托福長難句100句(一)

1、句子1In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before

2、it reaches the flipper itself.【難點(diǎn)解析】本句的難點(diǎn)在于復(fù)雜的后置定語干擾了閱讀，給我們浬解句子帶來了影響。在這個(gè)句子中就 是現(xiàn)在分詞短語carrying cooled blood.做了后置走語，造成了主語the blood vessels 和謂語run被分割，后面接看出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)the blood vessels carrying warm blood,逬一步加大了理解難度，讓我們一時(shí)無法理清句子結(jié)構(gòu).找到這種后置定語，劃分句子主干 的時(shí)候百接忽視這種修飾件成分，句子的豐要信息就變得非常清晰：In a countercurrent exchange system

3、, the blood vessels cai rying(the flippers定語run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm bl<the body Tri吾t(yī)o pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.完成了句子主干劃分之后,根據(jù)漢語的表述順序,將后置

4、定語往前放，這樣整個(gè)句子的意思就出來了?！緟⒖挤g】在逆流交換系統(tǒng)中，攜帶看來自腳蹊冷卻血液的血管與攜帶看來自身體溫?fù)Q血液的血管足夠 靠近,這樣就可以從更溫暖的血管中吸收一些熱量;因此，在熱量到達(dá)腳蹊之前，其從流岀 身體的血管轉(zhuǎn)移到了流入身體的血管?！境煞謩澐帧坎⒘芯鋉In a countercurrent exchange system,狀語the blood vessels 主語carrying cooled blood from the flippers 定語run i胃語close enough to the blood vessels 狀語carrying warm blood fr

5、om the body 定語to pick up some heat 狀語from the warmer blood vessels.狀語并列句二The heat 主語is transferred 謂語from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels.狀語狀語從句It 主語reaches 謂語the flipped賓語itself.狀語句子2If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will

6、 drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.【難點(diǎn)解析】本句的難點(diǎn)是定語（例如too heavy for surface tension to hold ）放在了被修飾詞（例如 drops ）的后面，與漢語表述習(xí)慣不一致，給我們理解的帶來了一

7、定的困難。另外，后置定 語中嵌套了另一個(gè)后置定語,更加增加了難度（too light to overcome the force of surface tendon定語holding them in place.定語根據(jù)定語的特點(diǎn)（限定或者修飾 名詞性成分），遇到后置定語，先忽略這些修飾性的定語，找到句子主干,再按照自己的理 解，捋英語句子切分成一小段一小段來翻譯，最后再組合成一句話，這樣整句話意思就清晰 了.If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops,and it will drain away; but if

8、the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films.;then the water will be firmly held.【參考翻譯】如果孔隙很大，其中的水分會(huì)以水滴的形態(tài)而存在，水滴的重量足以克服表面張力的束縛， 隨后水分就會(huì)漸漸流失;但是，如果孔隙足夠小，其中的水會(huì)以薄膜形態(tài)而存在，薄膜太輕 無法克服表面張力的束縛,因此，這種形態(tài)的水會(huì)穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地附看在孔隙表面上。【成分劃分】狀語從句The pores 主語are 系動(dòng)詞large.表語并列句The water 主語in them 定語will exis

9、t 謂語as drops 狀語too heavy for surface tension to hold.定語并列句It 主語will drain away.謂語狀語從句The pores 主語are 系動(dòng)詞small enough.表語并列句The water 主語in them 定語will exist 謂語as thin films,狀語too light to overcome the force of surface tension定語holding them in place.定語并列句The water 主語will be firmly held.謂語句子3The images

10、produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city o

11、f Venice.【難點(diǎn)解析】本句的難點(diǎn)是定語(produced by the camera obscura )放在了被修飾詞(the images ) 的后面，與漢語表述習(xí)慣不一致，另外，出現(xiàn)同位語(a boxlike device )修飾定語中的名 詞性部分(the camera obscura ),而又有一 定語從句(that used a.)又修飾改同位 語(a boxlike device ),使得主語和謂語被很多成分隔開，給我們理解的帶來了一定的困 難。找到那些修飾性成分，先忽略它們，再看句子主干就清楚了.The images；f <used a pinhole or len

12、s to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece off were already familiarthe device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian pain ter Can aletto in his detailed views of thecity of Venice【參考翻譯】針孔照相機(jī)（一種盒狀的裝置）產(chǎn)生的影像已經(jīng)為大家所熟知,它是一種使用小孔或透鏡將影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一張白紙上的盒狀裝置一一這種裝置已經(jīng)為很多地貌

