11沖刺提分閱讀2017考博真題講解

1、網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂2017 年醫(yī)學(xué)考博閱讀Passage OneIf you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life- and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarka

2、ble have these one-time wonder drugs become.Modern medicine relies on antibiotics-not just to cure disease, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about

3、 to end. In some ways, bacteria are continuously evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past weve always developed new ones that killed them again.Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so

4、 difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medical candy and fee

5、ding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world-not just in medical facilities, buteverywhere from muddy puddlesto the snow of Antarctica (南極洲).How did we reach this point without viable su

6、ccessors to todays increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isnt much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researc

7、hers have discovered promising candidates, but cant reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of d

8、rug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics-although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.One day, though, these will fall totoo. Ultimately, we need,evolution-roof cures for bac

9、teria infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but dont otherwise inconvenience the little blighter. When1網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding.Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag

10、their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R & D.If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work and there really will be

11、no help on the way.61. In the first paragraph, the author is trying to.A. warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB. suggest a course of action to reduce antibioticC. tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD. remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics62. The warning

12、 from health authorities implies that.A. the pre-antibiotic era will returnB. the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC. the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD. the development of new antibiotic is too slow63. The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage,.A. has developed resist

13、ant bacteria worldwideB. has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC. has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD. has been particularly worsened in the developing countries64. The market failure refers to.A. the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB. the existing increasingly in

14、effectual drugs in the marketC. the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD. the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics65. During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of .A. doubtB. urgencyC. indifferenceD. helplessnessPassage TwoThis

15、issue of Science contains announcements for more than 100 different Gorgon Research Conferences, on topics that range from atomic physics todevelopmental biology. The brainchild (的主意) of Neil Gordon of JohnsHopkins University, these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate, informal discu

16、ssion of frontier science. Often confined to fewer than2網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂125 attendees, they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions. Beginning in the early 1960s, I attended the summer Nucleic Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire, sharing austere (簡樸的) dorm facilities in a pr

17、ivate boys school with randomly assigned roommates. As a beginning scientist, I found the question period after each talk especiallyfascinating, providing valuable insights into thealities and ways ofthinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously. Back then, there were no c

18、ellphones and no Internet, and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week. During the long, session-free afternoons, graduate students mingled freely with professors. Many lifelong friendships were begun, and-as Gordon intended new scientific collaborations began. Leap forwardto today, a

19、nd every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet. Why,nevertheless, do in- science?scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life inPart of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trus

20、t and understanding between the collaborators, which is hard to develop from a distance. But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings paly in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches. The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by

21、 other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works. A successful scientist needs to deeply believe, whatever the problem being tackled, that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being take. The scientist is then constan

22、tly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work, which is essential for making breakthroughs. Thus, as much as possible, scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.66. Assembled a

23、t Gordon Research Conference are those who.A. are physics and biologistsC. stay in the forefront of scienceB. just start doing their sciencesD. are accomplished senior scientists67. Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference, the author thinks highly of.A. thealities of senior scientists

24、B. the question period after each talkD. the week-long durationC. the austere facilities around68. It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in- conference.A. does not change with timesB. can be explored online exclusivelyC. lies in exchanging the advances in life scienceD. is questio

25、ned in establishing a vast store of ideasscientific3網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂69. The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendees better.A. understand what making a breakthrough mans to themB. expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC. foster the passion for doing scienc

26、eD. tackle the same problem in science70. What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?A. How to explore scientific collaborations.B. How to make scientific breakthroughs.C. How to design scientific meetingsD. How to think like a geniusPassage ThreeBack in 1896, the Swe

27、dish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air, and that this would warm the Earth. But he mentioned the issue only in passing ( 順便地)， for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years.Others thought that the o

28、ceans would soak up any extra nothing much to worry about.CO2 , sothere wasThat this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species propensity (傾向) to underestimate the scale of ourimpact on the planet. Even the Earths vast oceans cannot suck upCO2 asquickly as we

29、can produce it, and we now know the stored CO2 is acidifying the oceans, a problem in itself.Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planets climate too. If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind, for instanc

30、e, it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet, and thus on temperatures and rainfall.Just to be clear, no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk. Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from t

31、he wind, our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference. For the moment, any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2. That poses by far the greater environmental threat; weaning ourselves off fossil fuels shoul

32、d remain the priority.Even so, now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to. Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work.Thats understandable, but disa

33、ppointing. These effects may be4網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂inconsequential, in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative, in which case the more notice we have, the better. It would be unfortunate to put it m

34、ildly, to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)) only to discover that its successor (替代物) is also more damaging than it need be.These climatic effects may even be beneficial. The first, tentative mssuggest that extracting large amounts of energy fro high-attitu

35、de jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases. It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather: turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the suns energy there.We may also need to reth

36、ink our long-term research priorities. The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesnt ned up altering the planets energy balance. So the best bet might be invested heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage rather than in efforts to harness, say, nuclearfusion.For the mome

37、nt, all of this remains supposition (推測). But our species has a tendency to myopia. We have nothing to lose, and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.71. In the first two paragraphs, the author is trying to draw our attention to .A. the increasing scale of the global warmingB. the

38、 division of scientists over the issue of global warmingC. reasons for us to worry about extra CO2 for the oceansD. the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72. The authors illustration of wind-power extraction reflects.A. the priority of protecting the environmentB. the

39、same human propensity as mentioned previouslyC. the best strategy of reducing the environmental threatD. the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73. The author argues that it would be unfortunate to replace fossil fuels only to find out that.A. the successors are also damagingB. th

40、e countless trillions spent are wastedC. the alternative energy sources dont workD. the research invites indifferent or even hostile reactions74. According to the author, the best strategy is.A. to counteract the effects of rising greenhouse gasesB. to develop a degree of control over the weather5網(wǎng)絡(luò)

41、課堂C. to extract large amounts of energy from windD. to explore solar energy and its storage75. It can be concluded from the passage that we need to take the long view on.A. human existence on the planetB. humas energy suppliesC. our environmental threatsD. our tendency to myopiaPassage FourOptical i

42、llusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But theres more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.What the

43、y reveal, he says, is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. Its a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains.

44、The world is literally shaped by our pasts.Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas f

45、rom the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark backgroun

46、d than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes its a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us.“Context is everything, because our bra

47、ins have evolved to constantly re- define normality,” says Dr. Lotto. “What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.”This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of

48、the word, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the “R” and the “L” sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. “Differentiating people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot he

49、ar the difference.”Dr. Lottos experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. “Yes, my work is idea-driven,” he says. “But lots of research, such as6網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I dont believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environmen

50、t and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology.”76. What does the word “them” in the first paragraph refer to?A. Human sensesB. The fallibility of sensesC. Revealing capacityD. Optical illusions77. According to the passag

51、e, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?A. Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B. Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines, such as ar

52、t, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C. Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art- science exhibitions in the hope of proving his ideas on optical illusions.D. Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.78. Which of the following statement can be inferred from Dr. Lottos study?A. People should