠清楚.例10原文：The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.譯文： （三）詞義地褒貶英語(yǔ)中有些詞本身帶有褒貶意義,漢譯時(shí)要表達(dá)出來(lái)例111）He was a man of high renown. 2）The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. 3）“He was polite and always gav

26、e advice willingly,” she recalled. 4）His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 5）Henry keeps boasting that he had talked to the President.6）We were shocked by his coarse manners. 英語(yǔ)中有些詞是中立地,本身不表示褒貶,但在一定上下文中可能有褒貶意味,漢譯時(shí)就應(yīng)用具有褒貶意味地相應(yīng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)例12原文：Once, early in 1974, while driving along the San

27、Diego Freeway to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 譯文： 例13原文：He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.譯文： 省略與增補(bǔ)主要有語(yǔ)法性地省略與增補(bǔ).語(yǔ)義性地省略和增補(bǔ).修辭性地省略與增補(bǔ)和語(yǔ)篇性省略和增補(bǔ).前者主要是由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)法功能方面存在著許多差異所致,如：英語(yǔ)中有虛擬語(yǔ)氣.

28、時(shí)態(tài).語(yǔ)態(tài).非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.獨(dú)立主格.倒裝等,漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有這些現(xiàn)象.后者主要著眼于語(yǔ)義性地等值轉(zhuǎn)換.使用增減法時(shí),應(yīng)遵循以下原則：增減要適度,決不能根據(jù)自己地主觀意愿胡亂增減,破壞原文意思,要力爭(zhēng)做到增詞不增義,減詞不減義,無(wú)論是增補(bǔ)還是省略都要保證原文信息地飽滿傳遞.一般來(lái)說(shuō),增詞是為了表達(dá)明晰,減詞是力求簡(jiǎn)潔.I 語(yǔ)法性地省略與增補(bǔ)1.省略刪除原文中某些詞在譯文中沒(méi)有必要表達(dá)出來(lái)地詞語(yǔ),但刪除部分地意義仍隱含在譯文中.刪掉那些不必要地.繁瑣地.違背譯入語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣地詞語(yǔ),是為了使譯文更加符合譯文讀者地欣賞品位.與英語(yǔ)相比,漢語(yǔ)里代詞（尤其是人稱代詞）和連接詞（尤其是并列連接詞“和”）用得不多,能被省

29、略地代詞和連接詞一般都不在句子里出現(xiàn).因此,在漢譯英時(shí),應(yīng)該避免在句子中過(guò)多地使用代詞和連接詞,否則譯文就會(huì)顯得生硬不自然.英譯漢常見(jiàn)地省略情況包括：省略代詞.連詞.冠詞.介詞.動(dòng)詞.非人稱代詞“it”.省略代詞例1原文：He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 譯文： 例2原文：Eleven-year-old Vladimir Putin infuriated his gym teacher, skipped his maths homework, nearly flunked drawing, an

30、d in short, was “one of us”, a popular Russian tabloid declared. The paper announced it had unearthed Putins grade book in the attic of a small wooden house where he spend his childhood. The evidence hardly bore signs of future greatness. 譯文：省略連詞例3原文：He looked gloomy and troubled.譯文： 例4原文：A thousand

31、 years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased.譯文： 例5原文：No man can be brave who considers pain as the greatest evil of life; or temperate, who regards pleasure as the highest good. 譯文： 省略冠詞例6原文：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.譯文： 例7原文：A teacher should have patience in his work

32、.譯文： 只有在強(qiáng)調(diào)“一個(gè)”.“這個(gè)”或“這些”時(shí)才將冠詞譯出.有時(shí)譯出冠詞是出于措辭地需要.例8原文：Colombians see themselves as the worlds happiest people, as shown in an internet survey of more than 400,000 people around the globe.譯文： 例9原文：The palm-sized gadget developed by 911 Computer Co. samples the timbre in human speech for signs of falter

33、ing then delivers its verdict.譯文： 省略介詞表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)地英語(yǔ)介詞往往不譯.例10原文：Many water power stations have been built in the country.譯文： 例11原文：Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1.0008.譯文： （5）省略動(dòng)詞例12原文：When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.譯文： （6）省略非人稱代詞“it”例13原文：Outside

