Chap02像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語(yǔ)

1、Thinking Like an Economist像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考Chapter 2Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Every field of study has its own terminologyMathematicsaxiomsintegralsvector spacesPsychologyegoidcognitive dissonanceLawtortsvenuesPromissory estoppelHarcourt, Inc. items and

2、derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.每個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語(yǔ)言每個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語(yǔ)言數(shù)學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)公理公理積分積分向量空間向量空間心理學(xué)心理學(xué)自我自我本我本我認(rèn)知的認(rèn)知的不一致性不一致性法律法律侵權(quán)行為侵權(quán)行為案發(fā)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)案發(fā)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)約定的禁止翻約定的禁止翻供供Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Every field of study has its own terminologyEconomicsSupplyDemandElasticity

3、Consumer SurplusComparative advantageOpportunity costDeadweight lossHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.每個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語(yǔ)言每個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語(yǔ)言經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)供給供給需求需求彈性彈性消費(fèi)者剩余消費(fèi)者剩余比較優(yōu)勢(shì)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)機(jī)會(huì)成本機(jī)會(huì)成本無(wú)謂損失無(wú)謂損失Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Economics tr

4、ains you to. . . . uThink in terms of alternatives.uEvaluate the cost of individual and social choices.uExamine and understand how certain events and issues are related.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)訓(xùn)練你經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)訓(xùn)練你. . . . u從不同的角度思考問(wèn)題。從不同的角度思考問(wèn)題。u評(píng)估個(gè)人和社會(huì)選擇的成本。評(píng)估個(gè)

5、人和社會(huì)選擇的成本。u檢查和理解一些事件和問(wèn)題是如何相檢查和理解一些事件和問(wèn)題是如何相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。互關(guān)聯(lián)的。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Economist as a Scientist作為科學(xué)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家作為科學(xué)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家The economic way of thinking . . . 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法uInvolves thinking analytically and objectively. 客觀地分析與思考?？陀^地分析與思考。uMakes use o

6、f the scientific method. 利用利用科學(xué)的方法。科學(xué)的方法。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Scientific MethoduUses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.uDevelops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.Observation, Theory and

7、More Observation!Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.科學(xué)方法科學(xué)方法u利用抽象的模型幫助解釋復(fù)雜的利用抽象的模型幫助解釋復(fù)雜的真實(shí)世界如何運(yùn)行。真實(shí)世界如何運(yùn)行。u形成理論，收集并分析數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)驗(yàn)形成理論，收集并分析數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)驗(yàn)證理論。證理論。觀察, 理論 ，更多的觀察Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Role of Assumptionsu Economists

8、make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand.u The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make.u Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.假設(shè)的作用假設(shè)的作用u 為了使這個(gè)世界更容易理解

9、，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家為了使這個(gè)世界更容易理解，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家做一些假設(shè)。做一些假設(shè)。u 科學(xué)思考的藝術(shù)就是決定作出什么樣的科學(xué)思考的藝術(shù)就是決定作出什么樣的假設(shè)。假設(shè)。u 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用不同的假設(shè)來(lái)回答不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用不同的假設(shè)來(lái)回答不同的問(wèn)題。問(wèn)題。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Economic Way of ThinkinguIncludes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models.u

10、Uses two approaches:uDescriptive (reporting facts, etc.)uAnalytical (abstract reasoning)Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法u利用理論建立抽象的模型，然后進(jìn)利用理論建立抽象的模型，然后進(jìn)一步分析模型。一步分析模型。u利用兩種方法利用兩種方法:u描述性的方法描述性的方法 (報(bào)告實(shí)情等)u分析性的方法分析性的方法 (抽象推理)Harcourt, Inc. items and de

11、rived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Economic Modelsu Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the worldu Two of the most basic economic models include:uThe Circular Flow ModeluThe Production Possibilities FrontierHarcourt, Inc. items and derived item

