定語與定語從句

1、WORD式-專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)資料-可編輯定語及定語從句 一，定語句子中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫做定語。定語可以由形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞，動名詞或從句 來充當(dāng)。eg: She is a beautiful girl. （形容詞）I met someone funny on my way to Beijing.（形容詞）（修飾不定代詞的定語后置）He is an English teacher.（名詞）（名詞作定語時一般用單數(shù)，例外的有 sports,如a sports star ）I have a lot of work to do.（不定式）The book written by a schoolb

2、oy is very popular now.（過去分詞短語）We can see the rising sun.（現(xiàn)在分詞）=the sunis rising.He is in the reading room.for reading（動名詞）=the roomThe boy who broke the window is Tom ' s brother. （從句）注意：1.形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾的詞前面；但當(dāng)形容詞修飾的是 something, anything, everything, nothing, someone, everyone, everybody, somewh

3、ere 等不定代詞 時，要放在這些詞的后面。present （在場的），absent （缺席的）作定語時需要后 置。 students present / absent2.不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。3分詞作定語時，即可放在所修飾詞前，也可放在所修飾詞后1）分詞前置：單獨的一個分詞作定語，一般放在所修飾詞前。He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人2）分詞后置分詞在以下情況，放在所修飾詞的后面i. 分詞詞組；There was a girl sitting there.有個女孩坐在那里ii. 個別分詞如 given, left ;This is the quest

4、ion given.這是所給的問題iii. 修飾不定代詞 something 等There is nothing interesting.沒有有趣的東西過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于 一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.=Most of the people who were invited to the party were from South Africa二，定語從句( Attributive Clauses )在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞，詞

5、組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常由現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引由。關(guān)系代詞有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等。關(guān)系副詞有： when, where, why 等。I like the books that are written by Mr. Green.先行詞 關(guān)系詞A.關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞通常有三個作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代先行詞，在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。關(guān)系詞類別關(guān)系詞先行詞充當(dāng)從句中的句子成分-學(xué)習(xí)資料分享-關(guān)系代詞who人主，賓，表whom人賓which物主，賓，表that人或物主，賓，表as人或物主，賓，表whose人或物定關(guān)系副詞wh

6、ere地點狀when時間狀whyreason狀A(yù)nyone who breaks the law will surely be punished.1.先行詞指人時，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞：(1)指人時，who和that都可以使用.(2) who和whom 都可以作定語從句賓語，但從句中的介詞提前時，不能用 who.He is the man who / whom I talked to you about.=He is the man about whom I talked to you.(3)先行詞是人時，只用 who,不用或少用that的情況：a.當(dāng)先行詞是 one, ones, anyone

7、時，引導(dǎo)定語從句的 關(guān)系詞一般只用 who,不用that如果先行詞是 someone, 也可用thatHe is not one who is easily frightened.I think Joe is the one who borrowed my peo.The ones who tell lies won' t gain others ' trust.Anyone who saw the accident should phone the police.Someone who / that claims to be your uncle wants to see y

8、ou.b.先行詞是those時，關(guān)系代詞一般用 who不用thatThose who don ' t wish to go need not go.c. There be 句型中，修飾人的定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一 般只用who來引導(dǎo)There is a certain old man in the village who none of us likes.d. 若一個句子中有兩個定語從句，第一個已經(jīng)用 that,則第二個一般用 whoThe man that is talking with our teacher is the professor who gave us areport y

9、esterday.e.當(dāng)定語從句與先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代 詞一般只用whoI came across my first teacher in the store yesterday who was stillbeautiful.f 非限定性定語從句只用who來引導(dǎo)，不用thatHe has a son, who is a doctor.(4)當(dāng)先行詞是人，只用 that不用who的情況：a.以who開頭的特殊疑問句，定語從句的先行詞如果 是人，關(guān)系代詞只用 that不用whoWho is the girl that said hello to you just now?b.當(dāng)先行詞

