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1、長難句分析與翻譯十大基本功 第一章 五大短語 第一章 五大短語 介詞短語 介詞是學習英語的難點之一,特別在閱讀過程中是一個"攔路虎"。介詞短語是構成長難句的一個重要因素。介詞短語可用作定語、狀語、表語和補足語。介詞可與動詞、名詞、形容詞等連用。 這里特別指出一種介詞復合結構,with(without)構成的復合結構,這種復合結構的形式有: ·with+名詞十分詞 ·with+名詞+介詞 ·with+名詞+形容詞 ·with+名詞+動詞不定式 這種結構在句中起狀語、定語作用,或用來對句子或某一成分作補充說明。在這種結構中,with沒有實

2、際詞意。在翻譯時可把名詞和其后的介詞短語或形容詞當作主語和表語的關系來處理;把名詞和其后的分詞或動詞不定式當作主語和謂語關系來處理。 (一)with+名詞十分詞的結構 這種結構在英語中可稱為"分詞復合結構"。它在句中可作定語或狀語。在科技文章中常用來對句子或某個成分作補充說明。 (1) If something is moving,with nothing touching it,it will go on forever,coasting at a uniform speed in a straight line 正在運動的某一物體,如果沒有受到任何外力觸動,它將永遠繼續(xù)

3、作勻速直線運動。(條件狀語) (2)The light we see,with its colors ranging from deep red to deep violet,serves us in our daily lives 我們看到的從深紅色到深紫色的光,在日常生活中為我們服務。(作非限定性定語,修飾light。) (3)With more experimenting being doing every year,much of photosynthesis will certainly be known before very long 隨著每年所進行的實驗增多,可以肯定,不久將會

4、對光合作用了解得更多。(條件狀語) (4)The article deals with microwaves,with particular attention being paid to radio location 這篇文章是研究微波的,其中特別注意無線電定位問題。(withlocation是分詞復合結構,在句中作補充說明。) (5) The bottom layer is solid bedrock,with its upper edges slowly decomposing,or decay- ing,and flaking off 底層是堅硬的基巖,它最上面的邊緣在慢慢地分解、腐蝕

5、和剝落。(非限定性定語,修飾Solid bedrock。) (6)Ice,of relative density 09,floats in water with nineteenth submerged 冰的比重為09,它浮在水面上時,910淹沒在水里。(方式方法狀語) (二)with+名詞+介詞的結構 (1)Maxwell pointed out that an object may be hot without the motion in it being visible 麥克斯韋指出,即使看不見物體內部的分子運動,物體也可能是熱的。(讓步狀語) (2)Under a microscope

6、,a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a thin wall round it 在顯微鏡下,細胞看上去如一滴透明的膠狀物體,周圍有一層很薄的壁。(withit作定語,用來修飾jelly。) (3)Mechanics is that branch of physical science which considers the motion of bodies,with rest as a special case of motion 力學是自然科學的一個分支,它研究物體的運動,而把靜止看成是運動的一種特殊情況。(with引出的復合結構起補充說明

7、作用。) (4)Carbon,with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus,has 6 electrons 碳有6個電子,而在其原子核內尚有6個質子和6個中子。(with 6protonsin用來對carbon作補充說明,有非限定定語意味。) (5) The rocket engine,with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm,is an impressive symbol of the new space age 火箭發(fā)動機以其類似于瀑布或大雷雨的持續(xù)轟鳴給人以深

8、刻印象,成為太空新時代的象征。(withroar like是非限定性定語,修飾engine。) (6)In each case the crystals,small or large,are naturally bounded by square or rectangular crystal faces of different sizes,but with each face always at right angles to each adjacent face 在每種情況下,各個晶體不論大小都是天然地由一些正方形的或矩形的晶面作為自己的界面,這些晶面大小不一,但每一晶面總是垂直于每一相鄰

9、面。(withfaceat是復合結構,作定語,修飾crystal faces。) (三)with+名詞+形容詞的結構 (1)We have discussed fluorescence,which is sensitive to radiations with energies equal to or greater than those of visible photons 我們已經討論過熒光,熒光對等于或大于可見光光子能量的輻射是很敏感的。(with十名詞+形容詞的復合結構,起定語作用,修飾radiations。) (2)In simple harmonic motion,where th