12、s copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.經(jīng)濟(jì)模型經(jīng)濟(jì)模型u 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用模型來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化真實(shí)世界，使我經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用模型來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化真實(shí)世界，使我們更好地理解這個(gè)世界。們更好地理解這個(gè)世界。u 兩個(gè)最基本的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型是：兩個(gè)最基本的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型是：u循環(huán)流向圖循環(huán)流向圖u生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Circular-Flow Model經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖The circular-flow model is a simple

13、way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.循環(huán)流向圖循環(huán)流向圖一個(gè)直觀地說(shuō)明一個(gè)一個(gè)直觀地說(shuō)明一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體內(nèi)家庭和企業(yè)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交易經(jīng)濟(jì)體內(nèi)家庭和企業(yè)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交易行為的簡(jiǎn)單方式。行為的簡(jiǎn)單方式。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Circular-Flow DiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarket for

14、Factors of ProductionMarket for Goods and ServicesSpendingRevenueWages, rent, and profitIncomeGoods & Services soldGoods & Services boughtLabor, land, and capitalInputs for productionHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖企業(yè)企業(yè)家庭家庭生產(chǎn)要素生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)市場(chǎng)物品與勞務(wù)物品與

15、勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)市場(chǎng)支出支出收入收入工資、租金工資、租金和利潤(rùn)和利潤(rùn)收入收入銷售商品銷售商品和服務(wù)和服務(wù)購(gòu)買商品購(gòu)買商品和服務(wù)和服務(wù)勞動(dòng)、土地勞動(dòng)、土地和資本和資本生產(chǎn)投入生產(chǎn)投入Figure 1 The Circular FlowCopyright 2004 South-WesternSpendingGoods andservicesboughtRevenueGoodsand servicessoldLabor, land,and capitalIncome = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of dollarsFactors ofproductionWages

16、, rent,and profit FIRMSProduce and sellgoods and servicesHire and use factorsof production Buy and consumegoods and servicesOwn and sell factorsof productionHOUSEHOLDS Households sellFirms buyMARKETSFORFACTORS OF PRODUCTION Firms sellHouseholds buyMARKETSFORGOODS AND SERVICESHarcourt, Inc. items and

17、 derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Circular-Flow DiagramHouseholdsu Buy and consume goods and servicesu Own and sell factors of productionFirmsu Produce and sell goods and servicesu Hire and use factors of productionHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, I

18、nc.經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖家庭家庭u 購(gòu)買并消費(fèi)物品與勞務(wù)購(gòu)買并消費(fèi)物品與勞務(wù)u 擁有并出售所有生產(chǎn)要素?fù)碛胁⒊鍪鬯猩a(chǎn)要素企業(yè)企業(yè)u 生產(chǎn)并出售物品與勞務(wù)生產(chǎn)并出售物品與勞務(wù)u 雇傭并使用生產(chǎn)要素雇傭并使用生產(chǎn)要素Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Circular-Flow DiagramMarkets for Factors of Productionu Households sellu Firms buyMarkets for Goods & Servic

19、esu Firms sellu Households buyHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)u 家庭出售家庭出售u 企業(yè)購(gòu)買企業(yè)購(gòu)買物品與勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)物品與勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)u 企業(yè)出售企業(yè)出售u 家庭購(gòu)買家庭購(gòu)買Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Circular-Flow Diagram經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖Factors of Produc

20、tion 生產(chǎn)要素生產(chǎn)要素u Inputs used to produce goods and services 用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入u Land, labor, and capital 土地、勞動(dòng)和資本土地、勞動(dòng)和資本Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Production Possibilities FrontierThe production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various

21、 combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 表示一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)在表示一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)在可得到的生產(chǎn)要素與生產(chǎn)技術(shù)既定時(shí)可得到的生產(chǎn)要素與生產(chǎn)技術(shù)既定時(shí)所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量的各種組合的圖形。所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量的各種組合的圖形。 Ha