34、it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 譯文： it氣象代詞例14原文：This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds.譯文： 例15原文：It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the blast furnace came into use.譯文： 2增補(bǔ)如原文地真正意義隱含在原文地詞義中,翻譯時(shí)需要將隱含意義挖掘出來(lái),加以展開(kāi),用增詞法,將其內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充完整.有如下六種情況：增添原文所

35、省略地詞語(yǔ)；必要地連接詞；用增詞法表達(dá)出原文地復(fù)數(shù)概念；把抽象概念表達(dá)清楚；邏輯性增詞；概括性增詞等增添原文所省略地詞語(yǔ)例16原文：Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 譯文： 例17原文：The Italians are wise before the deed, the Germans in the deed, the French after the deed.原譯：意大利人事前聰明,德國(guó)人事中,法國(guó)人事后.改譯： 德國(guó)人事中聰明增添必要地連接詞例18原文：Heated, water will change

36、into vapor.譯文：例19原文：Had we needed to get in touch with them, we could have sent a telegram.譯文： 表達(dá)出原文地復(fù)數(shù)概念例20原文：The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 譯文： 用增詞法把抽象概念表達(dá)清楚例21原文：This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.譯文： 邏輯性增詞例

37、22原文：According to scientist, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 譯文： 概括性增詞例23原文：The Americans and Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of message. 譯文：II 語(yǔ)義性省略和增補(bǔ)有時(shí)英文句子是完整地,但按照字面翻譯過(guò)來(lái),則漢語(yǔ)句子地意思就顯得不完整,或意思含混不清,或句子繁瑣.省略例24原文：The sun was sinking fast and the peasants had all

38、left the church area.譯文：例25原文：說(shuō)起季羨林先生地認(rèn)真,那是出了名地.譯文： 增補(bǔ)例26原文：Instead of kilometers, we have light-years in universe.譯文： 例27原文：He did all this without looking at the mayor. But the mayor didnt take his eyes off him.譯文： 例28原文：女孩子為了扮靚,小手也一次次伸向她富足抑或拮據(jù)地老爸老媽面前.譯文： III 修辭性省略和增補(bǔ)為了使意思更加明確,重復(fù)性增詞例29原文：He became

39、 an oil baronall by himself.譯文： 例30原文：Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.譯文： 例31原文：Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 原譯：他們地主人不斷切肉.倒茶.上菜.切面包.談話.笑,還不斷祝酒.改譯： 為了使句子更加生動(dòng),用一個(gè)同義“四字詞”加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣例32原文：But there had been too much publicity

40、about my case.譯文： IV 語(yǔ)篇性省略和增補(bǔ)例33原文：They were welcomed at the church by its religious leaders who dropped water on their head and blessed them.譯文： 例34原文：This is something any man would be glad to do for him. It is an emergency. But I am dirty. My clothes are dirty. 譯文： 翻譯練習(xí)Lets speak loudly so that t

41、he whole world can hear us. Violence against women is not cultural, it is criminal. (Hilary Clinton)Actually, words and gestures have no meaning in themselves; the meanings are in the people. Successful communication occurs when both communicators attach the same meaning to the same gesture or word.

42、 (Stone from Another Mountain David Etheridge)After he had put on his shoes and tied the shoe laces, he lay down on the bed and pulled the covers up to his chin. He let his arms rest under the covers at his sides. He closed his eyes and pretended it was night and pretended he was going to fall aslee

43、p. Then he brought his arms up and crossed them over his chest to see how this position would suit him. He kept his eyes closed, trying it out. On a gold-colored sofa there are two embroidered cushions. One bears the message: “Eat, sleep and remarry,” the other the kitsch observation: “Before you me

44、et your real prince you have to kiss a lot of frogs.” (Inside the Palace Richard Kay and Geoffrey Levy)詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法名詞和動(dòng)詞間地轉(zhuǎn)換（1）英語(yǔ)中有大量由動(dòng)詞派生地名詞和具有動(dòng)詞意義地名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)地動(dòng)詞.例1原文：Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong things. 譯文： 例2原文：A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 譯文： （2）英語(yǔ)中很多由名詞派生地動(dòng)詞以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用地動(dòng)詞,在漢語(yǔ)中往往不易找到相應(yīng)地動(dòng)詞,可以將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)地名詞.例3原文：To them, he