10、ere is no damping,the energy of the vibrating particle changes from kinetic to potential and back,with the total energy constant 在沒有阻力的簡諧運動中,振動質點的能量由動能變?yōu)閯菽?,或由勢能變?yōu)閯幽埽偰芰坎蛔儭?with+名詞+形容詞的復合結構在句中有結果狀語的意味。) (3)An uncharged object contains a large number of atoms,each"which normally contains an equa

11、l number of electrons and protons,but with some electrons temporarily free from atoms 不帶電的物體含有大量原子,每個原子通常含有等量的電子和質子,但是有一些電子暫時脫離了原子的束縛。(with+名詞+形容詞的復合結構,對句子起補充說明作用。) (4) And with water present the chances of finding some sort of life on Mars are much brighter 由于水的存在,在火星上找到某種生命的可能性的前景就光明得多了。 (with wat

12、er present作原因狀語。) (四)with+名詞十動詞不定式的結構 (1)In outer space,with no swaddling atmosphere to diffuse it,sunlight is infinitely more powerful than on earth 在外層空間,由于沒有大氣保護層對陽光的保護作用,那里的陽光要比地球上強烈得多。(swaddling"襁褓",這里有"保護"的含義。with引出的復合結構用作原因狀語。) (2)At present,about 80 different metals are k

13、nown to manBut with so many metals to choose from,the question arises:which metal shall we use? 目前,人們已知的金屬大約有80種。由于有這么多的金屬可供選擇,于是便產生了一個問題:我們將采用哪種金屬呢?(with引出的復合結構用作原因狀語。) 介詞短語在句中分析與翻譯的實例 1You can already buy small Video telephones,with buildn-screen and cameras,that transmit Still images over regular

14、 telephone lines to anyone else with a Video telephone 現在已能買到小型的電視電話機,機上裝有屏幕和攝像機,可以通過平常的電話線把靜止的圖像傳送給任何一個有電視電話的人。(withcameras用作獨立定語,修飾telephones。) 2The scientific worker attempts to formulate these problems in accurate terms and to solve them in the light of all the relevant facts that can be collect

15、ed by observation and experiment 科學工作者力圖精確地描述這些問題,然后根據通過觀察和實驗收集到的有關事實來解決這些問題。(介詞短語in accurate terms作方式方法狀語,說明to formulate。in the lightexperiment作方式方法狀語,說明to solve。) 3The atom is analogous to a miniature solar system,with a nucleus as the"sun''and electrons as the"planets''r

16、evolving in orbits around the nucleus 原子類似于一個小型太陽系,原子核可看作"太陽",電子可看作是沿軌道繞著核旋轉的"行星"。(analogous to,"與相似"。with a nucleus as,and(with)electrons as是with引出的復合結構,用來對solar system作補充說明。) 4The unit of heat on the cgssystem is the calorie, which is established as the amount of heat

17、 required to raise one gramme of water by one degree centigrade 熱的厘米·克·秒制單位是卡,將1克水升高攝氏1度所需的熱量定為1卡。(cgssystem =centimeter-gramsecond system,"厘米·克·秒制"。介詞短語on.system作定語,修飾unit。by所引導的介詞短語是raise要求的,這里by表示數量增減的絕對值。例如:increase by 10,"增加10";decrease by two orders of m

18、agnitude,"減小兩個數量級"。) 5Sometimes the individual crystals,with plane faces and sharp edges and comers,are visible to the naked eye,and sometimes they can be seen only under a microscope 單晶有時用肉眼就能看得到,有時只有在顯微鏡下才能看得見,這種單晶有著平的晶面和銳利的棱角。(with plane faces.corners是介詞短語用作獨立定語,修飾crystals。) 6Modern Jap

19、an and other Oriental countries are emerging with the irresistible urge for better standards"living and a novel, powerful role in the world's economy 在不可阻擋地迫切要求提高生活水平和在世界經濟中發(fā)揮新的、強有力的作用的驅使下,現代的日本和其他東方國家正在崛起。(witheconomy有條件狀語的意味,用來修飾emerging。) 7Liquids,however,are highly incompressible;that i

20、s,very large pressures,of the order of thousands of tons per square inch,are required to diminish their volumes appreciably 但是,液體是非常不易壓縮的;要明顯地壓縮液體的體積,就需要巨大的壓力,其數量級達每平方英寸幾千噸。(介詞短語of the orderinch是獨立定語,修飾pressures。) 8One suggestion has been the use of mixtures of two different types of insecticide,wit