22、rcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Production Possibilities Frontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界Quantity ofComputersProducedQuantity ofCars Produced3,0001,0002,0002,200A70060030001,000BCDProductionpossibilitiesfrontier電腦產(chǎn)量電腦產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量生產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)可能性邊界可能性邊界Harcourt, Inc. items and der

23、ived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities FrontieruEfficiencyuTradeoffsuOpportunity CostuEconomic GrowthHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界闡明的概念生產(chǎn)可能性邊界闡明的概念u效率效率u權(quán)衡取舍權(quán)衡取舍u機(jī)會(huì)成本機(jī)會(huì)成本u經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)Harcourt, Inc.

24、items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.4,000The Production Possibilities FrontierQuantity of ComputersProducedQuantity ofCars Produced3,0002,000A70001,000E2,100750An outward shift in the production possibilities frontierHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcou

25、rt, Inc.4,000生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)量計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量3,0002,000A70001,000E2,100750生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界向外移動(dòng)向外移動(dòng)Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsuMicroeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy.uHow households and firms make decisi

26、ons and how they interact in specific marketsuMacroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.uHow the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)u微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 的研究對(duì)象是經(jīng)濟(jì)中的個(gè)體的研究對(duì)象是經(jīng)濟(jì)中的個(gè)體。u家庭和企業(yè)如何作出決策，以及他

27、們?nèi)绾卧诩彝ズ推髽I(yè)如何作出決策，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ㄊ袌?chǎng)上相互交易。特定市場(chǎng)上相互交易。u宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 研究經(jīng)濟(jì)總體現(xiàn)象。研究經(jīng)濟(jì)總體現(xiàn)象。u從總體上看，各種市場(chǎng)在國(guó)家水平上如何相從總體上看，各種市場(chǎng)在國(guó)家水平上如何相互影響?；ビ绊?。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Two Roles of Economists經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的兩個(gè)角色經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的兩個(gè)角色uWhen they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. 當(dāng)他們

28、努力去解釋世界時(shí)，他們是科學(xué)家。當(dāng)他們努力去解釋世界時(shí)，他們是科學(xué)家。uWhen they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers. 當(dāng)他們想要改變世界時(shí)，他們是政策顧問(wèn)。當(dāng)他們想要改變世界時(shí)，他們是政策顧問(wèn)。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Positive versus Normative AnalysisuPositive statements are statements that describe the wo

29、rld as it is.uCalled descriptive analysisuNormative statements are statements about how the world should be.uCalled prescriptive analysisHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.實(shí)證分析與規(guī)范分析實(shí)證分析與規(guī)范分析u實(shí)證表述實(shí)證表述 是企圖描述世界是什么的是企圖描述世界是什么的觀點(diǎn)。觀點(diǎn)。u被稱為描述性分析。被稱為描述性分析。u規(guī)范表述規(guī)范表述 是企圖描述世界

30、應(yīng)該如何是企圖描述世界應(yīng)該如何運(yùn)行的觀點(diǎn)。運(yùn)行的觀點(diǎn)。u被稱為命令性分析。被稱為命令性分析。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.提高最低工資水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致最低技能提高最低工資水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致最低技能工人的就業(yè)

31、減少。工人的就業(yè)減少。Positive 實(shí)證性實(shí)證性Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase.較高的聯(lián)邦赤字水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致利率上升。較高的聯(lián)邦赤字水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致利率上升。Positive 實(shí)證性實(shí)證性Harcourt, Inc. items and deri

32、ved items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.提高最低工資水平得到的利益比由此提高最低工資水平得到的利益比由此帶來(lái)的稍微的就業(yè)減少造成的損失大帶來(lái)的稍微的就業(yè)減少造成的損失大Positive 規(guī)范性規(guī)范性Harcourt, Inc. items an