13、風(fēng)景畫家所用，例如意大利畫家Canaletto在他所創(chuàng)作的威尼斯精致風(fēng)景畫中（使用了這種裝置X【成分劃分】并列句The images 主語produced by the camera obscura,定語a boxlike device,同位語were 系動(dòng)詞already familiar.語并列句The device 主語had been much employed 謂語by topographical artists 狀語like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. |B|位

14、語定語從句A boxlike device 主語used 謂語a pinhole or lens 賓語to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper.賓語彳卜足i吾句子4A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea which originated in the western Med讓erranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goe

15、rs as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.【難點(diǎn)解析】本句的難點(diǎn)一是后置定語和定語從句分割了句子主干，造成了理解問題。主語A maritime co

16、de先是被過去分詞短語known as the Consulate of the Sea修飾，而這個(gè)短語后面緊 接看又出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)定語從句來進(jìn)一步修飾A maritime code ,當(dāng)我們?cè)倏吹絯on時(shí)，就得 費(fèi)心思尋找won這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的發(fā)出者。難點(diǎn)二是對(duì)when引導(dǎo)的定語從句的理解。我們?cè)陂喿x的時(shí)候還需要根據(jù)語義邏輯來理解 句子，這里when ships met one another on the sea-lanes顯然不能作為時(shí)間狀語從句 來修飾definedas,意思理解不通。這時(shí)我們就要考慮其他可能被修飾的成分,the rules of engagement正好可以作為when從句的修

17、飾對(duì)象，本身when可以引導(dǎo)定語從 句，另外從意思上也合情合理。忽略修飾性定語和定語從句，句子主要信息如下：A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea定語which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century,®§從句won acceptance as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of

18、 a ship's officers, protocols of command. pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement vhen ships met one another on the sea-lanes.定語從句另夕卜需要注意的是，by短語雖然經(jīng)常引導(dǎo)方式狀語，但是這里by a majority of sea goers 修飾的是acceptance這一名詞，所以它實(shí)際上做了 acceptance的后置定語。【參考翻譯】-SWE 14世紀(jì)起源于西地中海地區(qū)的海洋法典（被稱為康索拉度海法

19、）贏得了大多數(shù) 航海員的認(rèn)可，成為了海上管理的規(guī)范法典；它對(duì)一些事物做了界定，比如，高級(jí)船員的權(quán) 利、命令的發(fā)布規(guī)范、薪資結(jié)構(gòu)、海員的權(quán)利，以及當(dāng)船只在航路上遇到別的船時(shí)的交戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn) 則?！境煞謩澐帧坎⒘芯湟籄 maritime code 主語known as the Consulate of the Sea 定語won 謂語 acceptanee 賓語by a majority of sea goers 定語as the normative code for maritime conduct.狀語定語從句A maritime code 主語originated 謂語in the western

20、Mediterranean region 狀語 in the fourteenth century.狀語并列句二It 主語defined 謂語such matters 賓語as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of comma nd. pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement.同位語定語從句Ships 主語met 謂語one another 賓語on the sea-lanes.狀語句子5In the 1970s when the st

21、udy of Australian archaeology was in an exciting phase of development with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear Lesley Maynard the archaeologist who coined the phrase "Panaramitee style/ suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art in which a geometric style g

22、ave way to a simple figurative style that unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition tended to much greater regional diversity【難點(diǎn)解析】本句的難點(diǎn)在于修飾性成分比較復(fù)雜，而且句子主語和謂語被定語從句分隔開，不容易找到 句子主干。遇到這種句子，我們需要先舍棄修飾性的定語和狀語，包括定語從句和狀語從句， 然后再看句子會(huì)清爽很多。In the 1970s狀語when the study of Australian archaeology was in an excit

23、ing phase of development定語從句with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear狀語Lesley Maynard the archaeologist whc| 宦i吾從句 | suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australianrock art in which a geometricway to a simple figurativethat, unlike the pan-Australian geometric trad讓ion tended

24、to much greater regional diversity.定語從句翻譯的時(shí)候，我們可以分別翻譯岀主句和從句的含義，然后用漢語習(xí)慣的裘達(dá)順厚表述出來 就可以了。【參考翻譯】20世紀(jì)70年代，澳大利亞考古學(xué)研究處于一個(gè)令人興奮的發(fā)展時(shí)期，隨看巖畫明顯成為 重要古物，考古學(xué)家Lesley Maynard指岀，澳大利亞巖畫的發(fā)展順序能夠被確定下來，在 巖畫中，幾何學(xué)風(fēng)格被簡單的具象風(fēng)格所替代，而這種簡單的具象風(fēng)格和澳大利亞的幾何學(xué) 傳統(tǒng)不一樣，具象風(fēng)格的地域性差異往往要大得多.【成分劃分】主句In the 1970s,狀語with the great antiquity of rock a