10、既有人也有物時，定語從句只用 that來弓 導(dǎo)They ofter talk about the person and things that they remember.c.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時，只用 that來弓 導(dǎo)He' s c hanged. He is not the man that he was.d.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級修飾時，只用 that.This is the most beautiful lady that I have ever met.e.當(dāng)先行詞是other時，定語從句只用that引導(dǎo)。You can ask the old man or an

11、y other that wasthere at the time.2.先行詞是物時that和which 一般可以互換使用，但有 時不可換用。(1) 下列場合一般用that:a.先行詞是 all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, theone, none等不定代詞We should do all that is useful to the people.The little that I have seen of his work issatisfactory.b.先行詞被序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級以及 first, l

12、ast, any, only, few, much, no,some, very 等詞修飾The first book that I bought in this bookstore is adictionary.The last person that I talked with in London is my girlfriendThe best teacher that I have ever met has gone abroadYou can take any seat that is vacant.c.先行詞有兩個：一個指人，另一個指物I miss all the people a

13、nd places that we visited last summerd.主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句。e. There be 句型中， There is a seat in the corner that is free.f.先行詞為數(shù)詞時Three buildings have been completed, but there are two that are stillunder construction.(2) 下列場合不能用thata.在非限定性定語從句中，即逗號后的定語從句不用 that引導(dǎo)，指人時用 who或whom, 指物時用which.b.在“介詞+關(guān)系代

14、詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中不用that,指人時用whom, 指物時用 which.This is the book about which we are talking.c.先行詞為that, those 時，關(guān)系詞用 which 指物,who指人What ' s that which you have got in your hand?d.兩個定語從句，一個用了 that,另一個則用 which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which wasnewly open to us.e.關(guān)系代詞后有插入語時，只用 wh

15、ichHere are some stamps which I think - you can take away.3 .當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語時，關(guān)系詞可以省略。4 .當(dāng)先行詞指時間，地點，原因(the reason )時，且關(guān) 系詞在從句中作狀語，用when,where, why如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，表語或賓語，則用that或which.I want to visit the place where my mother was born.=I want to visit the place in which my mother was born.I still remember the

16、 years when I studied in the middle school.=I still remember the years in which I studied in the middle school.I don ' t know the reason why he didn ' t agree with us.=I didn ' t know the reason for which he didn ' t agree with us.5 .當(dāng)先行詞是the way,并且關(guān)系詞在從句中作方式狀語 時，可以用that, in which 引導(dǎo)

17、，也可省略。當(dāng)先行詞是time, time 當(dāng)“次數(shù)”講時，用 that引導(dǎo) 定語從句，且that可以省略；當(dāng)time表示“一段時間，時間”講時，定語從句用when或at /during which弓 I導(dǎo)I don ' t like the way (that / in which) he talked to his mother.I can hardly remember how many times (that) I ' ve failed.I ' l never forget the time when / at which we visited your ho

18、metown.6 . 當(dāng)先行詞 family, class, team, army, company 等被當(dāng) 作單數(shù)時，定語從句中用which,被當(dāng)作復(fù)數(shù)時，用 who或whom.The family, which is a large and rich one, was poor.The party, who are all children, have lost their way.7 .當(dāng)先行詞是動物時，定語從句一般用whichThe dog, which he had kept for five years, was killed by someone yesterday.8 . “介

19、詞 + which / whom ”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，常常將介詞前置于 作賓語的關(guān)系詞前，I love the music that I can dance to. = I love the musicto which I can dance.The man who I talked to just now is my brother.=The man to whom I talked just now is my brother.介詞后面的關(guān)系詞指人時只用whom,不能用who或that;指物時只用which,不能用that.注意，并非所有情況下介詞都可以前移

20、，含有介詞的短語動 詞不可拆開，介詞仍需放在動詞后面，如： look for, look after, take care of 等?！敖樵~ + which / whom ”前還可以用some, any, none,all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞，名詞或數(shù)詞等。His sons, both of whom loved music very much, spent most of their money on CDs.The house, the roof of which is blue, will be used as a libra