33、d derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses among the poor.應(yīng)該允許州政府向煙草公司收取費(fèi)用，用于治應(yīng)該允許州政府向煙草公司收取費(fèi)用，用于治療窮人當(dāng)中與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病的費(fèi)用。療窮人當(dāng)中與

34、吸煙有關(guān)的疾病的費(fèi)用。Positive 規(guī)范性規(guī)范性Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Economists in Washington . . . . . serve as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:uLegislativeuExecutiveuJudicialHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 b

35、y Harcourt, Inc.華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家 . . . . .在以下三個(gè)政府部門的政策在以下三個(gè)政府部門的政策制定過(guò)程中充當(dāng)顧問(wèn)：制定過(guò)程中充當(dāng)顧問(wèn)：u立法立法u行政行政u司法司法Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Economists in WashingtonnSome government agencies that collect economic data and make economic policy:Department of Commerce htt

36、p:/Bureau of Labor Statistics Congressional Budget Office Federal Reserve Board Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.華盛頓華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家n一些一些收集收集經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)并制定經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的政府部經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)并制定經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的政府部門門:商務(wù)部商務(wù)部 http:/merce.g

37、ov勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局 國(guó)會(huì)國(guó)會(huì)預(yù)算辦公室預(yù)算辦公室 聯(lián)邦聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備委員會(huì)儲(chǔ)備委員會(huì) Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Why Economists Disagree為什么經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家意見(jiàn)分歧為什么經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家意見(jiàn)分歧uThey may disagree on theories about how the world works. 對(duì)關(guān)于世界如何運(yùn)行的理論的正確性看法不同。

38、對(duì)關(guān)于世界如何運(yùn)行的理論的正確性看法不同。uThey may hold different values and, thus, different normative views. 他們可能有不同的價(jià)值觀，因此就有不同的規(guī)范性他們可能有不同的價(jià)值觀，因此就有不同的規(guī)范性觀點(diǎn)。觀點(diǎn)。Table 2 Ten Propositions about Which Most Economists AgreeHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直同意的大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直同意的10個(gè)主張個(gè)

39、主張主張以及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家同意的百分比主張以及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家同意的百分比1. 租金上限減少了可得到的住房數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。（租金上限減少了可得到的住房數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。（93）2. 關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口配額通常降低了普遍的經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。（關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口配額通常降低了普遍的經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。（93）3. 有伸縮性和浮動(dòng)性的匯率提供了一種有效的國(guó)際貨幣協(xié)定。（有伸縮性和浮動(dòng)性的匯率提供了一種有效的國(guó)際貨幣協(xié)定。（90）4. 財(cái)政政策財(cái)政政策 例如，減稅和（或）增加政府支出例如，減稅和（或）增加政府支出 對(duì)低于充分就業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)有重對(duì)低于充分就業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)有重要的刺激效應(yīng)。（要的刺激效應(yīng)。（90）5. 如果要平衡聯(lián)邦預(yù)算，應(yīng)該在經(jīng)濟(jì)周期中而不是每年中來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)

40、。（如果要平衡聯(lián)邦預(yù)算，應(yīng)該在經(jīng)濟(jì)周期中而不是每年中來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。（85）6. 現(xiàn)金轉(zhuǎn)移支付使領(lǐng)取者福利的增加大于等量現(xiàn)金的實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付。（現(xiàn)金轉(zhuǎn)移支付使領(lǐng)取者福利的增加大于等量現(xiàn)金的實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付。（84）7. 巨額聯(lián)邦預(yù)算赤字對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)有不利影響。（巨額聯(lián)邦預(yù)算赤字對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)有不利影響。（83）8. 最低工資增加了年輕人和不熟練工人中的失業(yè)。（最低工資增加了年輕人和不熟練工人中的失業(yè)。（79）9. 政府應(yīng)該按政府應(yīng)該按“負(fù)所得稅負(fù)所得稅”的思路重建福利制度。（的思路重建福利制度。（79）10. 排污稅和可交易的污染許可證作為控制污染的方法優(yōu)于實(shí)行污染上限。排污稅和可交易的污染許可證作為控制污染的方法優(yōu)于實(shí)

