動詞ing形式作主語和賓語(知識梳理)

1、.動詞-ing形式作主語和賓語動名詞是非謂動詞的又一種形式。它在形式上與如今分詞一樣，都是在動詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現(xiàn)代語法中，這兩種形式同視為-ing形式。 這兩種形式的另一個一樣之處是：它們都是由動詞變化而成的，它們都保存了動詞的某些特征，它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語，而構成動名詞短語或是如今分詞短語去擔當句子成分。動名詞 - 概述動名詞是非限定動詞的一種形式，由動詞原形+ing構成。它既有動詞的特征，又有名詞的特征，故稱。動名詞也有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，如表所示以及物動詞write為例，不及物動詞沒有語態(tài)的變化。時態(tài)/語態(tài) 主動 被動 一般式 writing being written 完

2、成式 having writtenhaving been written動名詞 - 動名詞的構造和形式動名詞的否認構造動名詞的否認構造由not加動名詞組成。如： Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 實驗沒有成功也比不實驗好。 He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己沒有用功。 Im sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉，沒有早給你打 。 He felt sorry for not having done

3、the work well. 他為沒有把工作做好感到難過。 I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去對你倒好了。not going 是動名詞一般式的否認形式 There is no denying the fact that he is diligent. no denying 也是動名詞一般式的否認 動名詞復合構造通常情況下，動名詞的邏輯主語為謂語動詞的主語。假如動名詞動作的發(fā)出者不是謂語動詞的主語時，那么需要有自己的邏輯主語-物主代詞或名詞所有格加動名詞就構成了動名詞的復合構造，這種構造在句中可以作主語，賓語等。 1邏輯主語

4、是有生命的名詞作主語時，必須用名詞或代詞所有格，作賓語時尤其在口語中，也可用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格。如： Do you think my going there will be of any help? 你看我去會有什么幫助嗎？賓語 The students knowing English well helps him in learning French. 這位學生通曉英語對他學法語很有幫助。主語 Do you mind myme smoking ? 你介意我抽煙嗎？賓語 They insist on Marys Mary going with them there. 他們堅持要瑪麗跟他們

5、一起去那兒。介詞賓語 2邏輯主語是無生命名詞是，通常只用名詞普通格。如： Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你聽見雨點打在屋頂上了嗎？ Is there any hope of our team winning the match ? 我們對贏得比賽有希望嗎？ 3 邏輯主語是指示代詞或不定代詞this， that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 時，只用普通格。如： She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外面

6、喊叫的人吵醒了。動名詞的形式一般式，完成式和被動式1 動名詞的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞表示的動作之后。如： We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我們對集郵很感興趣。 His coming will be of great help to us . 他來對我們大有幫助。 但是有些明確表示時間的動詞和介詞after, on, upon, 或for之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。如： I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the

7、first time. 我永遠不會忘記第一次看到長城的情景。 On hearing that bad news , the mother couldnt help crying. 一聽到這個糟糕的消息，母親就禁不住哭了起來。 Excuse me for coming late. 我來晚了，請原諒。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝你給了我們這么多幫助。 2 動名詞的完成式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)在謂語動詞之前完成或完畢。 He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他懊悔沒有參加這項工作。 We were

8、 praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我們因提早完成了這項工作而受到了表揚。 3動名詞的被動式：當動名詞的邏輯主語是行為承受者時，用被動語態(tài)。如： I like being given harder work. 我喜歡承受難點的工作。 She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她為被大學錄取而感到自豪。 The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 會議延期并未和他商量。 He doesnt m

9、ind having been criticized. 他不介意過去受到的批評。 動名詞的作用 動名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。1、作主語Reading is an art. 讀書是一種藝術。Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在這種工作條件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。動名詞作主語，有時先用it作形式主語，把動名詞置于句末。這種用法在習慣句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good cryi

10、ng over spilt milk. 灑掉的牛奶哭也沒用。It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說這樣的人參加真是浪費時間。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 對這種事情不是開玩笑。動名詞作主語的幾種類型動名詞可以在句子中充當名詞所能充當?shù)亩喾N句子成分。在這里僅就動名詞在句

11、子中作主語的情況進展討論。動名詞作主語有如下幾種常見情況：1. 直接位于句首做主語。例如：Swimming is a good sport in summer.2. 用 it 作形式主語，把動名詞真實主語置于句尾作后置主語。動名詞做主語時，不太常用 it 作先行主語，多見于某些形容詞及名詞之后。例如：It is no use telling him not to worry.常見的能用于這種構造的形容詞還有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。注意：imp