21、ry.9 .非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不密切，去掉定語從句，句 子的意思仍然完整，形式上用逗號把主句和從句分開，使用 時注意以下幾點：l非限定性定語從句不能用 that引導(dǎo)l非限定性定語從句中的關(guān)系詞不能省略。D . as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的用法1 . as可引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，用于such as .，so .as ., the same .as 結(jié)構(gòu)中。He bought me such a watch as was advertised inthe newspaper.注意： 比較 the same as 和 the same thatHe bought me the sam

22、e watch as I lost last week.他買了一塊和我上星期丟的一樣的表。（一樣，但不是同一個）He bought me the same watch that I lost lastweek.他把我上星期丟的那塊表又買回來了。（同一個）2 .當(dāng)非限定性定語從句的先行詞不是主句中的某一個詞，而是整個主句時，可以用which 或as引導(dǎo)。在以下情況下用as引導(dǎo)：a.從句意思為“正如/正像一樣”b.從句位于句首，構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)：as is well known眾所周知as often happens這種情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生as is often the case情況經(jīng)常這樣as issupp

23、osed如所預(yù)料的一樣as has been pointed out 如所指由 的 as hasbeen said before 如前所說在下面情況經(jīng)常用 which引導(dǎo)：主句和從句表示因果關(guān)系。He lost the game, whichmade us very disappointed.非限定性定語從句是否定意義。He gained a big fortune,which meant nothing to him.E.其他：1 .分隔定語從句：定語從句與先行詞之間被其他成分分 隔開來，這種定語從句叫做分隔定語從句，此時須注意辨別 從句的先行詞。The days are gone when

24、 we suffered so much.The boss of the company, whose name was Mr.Joe, told the story.2 .定語從句的謂語與先行詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。注意：先行詞前有 one of修飾，定語從句的謂語用復(fù) 數(shù)；(not the only one of =one of )先行詞前有the (only) one of修飾時，定語從句的謂語用單數(shù)。Tim is one of the students who are going to studyabroad.(很多學(xué)生由國，Tim 是其中之一)Tim is not the only o

25、ne of the students who aregoing to study abroad.Tim is the one of the students who is going tostudy abroad. (學(xué)生中只有 Tim 一個人由國)現(xiàn)象：1) The girl who dances beautifully gave us a performance that day2) Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?3) She is not the girl that she was three years ago .4) This

26、 is the book that I bought last week.5) I have a house which faces the south .6) He'll read all the books that are sold here.7) These are some questions that I want to askyou .概念：在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞，充當(dāng)定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句翻譯模式：”的”。特點：1） 從句開頭的that, which, who, whom 等叫引導(dǎo)詞 它們的作用是把從句引導(dǎo)由來.2） 在理論上，從句都有引導(dǎo)詞。3） 常見的定語

27、從句的引導(dǎo)詞有that, which, who,who, whose 等。4） 引導(dǎo)詞其實指代它所說明的名詞或代詞。5） 引導(dǎo)詞同時又作定語從句的一個成份（主語 賓語定語狀語）O6） 定語從句一般緊跟在它所說明的名詞或代詞（先行詞）后面（有例外情況）。7） 先行詞指定語從句說明（修飾）的名詞或代詞。引導(dǎo)詞的用法：引導(dǎo)詞指代人（先行詞是人）的情況（主 賓 定）：Do you know the comrade who spoke just now?The boy that/whom I like most is not only tall and handsome but generous.Thi

28、s is the girl whose father is a driver.引導(dǎo)詞指代物（先行詞是物）的情況（主 賓 定）：I have a house which is located on the hillside.This is the book that/which I bought last week.These are some questions that I want to ask youI want to buy the house whose windows are large and red.引導(dǎo)詞作主語的情況：1) The woman who often comes