41、行污染上限。（78）Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.SummaryuEconomists try to address their subjects with a scientists objectivity.uThey make appropriate assumptions and build simplified models in order to understand the world around them.uTwo simple economic models are

42、the circular-flow diagram and the production possibilities frontier.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.小結(jié)小結(jié)u經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家像科學(xué)家一樣客觀地來(lái)像科學(xué)家一樣客觀地來(lái)研究他們的學(xué)科研究他們的學(xué)科。u為了理解周圍的世界，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家進(jìn)行適當(dāng)為了理解周圍的世界，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)募僭O(shè)并建立簡(jiǎn)單的模型。的假設(shè)并建立簡(jiǎn)單的模型。u兩個(gè)兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型是經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖和生產(chǎn)簡(jiǎn)單的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型是經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖和生產(chǎn)可能性邊界?？赡苄赃吔?。Har

43、court, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.SummaryuThe field of economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.uMicroeconomists study decisionmaking by households and firms in the marketplace.u Macroeconomists study the forces and trends that affe

44、ct the economy as a whole.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.小結(jié)小結(jié)u經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。u微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究市場(chǎng)中的家庭和企業(yè)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究市場(chǎng)中的家庭和企業(yè)所作的決策。所作的決策。u宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量和趨勢(shì)。和趨勢(shì)。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcour

45、t, Inc.SummaryuEconomics relies on both positive and normative analysis.uPositive statements is an assertion about how the world “is”。unormative statements is an assertion about how the world “ought to be”.uWhen economists make normative statements, they are acting more as policy advisors than scien

46、tists.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.小結(jié)小結(jié)u經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)依賴實(shí)證分析和規(guī)范分析。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)依賴實(shí)證分析和規(guī)范分析。u實(shí)證表述是關(guān)于世界實(shí)證表述是關(guān)于世界是什么是什么的論斷。的論斷。u規(guī)范表述是關(guān)于世界規(guī)范表述是關(guān)于世界應(yīng)該是什么應(yīng)該是什么的論的論斷。斷。u當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家做規(guī)范性表述時(shí)，與其說(shuō)當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家做規(guī)范性表述時(shí)，與其說(shuō)其是科學(xué)家，不如說(shuō)其是政策顧問(wèn)。其是科學(xué)家，不如說(shuō)其是政策顧問(wèn)。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001

47、 by Harcourt, Inc.SummaryuEconomists who advise policymakers may offer conflicting advice either because of differences in scientific judgments or because of differences in valuesuAt other times, economists are united in the advice they offer, but policymakers may choose to ignore it.Harcourt, Inc.

48、items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.小結(jié)小結(jié)u給給政策制定者提供建議的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家提出政策制定者提供建議的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家提出相互沖突的建議，這是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)判斷的相互沖突的建議，這是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)判斷的不同，或者是價(jià)值觀的不同。不同，或者是價(jià)值觀的不同。u在在其他一些時(shí)候，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家在他們提供其他一些時(shí)候，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家在他們提供的建議上相互一直，但是政策制訂者可的建議上相互一直，但是政策制訂者可能選擇不采納。能選擇不采納。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harco

49、urt, Inc.Graphical ReviewHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Government (41%)Government (41%)Other (4%)Other (4%)Individuals (23%)Individuals (23%)Private Insurers (32%)Private Insurers (32%)( (a) Pie Charta) Pie ChartProductivity Index (farmProductivity Index (far

50、moutput per hour of labor,output per hour of labor,1977 = 100)1977 = 100)10010080806060404020200 0160160120120140140( (c) Time-Series Graphc) Time-Series Graph19501950196019601970197019801980199019901996 1996 Value Value (in(inbillions of dollars)billions of dollars)GeneralGeneralElectricElectric($126 ($1