21、h the idea that one of them should eliminate the individuals resistant to the other 有一種設想是使用兩種不同類型的混合殺蟲劑,其想法是如果害蟲對其中之一有抗藥性,那么另一種就能殺死它。(介詞短語with the ideathe other 作two types of insecticide的定語,對它作補充說明。that引導的從句作idea的同位語。resistand to the other是形容詞短語作individuals定語。) 9The side of Mercury which is turned

22、away from the sun remains in eternal darkness,with a temperature only a few degrees above absolute zero 水星背向太陽的那一面,卻永遠處于黑暗之中,那里的溫度僅比絕對零度高幾度。(with a temperature above對the side of Mercury補充說明。) 10No distinction can be drawn between pure and applied science in terms of differences in the training or co

23、mpetence of workers,or in organization,or in method,or even in the immediate outcome of the work 不能根據工作人員的訓練程度和資格、組織機構、研究方法甚至研究工作的直接成果等方面的差別來劃分理論科學與應用科學的界線。(betweenscience作定語,修飾distinction。In terms of作狀語,說明can be drawn。) 不定式短語 動詞不定式是學習英語的難點之一,也是構成長句的一個重要因素。不定式有自己的賓語、狀語和補足語,組成不定式短語。在分析句子時要把不定式短語看作一個整

24、體。不定式在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補足語。 不定式短語在句中分析與翻譯的實例 1. You will remember that the materials which combine to make a mixture do not completely lose their individual qualities. They do not do so because their molecules are not broken up and built into new molecules with new qualities. 你們要記住,組成?昆合物的各種物質完全沒有

25、失去它們各自的性質。它們之所以這樣,是因為它們的分子并沒有分解,沒有形成具有新性質的新分子。(不定式短語to make a mixture 是謂語combine的結果狀語。) 2. The moon's pull causes water in the oceans to be a little deeper at the point closest to the moon and also at a point farthest from the moon, on the opposite side of the earth. 月球的引力會引起近月點處和地球另一端的遠月點處海洋的海水

26、略深一些。(cause sthTo do sb,"引起作"。to be a little deeper作water賓語補足語。) 3. It is also a familiar fact that a force is rettulred to slow down or stop a body which is already in motion, and that a sidewise force must be exerted on a moving body to deviate it from a straight line. 要使一個已經運動的物體慢下來或使其停

27、止運動就需要作用力;要使該物體偏離直線運動,就需要橫向作用力,這也是大家所熟悉的事實。(it是形式主語,代替that引出的兩個主語從句。不定式短語to deviateline是目的狀語,其中it代替the moving body。) 4. Though only 107 elements have been discovered, they combine in enough different ways to make the millions and millions of different things in the world. 雖然只發(fā)現了107種元素,但是這些元素以不同的方式化合

28、在一起就會形成世界上無數的千差萬別的東西。(不定式短語to make作結果狀語,說明enough。) 5. Since we have already associated flow of charge or current with the existence of potential difference, it becomes of interest and importance to establish a quantitative relation between these two quantities. 因為我們已經把電荷的流動即電流與電位差的存在聯系起來,因而在這兩個量之間確立

29、一種數量關系就成為重要而值得注意的問題了。(不定式短語to establishquantities是主語,it是形式主語。) 6. Apart from the enormous outflow of funds from the oil-consuming countries, a more basic concern is the capability of the major exporters of crude oil to achieve a continuing production target roughly doubling output every ten years to

30、 meet the required oil demand if present trend continues. 且不談用油國的資金大量外流,更令人擔心的重要問題是:如果目前的這種趨勢繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去,那么主要原油出口國是否有能力每10年大致將產量翻一番以滿足對石油的需求。 (a part from,"除了,且不說"。ofoil作capability的定語,不定式短語to achievecontinue也作定語,修飾capability。這個不定式短語中包含有:現在分詞短語roughly doublingcontinue。這個短語中又包含有不定式短語作目的狀語to meetc