12、ortant，essential，necessary 等形容詞不能用于上述構造。3. 用于“There be構造中。例如：There is no saying when hell come.很難說他何時回來。4. 用于布告形式的省略構造中。例如：No smoking =No smoking is allowed here .No parking.5. 動名詞的復合構造作主語當動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時，常可以在前面加上一個名詞或代詞的所有格，構成動名詞的復合構造這時，名詞或代詞的所有格做動名詞的邏輯主語。動名詞的復合構造也可以在句中作主語。例如：Their coming to help was

13、a great encouragement to us.動名詞作與動詞不定式作主語的比較 動詞不定式和動名詞都可以用作主語。在意義上相近。但動名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動作，不定式多用來表示特指或詳細動作。比較：Smoking is not good for health.It is not good for you to smoke so much.注意：1在口語中，用動名詞作主語位于句首的較不定式多見。2在“It is no use.，“It is no good.，“It is fun.，“It is a waste of time.等句型中，通常用動名詞作真實主語：It is no us

14、e/good/a waste of time talking about that.*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.3在疑問句中，通常用動名詞的復合構造，而不用不定式的復合構造作主語：Does your saying that mean anything to him？*Does it for you to say that mean anything to him？4在“There be句型中，只能用動名詞，而不能用不定式作主語：There is no telling what will happen.It is i

15、mpossible to tell what will happen.5當句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動詞時，要遵循前后一致的原那么，主語和表語在形式上要求統(tǒng)一：Seeing is believing.*To see is to believe.2、作賓語1作動詞的賓語某些動詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動詞時只能用動名詞作賓語，不能用不定式。常見的此類動詞有：advise， allow， permit， avoid， consider， enjoy， finish， give up， cannot help， imagine， include， keep， keep on， mind， miss， put

16、 off， delay， practise， resist， suggest， depend on， think about， set about， succeed in， worry about， burst out， insist on， cant stand， be used to， get used to， devoteto， look forward to， pay attention to， get down to等。如：They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他們繼續(xù)走，說個不停。I found it pleasant wa

17、lking along the seashore. 在海灘上走真是樂事。2作介詞的賓語We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學期制定新的方案。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work？ 我們休息呢還是開場干活？3作形容詞的賓語The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽幾遍。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet

18、. 我們正為馬上到來的運動會忙著做準備。3、作表語動名詞作表語時句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導的名詞性從句。表語動名詞與主語通常是對等的關系，表示主語的內(nèi)容，主語、表語可互換位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務就是擦窗戶。Cleaning the windows is your task.What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。 Being laughed at is what I hate most.4、作定語動名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用處。如：a walk

19、ing stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuringsleeping pills=pills for

20、 sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping動名詞的邏輯主語 帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的復合構造。當動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時，要在動名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構成了動名詞的復合構造。其中物主代詞名詞所有格是邏輯上的主語，動名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動名詞復合構造在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，分別相當于一個主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫助鼓舞了我。 =That she came to help encouraged all of us.Jan

21、es being careless caused so much trouble. 簡這么粗心惹來了不少費事。 =That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物缺乏。 =What troubling them is that they have no enough food.在口語中，假如動名詞復合構造作賓語，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替，但在句首作主語時不能這樣來代替。如：Would you

22、 mind my/me using your computer？ 用下你的電腦介意嗎？The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. 爸爸堅決要求兒子上大學。Marys 不可用Mary being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。His 不可用Himsmoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。在以下情況下動名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓格：a.無命名詞The baby was made awake by the door

23、suddenly shutting. 這個嬰兒被猛烈的關門聲吵醒。b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義Have you ever heard of women practising boxing？ 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎？c. 兩個以上的有生命名詞并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this？ 你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎？動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 一般式writing主動語態(tài)being written被動語態(tài)完成式having written主動語態(tài)having been written被動語態(tài)其否認形式是在doing前加上not1、

24、動名詞一般式表示的動作通常是一般性動作，即不是明確地發(fā)生在過去、如今或?qū)淼膭幼鳎蚴桥c謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的動作。如：I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話。Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個好習慣。2、動名詞的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他。Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費力幫助。3、動名詞的邏輯

25、主語同時也是動名詞動作的承受者，動名詞用被動語態(tài)。1它的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，或在其前發(fā)生。如：I dont like being laughed at in public. 在公共場合下，我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。2它的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如：I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很快樂你能獲得這樣的獎牌。3在某些動詞，我們常用動名詞的一般式表示完成式，盡管動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，這似乎是一種強大的習慣。如：Excuse me for being late. 我來晚了請你原諒