29、is Tom' smother.2) I have found a man who can repair my watch .3) He is a man who should learn from others .4) The houses which are to be built will be given to young workers.5) They work in factory that makes colour TV sets.引導(dǎo)詞作賓語的情況： I have read all the books that you gave me. This is the best

30、 film that I have ever seen. That is the very computer that I want to buy. He is a man whom we should learn from. I know the man whom you talked to.引導(dǎo)詞作定語的情況： The house whose windows are big is not newly built. Do you know the woman whose daughter is川？引導(dǎo)詞作狀語的情況：引導(dǎo)詞作介詞的賓語的情況：、that / who / whom/ which

31、的用法：引導(dǎo)詞that可以在定語從句中指代人或事物，充當(dāng)主語 或賓語。1) She is not the girl that she was three years ago 2) This is the book that I bought last week.先行詞是人，可以用 who (主語)或whom (賓語)來代 替that ;先行詞是物，可以用 which來代替that.1) Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?2) The TV which you bought is too old.練習(xí)1) I'll never for

32、get the days we spenttogether in the mountains.2) The houses are to be built will begiven to young workers.3) They work in a factory makes cars.4) The woman often comes is Tommother.I know the man you talked to.注意事項1 :(不用that )1)介詞的賓語，不用that2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，不用that1) The desk on there are somebooks are n

33、ewly bought.2) I ' ve lost my pen,I like verymuch.3) Is this the pen with he wrote thefamous book?4) The street along there no trees isnewly built.Which is the door behind Mary is hidden?注意事項2 :(不用 which )1)先行詞是下面的單詞，或者被下面的單詞修飾 /說明/ 限制，不用which :all / few / little / much / none / nothing / someth

34、ing / anything/any / every /no / each / some /any / none of2)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級，不用which3)先行詞前有 the only / the very / the same / thelast,不用 which1) All we have to do everyday ispractising singing.2) In the library there is no book isworth reading.3) I ' ve read all the books you gaveme.4) This is th

35、e best fil m I ' ve ever seen.5) That is the very type of computers Iwant to buy.6) It is not the only dictionary he hasbought.7) Which is the book you boughtyesterday?8) Who is the man is talking with yourfather?9) They were talking about the things and persons they had seen in that school.補(bǔ)充說明

36、：下面情況，要用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句：a)先行詞既有人又有物b)避免重復(fù)二、whose 的用法：指代人或物，在從句中作定語，表示“他 /它的”：He is using a desk whose legs are not of the same length.We all dislike the boy whose father is a manager.1) The house whose windows are big isn' tnewly built.2) Have your called Mrs Liu, whose daughter was also hurt in the

37、 accident?3) Can he be the man whose car has been stolen?三、 when / where / why 的用法：指代表示時間、地點、原因的名詞，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語：1) I'll never forget the days we playedvolleyball on the beach.2) They want to rent a house theykeep their product.3) Does anybody know the reason shedidn ' t come yesterda y?l I doubt

38、 if the reason he told you wastrue.說明the way, 用that,而不用how ;說明 the moment 、 time (day ), 用 that 代 when :1) I thought you were still a student the first time I saw you.2) The moment I saw you I felt something unusual might have happened.3) Can this be the way he dealt with the problem?4) I dislike th

39、e way he spoke to his mother.5) Don ' t stop and use your dictionary every time you come to a new word.四、 (such )as/(the same.) as / as 的用法：表示“象”、“正如”、“就象”，代替一個單詞或者一個句子。1) You can never see the same film wesaw last night.2) Can such a dictionary you have beborrowed from the library?3) He didn &#

40、39; t come,we had expected.4) is known to us all, he is the best boy in our class.、感受定語從句1、 A huge crack cut across houses, roads and canals. The crack was eight kilometers long and thirty metres wide.fA huge crack cut across houses, roads and canals.2. The girl was Jim ' s sister. We saw her yesterday.fThe girl wasJim ' s sister.3. The earthquake was felt in Beijing. Beijing is more than two hundred kilometers away. The earthquake was felt i