31、ontinue和if引導的條件狀語,這兩個狀語都用來修飾doubling。) 7. Television makes it possible for us to see a distant scene as a transmitter at the television stadio telecasts the scene to our receiver. 當電視臺的發(fā)射機把場景播送到我們的接收機時,電視就使我們能看到遠處的場景。 (it是形式賓語,真正的賓語是for us to see a distant scene。) 8. This failure of an object to reg

32、ain its original size and shape as soon as the deforming force is retnoved is called elastic lag. 一旦形變力除去之后,物體不能恢復原來的大小和形狀,這種現象稱為彈性滯后。(failure是名詞,在句中作主語。不定式短語to regainshape作failure定語。) 分詞短語 分詞是學習英語的難點之一,也是構成長難句的一個重要因素。學習分詞時要建立幾個正確的概念: (1)現在分詞表示主動,過去分詞表示被動。 例:All moving bodies have energy(主動) A lifte

33、d weight has energy(被動) (2)現在分詞要與動名詞分開。從詞形上看,它們都是相同的,只有從它們所起的作用才能區(qū)分開。分詞用作定語、狀語和補足語。動名詞用作主語、賓語和表語。 (3)怎樣理解分詞作狀語時的"伴隨行為"。 分詞短語作狀語時可用來對句中謂語所表示的行為或狀態(tài)作進一步的說明。在這種情況下,分詞所表示的行為或狀態(tài)與謂語所表示的行為或狀態(tài)同屬于一個主體,即同一主語產生的兩個不同的行為,或所處的兩種不同的狀態(tài)。謂語動詞所表達的行為或狀態(tài)為主,分詞所表達的行為或狀態(tài)為輔。分詞的行為對謂語的行為作進一步的補充說明,使謂語的行為表達得更清楚、更具體。在時間

34、上,分詞的時態(tài)視謂語動詞的時態(tài)而定:謂語動詞是現在,分詞時態(tài)即現在;謂語動詞是過去,分詞時態(tài)即過去。分詞短語一般置于謂語動詞之后,用逗號與句中其他成分隔開。這種"伴隨行為"要比其他分詞作狀語時用得更多。"伴隨"這一概念比較含混,不如"補充說明"清晰明白。例: We can not live without air for we breathe it continually,taking it into our bodies and blowing it out again through our noses and mouths 沒有

35、空氣我們就不能生存,因為我們要不斷地呼吸,把空氣吸人體內,又從口鼻呼出。 for引導的狀語從句中,從邏輯上看主語We有三個行為:一是breathe,謂語所表達的行為是主要行為;二是taking,三是blowing,第二、第三分詞所表達的行為是次要行為,它是用來對主要行為breathe作進一步補充說明,解釋。所謂"呼吸","把空氣吸人體內,又從口鼻呼出"就是"呼吸"。分詞作狀語時的"伴隨"作用,實際上就是對謂語動詞所表達的行為作進一步"補充說明",使之更明白、更清晰。 (4)分詞獨立結構:分詞短語

36、作狀語時,它的邏輯主體就是句中的主語。 如:Lifting something,you do work(你舉起某物體時,你就是在做功。)分詞Lifting的邏輯上的主體就是句中主語you。但是如果分詞短語中的邏輯主體與句中主語不一致時,分詞短語就要有自己的邏輯主體。這種帶邏輯主體的分詞短語作狀語時稱為"分詞獨立結構"。這種結構在句中只起狀語作用??捎脕肀硎緯r間、原因、條件和補充說明等。例: Aluminium being very soft,we can press it easily into any shapes desired 鋁很軟,因此,我們能很容易地把它壓成所要

37、求的任意形狀。(Aluminiumsoft不是句子,它是分詞短語,分詞短語中邏輯主體是Aluminium,句中的主語是we,這也是分詞獨立結構,在句中作原因狀語。) (5)現在分詞完成時態(tài):現在分詞的完成時態(tài)表示的動作發(fā)生在句子謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。完成分詞短語在句中只作時間狀語,通常譯為:"在之后"。 如:Having taking the picture,the television camera turns it into electricity電視攝像機對一幅圖像完成攝像之后,就把這一圖像變成了電(信號)。 分詞短語在句中分析與翻譯的實例 1. Copper h

38、as less resistance than aluminium for the same size wire, but aluminium, being much lighter in weight, has less resistance per unit of weight. 對于同樣粗細的電線來說,銅比鋁的電阻小,但由于鋁的重量很輕,所以單位重量的鋁的電阻較小。(being.weight是分詞短語,在句中作狀語,有原因的意味。) 2. According to Einstein's theory, one pound of any element or compound of