25、rt becoming clear 狀語Lesley Maynard 主語the archaeologist 同位語suggested 謂語something.賓語定語從句The study of Australian archaeology 主語was 系動(dòng)詞in an exciting phase ofdevelopment 表語定語從句Lesley Maynard 主語the archaeologist 同位語coined 謂語the phrasePanaramitee style".賓語賓語從句A sequence 主語could be determined 謂語for Au

26、stralian rock art 狀語定語從句In Australian rock art 狀語a geometric style 主語gave way to 謂語a simple figurative style賓語定語從句A simple figurative style,主語unlike the pan-Australian geometric trad讓ion 狀語tended to much greater regional diversity, i胃i吾句子6By contrast in the United States an estimated 97 million bird

27、s are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass; S7 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by

28、 nuclear and coal power plants【難點(diǎn)解析】狀語是句中非常靈活、應(yīng)用非常廣泛的句子成分。本句屬于并列復(fù)合句,由分號(hào)隔開，有多個(gè)并列分句，其中when從句，整個(gè)從句做第一個(gè)子句的時(shí)間狀語，屬于狀語從句;在每個(gè)并列句中，狀語的類型較多，如by contrast,是對(duì)整句的一個(gè)解釋說明，對(duì)比之下"，可以劃分為句子的評(píng)汪性狀語,如in the United States, each year, by transmission and distribution等分別做地點(diǎn)狀語.時(shí)間狀語.方式狀語等等。練習(xí)時(shí)r可將此句作為狀語基本知識(shí)練習(xí)鞏固之用分清楚每個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)應(yīng)成

29、分以及每個(gè)成分在 句中所起作用,能夠幫助更好理解句子,夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)，掌握句子成分基本涵義。整個(gè)句子 的狀語使用：By contrast,狀語in the United States 狀語an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year 狀語when they collide with buildings made of plate glass 狀 語;57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually 狀語from pollution and

30、 poisoning 狀語;and millions of birds are electrocuted each year 狀語by transmission and distribution lines 狀語carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.【參考翻譯】相比之下，據(jù)估計(jì)，美國每年有9700萬只鳥由于碰撞建筑物的厚玻璃板而死亡;5700 萬只鳥死在高速公路上；每年至少有380萬只鳥死于污染或中毒；而且，每年數(shù)以百 萬計(jì)的鳥類在核電廠和燃煤電廠的輸電及配電電纜上觸電而死?！境煞謩澐帧坎⒘芯銪y contrast,狀

31、語in the United States 狀語an estimated 定語97 million birds 主語are killed 謂語each year.狀語狀語從句They 主語collide with 謂語buildings 賓語made of plate glass.定語并列句57 million 主語are killed 謂語on highways each year.狀語并列句At least 狀語3.8 million 主語die 謂語annually 狀語from pollution and poisoning.狀語并列句Millions of birds 主語are e

32、lectrocuted 謂語each year 狀語by transmission and distribution lines 狀語carrying power 定語produced by nuclear and coal power plants 定語句子7For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a couple of friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselv

33、es； one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of lines of text.【難點(diǎn)解析】本句的難點(diǎn)在于整個(gè)句子中，有多個(gè)從句，其中開頭的if引導(dǎo)的從句(if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it

34、 to a couple of friends who like it and memorize it),在整個(gè)句子中做狀語，是(虛擬)條件狀語從句；后面when從句(when the friends come to sing it themselves )做整個(gè)句子的時(shí)間狀語，屬于時(shí)間狀語從句； 在句子的結(jié)尾部分，while這個(gè)詞可能會(huì)對(duì)句子理解造成障礙f這里的while并非引導(dǎo) 狀語從句，而是一個(gè)表示并列關(guān)系的連詞，再加上指示代詞the other，與上文的one of them 相對(duì)應(yīng),所以可以判斷 while 從句(while the other, perhaps more artis

35、tic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of lines Of text.)是并列句,而非狀語從句。整個(gè)句子中的狀語使用：For in stance,狀語if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a couple of friends 狀語who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves,狀語one of t

36、hem might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap,狀語while the other, perhaps more artistiq might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of lines of text.【參考翻譯】例如，假設(shè)一個(gè)農(nóng)場工人編了一首歌，并唱給喜歡這首歌的幾個(gè)朋友聽，他們會(huì)記住這 首歌，可能也會(huì)自己哼唱這首歌，其中一個(gè)朋友可能會(huì)忘記某些歌詞并自己新編一些歌 詞來補(bǔ)救，而更有藝術(shù)感的朋友可能會(huì)在