26、。I dont remember ever meeting somewhere. 我記不得原來在什么地方見過。Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。4在多數(shù)情況下都防止使用動名詞被動語態(tài)完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子顯得負擔，尤其是在口語中。如：I forget once being taken having been taken to the city zoo. 我曾被帶到過這個動物園，可我忘了。5動名詞被動語態(tài)一般式與如今分詞被動語態(tài)一般式同形，但無進展意義，being不可省略。如：She is afraid of being

27、 taken to the public. 她怕被領到群眾面前。動名詞 - 常見題型 1 動名詞做主語時，謂語動詞為單數(shù)2 在動名詞和不定式中，作為介詞的賓語是動名詞3 動名詞的否認直接在其前加否認詞，通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語例：I would appreciate_ back this afternoon.Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure callingKey：C；換成your calling也對4另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法its no good； its no/little/hardly any/ use； its

28、 not/hardly/scarcely use； its worthwhile； spend money/time； theres no； theres no point in； theres nothing worse than； whats the use/point.有很多動詞后面既可以加上-ing形式，也可以用不定式。如：start, begin, like, love, hate, dislike, go on, stop, remember, forget, mean, regret, try, be afraid等。 比較一下這些動詞加上動名詞和不定式的區(qū)別： start和be

29、ginLets start/begin to swim.= Lets start/begin swimming.Lets start our journey.Lets start the car.We are beginning/starting to work hard.They got up, beginning/starting to study.like, dislike, love, hateWe like painting in the open air.He hates talking with strangers.I love to show you around our sc

30、hool.I like singing very much but I dont like to sing right now with so many people around me.go on to do和go on doingAfter eating two burgers, he went on to talk about his experience in Norway.Although it has been two hours, he is still going on talking about his life.stop to do和stop doingThe movie

31、is on. Please stop making any sound.He didnt want to stop to move back to China.What he wants to do is to stop being silent to talk about the truth.remember to do和remember doingI remember sending the email. I dont know why he still hasnt got it.Remember to write every detail on your paper so that no

32、thing can be missed.forget to do和forget doingI am terribly sorry to have forgotten to send the email.I forgot sending the email. Maybe I did, maybe not. I am not sure.=I forgot whether I sent the email or not.He totally forgot that he had sent the email.mean to do和mean doingPlease dont cry. I didnt

33、mean to hurt you.Price of daily food is going up, which means paying more money.regret to do和regret doingI regret to say/to tell you/to inform you that you failed in the exam.Now she has already regretted marrying that rich man who was as old as her father.try to do和try doingHe has been trying to lo

34、se some weight but in vain.Try to make more friends in college.He tried calling him but no one answered.be afraid to do和be afraid of doingShe is afraid to go into the dark alley alone.They are afraid of losing more money.He is afraid to go back home because he is afraid of being punished by his pare

35、nts.動名詞 - 動名詞與如今分詞的同與不同 動名詞它在形式上與如今分詞一樣，都是在動詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現(xiàn)代語法中，這兩種形式同視為“-ing形式。 這兩種形式的另一個一樣之處是：它們都是由動詞變化而成的，它們都保存了動詞的某些特征，它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語，而構成動名詞短語或是如今分詞短語去擔當句子成分。例如：Speaking in the public ， he will surely be very cheerful .如今分詞短語，作狀語他在公眾場所講話時總是興高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.動名詞短語，作賓語她不喜歡在公眾場所講

36、話。區(qū)別：1、動名詞和如今分詞都可以用于系動詞之后作表語，區(qū)別方法是：作表語的動名詞與主語指的是同一件事，此時系動詞相當于“是，通常把主語和表語的位置互換，語法和意思不變，例如：My hobby is swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換如今分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質(zhì)，不能與主語互換位置，例如：The story is interesting .不可改為：Interesting is the story.動名詞和如今分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞，兩者的區(qū)別在于：動名詞修飾名詞時主要表示該名詞的用處，而如今分詞修飾名詞時性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)

37、或動作等。試比較：a swimming boy和a swimming suit前者的意思是“一個正在游泳的男孩，即a boy who is swimming ，如今分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動作；而后者的意思是“游泳衣，即a suit for swimming ， 動名詞swimming表示suit 的用處a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car前者的意思是“一個正在睡覺的孩子，即a child who is sleeping ，如今分詞sleeping 表示被修飾名詞 child 正處于的狀態(tài)；而后者的意思是“臥車被用來睡覺的車廂，即 a car which is used for sleeping ，動名詞 sleeping 表示car 的用處？動名詞 - 動名詞作主語、賓語和表語 1） 作主語。例如： Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方與北方開戰(zhàn)了。