39、 elements, if completely turned into energy by breaking up the atoms, would release the same amount of heat as the burning of 1 500 000 tons of coal. 根據愛因斯坦的理論,任何1磅元素或元素的化合物,通過原子裂變如果都能完全變?yōu)槟芰浚敲此鼈兯尫懦龅臒崮芟喈斢?50萬噸煤燃燒時所產生的熱量。(if引出的為分詞短語作條件狀語,條件狀語的邏輯主體是one poundelements。) 3. Radio telescopes have one big

40、 advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. 射電望遠鏡與普通望遠鏡相比有一個顯著的優(yōu)點,即它能全天候工作,并且能接收到從遙遠的星體傳來的信號。 4. The tilt of the earth's axis never changes with regard to the stars, the north pole pointing alw

41、ays to the Pole Star, so that at two points in the earth's orbit, midway between the summer and winter positions, its axis is pointing neither towards nor away from the sun. 對恒星來說,地軸的傾斜度是永遠不變的,北極總是指向北極星,所以在地球軌道的兩點即夏季和冬季位置之間,地軸既不指向太陽也不背向太陽。(north pole pointing.Star是分詞獨立結構,起狀語作用,對changes進行補充說明。) 5

42、. We can replace temperate trees, but the tropical rain forest is the unpreatable climax of millenia of evolution, forming the most diverse assemblages of plant species and associated animal life which man will ever know. 溫帶森林我們可以再造,但是熱帶雨林卻是經過數千年以上的進化形成,因而不能再造,因為它們形成了各種植物和相應的動物生活的多樣性的群體。人們對此將有所認識。 (

43、forming.life是現在分詞短語作狀語有"原因"的意味,它主要用來說明不能再造熱帶雨林的原因。ever用于肯定句,表示將來發(fā)生的動作,起強調作用。例:"If you are ever in the town you must visit us) 6. Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this tendency, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for t

44、he future of science - and not only pure science, but applied science as well. 由于理論科學與應用科學是互相依存的,人們不難看出,如果這種趨勢繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去,那么就會給科學的未來帶來相當大的危害,不僅給理論科學帶來危害,對應用科學也是一樣。(if引出的分詞短語作條件狀語,其主體是tendency。) 7. Being under industrialized, the developing countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipmen

45、t needed to produce the raw materials they export. 由于工業(yè)不發(fā)達,發(fā)展中國家在很大程度上要依賴進口設備才能生產供出口的原料。(Being在句中作原因狀語。) 8. There is no method known to science today that can make it possible for us to magnify a drop of water enough to see one single atom- atoms are so very, very small. 今天的科學還不知道有什么方法能把一滴水放大到足以使我們能

46、看到單個原子的程度,因為原子非常非常小。 (過去分詞短語knowntoday和that引出的定語從句都用來修飾主語method。) 9. Nothing- education, home environment, other interests, wise discouragement- is likely to restrain the obsessed gambler and even when it is he alone who suffers the consequences, his diseases is a cruel one, resulting in a wasted, u

47、nhappy life. 教育、家庭環(huán)境、其他興趣、明智的勸阻-任何東西都不能使賭徒們回心轉意,正是他們自己飽嘗苦果,這種疾病是殘酷的,其后果是使他慘淡地虛度一生。 (Nothing是主語,謂語是is。破折號之間的字用來對主語nothing的說明。hiswho是強調句型,強調主語he。resulting in"結果","終歸","導致",是現在分詞短語,在句中作結果狀語。) 10. By many careful experiments it has been found that any two different substanc

48、es when rubbed together, or even when brought into close contact, become somewhat electrified. 通過多次仔細的實驗已經發(fā)現,任意兩個不同物體在一起摩擦時,甚至緊緊接觸時,就會在某種程度上帶電。(句中兩個when均引出分詞短語,作時間狀語。) 11. It is now known that semiconductors have very few free electrons at low temperatures but that the number of these "conduction" electrons increase very rapidly at higher temperatures, thus reducing the resistance of the material. 現在大家都知道,在低溫下半導體中幾乎沒有自由電子,但是在較高的溫度下,這些"傳導"的電子數迅速增

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