37、曲調(diào)中再加一些點(diǎn)綴的技巧并改逬一下歌詞。【成分劃分】并列句One of them 主語might forget 謂語some of the words 賓語and 連接詞 make up 謂語new ones 賓語to fill the gap.狀語 柄句The other,主語perhaps more artistic,定語might add 謂語a few decorative touches 賓語to the tune 狀語and 連接詞improve 謂語a couple of 定語 lines of text.賓語狀語從句A farm laborer 主語were to make u

38、p 謂語a song 賓語and 連接詞sing 謂 語it IO to a couple of friends.狀語定語從句Friends 主語like 謂語it 賓語and 連接詞memorize 謂語it.賓閭狀語從句The friends 主語come to sing 謂語it 賓語themselves.狀語句子8Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources vari

39、ed across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops-and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction.【難點(diǎn)解析】句子的難點(diǎn)在于 in which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句(in which precipitation and other resources

40、varied across the landscape)部分 f which 指代 environment, in the environment 在 定語從句中做狀語，只不過是把這部分狀語提前，放在句子開頭部分；句中(you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally )的 for pottery made by a distance ally 部分,for pottery是句子中的目的狀語，而made by a distant ally是對(duì)狀語中pottery 進(jìn)行的限定，是定語成分。整個(gè)句子的狀語使用:Scholars believ

41、e that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which 狀 語 precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape 狀語:if you produce a lot of food one year,狀語you might trade it for pottery 狀語made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops 狀語and the next

42、 year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction.狀語【參考翻譯】學(xué)者們相信,這種合作使人們能夠應(yīng)對(duì)這種降水和其它資源在整個(gè)區(qū)域有差異的不協(xié)調(diào) 的環(huán)境：如果你一年生產(chǎn)了很多糧食，你也許可以從正遇到糧食困難的遙遠(yuǎn)的伙伴那里 交換到陶器,而下一年商品的流動(dòng)方向可能會(huì)相反。【成分劃分】主句Scholars 主語believe 謂語something.賓語賓語從句This cooperation 主語allowed 謂語people 賓語to contend with a patchy environment.賓語補(bǔ)足語定語從句In

43、 a patchy environment 狀語precipitation and other resources 主語varied謂語across the landscape.狀語狀語從句You 主語produce 謂語a lot of food 賓語one year.狀語賓語從句You 主語might trade 謂語it 賓語for pottery 狀語made by a distant ally. 定語定語從句A distant ally 主語is having 謂語difficulty 賓語with crops.定語賓語從句The next year,狀語the flow of go

44、ods 主語might go 謂語in the opposite direction.狀語句子9Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechne(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population flu

45、ctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer)； which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period".【難點(diǎn)解析】這個(gè)長難句，第一 難點(diǎn)在于在句子的主語wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner和謂語 says 之間.有一個(gè)非常長的非謂語結(jié)構(gòu) r in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in

46、 Washington through recorded time,是一表示伴隨的狀語;狀語使用的第二個(gè)難點(diǎn)， 在賓語從句(since the early 1940s. the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320.000 deer)中，than at any other time in its history 和 the winter population fluctuating arou

47、nd approximately 320.000 deer兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)都是狀語.前者是比較狀語,"比以往田可歷史時(shí)期都多“，后者由有獨(dú)立主格的非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)來做狀語。整個(gè)句子的狀語使用:Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953)r in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time,狀語says that "since the early 1940s.狀語the state has had more deer than at any oth

48、er time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer 狀語 (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period'狀語【參考翻譯】在回顧華盛頓地區(qū)有史以來生物變化的特性時(shí)野生動(dòng)物學(xué)家Hulmut Buechner(1953) 說道："自從20世紀(jì)40年代早期以后，華

49、盛頓州(黑尾)鹿的數(shù)量比以往任何歷史 時(shí)期都多，冬季鹿群的數(shù)量在大約32萬只鹿(雜交的鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波動(dòng)，每年, 這些鹿群將會(huì)不定期繁殖出各個(gè)年齡段的公鹿和母鹿各大約6.5萬只。【成分劃分】定語從句These deer 主語will yield 謂語about 65,000 of either sex and any age 賓語 annually 狀語for an indefinite period.狀語主句 Wild life zoologist 主語Hulmut Buechner(1953)f 同位語in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Wash