畢業(yè)論文牛仔布染色工藝和質(zhì)量控制

1、廣東職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)綜合實踐報告題 目： 牛仔布染色工藝和質(zhì)量控制 類 型： 畢業(yè)論文 專 業(yè)： 現(xiàn)代紡織技術(shù)與貿(mào)易 班 級： xxxxxx 學(xué)生姓名： xxxxx 指導(dǎo)教師： 完成時間： 2014年5月29日 摘 要本文介紹了牛仔布（Denim）的染料分類及生產(chǎn)情況，闡述了牛仔布的靛藍染色原料及其特征，研究了其染色設(shè)備及染色新工藝，并進一步分析了影響牛仔布染色質(zhì)量的因素，提出了相關(guān)的解決措施，以提高牛仔布的染色質(zhì)量。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過選擇科學(xué)染色工藝及在線監(jiān)測控制，可減少色差、色斑、色不穩(wěn)定等質(zhì)量問題。關(guān)鍵詞：牛仔布；靛藍染料；硫化染料；染色設(shè)備；染色工藝目 錄1牛仔布的概述11.1牛仔布的發(fā)展

2、工藝1牛仔布按染色染料分類21.2牛仔布的生產(chǎn)過程2經(jīng)紗的各步驟的要求23牛仔布的染色33.1牛仔布的原材料（靛藍染色）3靛藍的染色原理3靛藍的染色特征43.2牛仔布紗的染色設(shè)備4繩染機或稱球經(jīng)染色機4經(jīng)紗片狀染色機54牛仔布染色新工藝54.1牛仔布的經(jīng)紗染色的改變54.2染色聯(lián)合機的改革54.3雙色或多色經(jīng)紗牛仔布的發(fā)展65牛仔布染色過程中可能出現(xiàn)的問題及質(zhì)量控制65.1設(shè)備對色光的影響65.2染液液面的影響65.3色差問題65.4 PH值的問題75.5色穩(wěn)定性75.6染色后出現(xiàn)色斑86結(jié)論8致 謝9參考文獻9牛仔布的染色工藝和質(zhì)量控制 1牛仔布的概述世界上的第一條牛仔布就是從美國的三藩市開

3、始的，把原來用來制作帳篷的粗糙帆布，為當(dāng)時的礦工制造了第一條Levis牛仔褲，一種堅韌耐用的工作服，因十分符合工人們的需求而迅速的發(fā)展起來，從此牛仔布的市場也開始運行起來了。牛仔布(Denim)也 叫作丹寧布、堅固呢，始于美國西部，放牧人員用以制作衣褲而得名。最初是一種較粗厚的色織經(jīng)面斜紋棉布，一般為靛藍色，又稱靛藍勞動布。牛仔布以全棉為主，也發(fā)展采用多種原料結(jié)構(gòu)，有棉、毛、絲麻天然纖維混紡，也有化纖混紡，以及用彈力紗、緊捻紗、花色紗等作原料。氨綸絲的含量越高彈力越大。組織結(jié)構(gòu)一般為斜紋（2/1、3/1、1/3）、破斜紋，經(jīng)向緊度大于緯向。1.1牛仔布的發(fā)展工藝 牛仔布的發(fā)展是經(jīng)過一系列的改革

4、潮流演變而來的，從最初的整理工藝不經(jīng)水洗到現(xiàn)代的經(jīng)酶洗的一個階段，而紡紗的工藝從最開始的環(huán)錠紡到現(xiàn)在的氣流紡和環(huán)錠紡的雙結(jié)合，這可謂是質(zhì)的飛越。如表1-1所示。 表1-1牛仔布的發(fā)展歷史年份19501972197319971980198719881989 整理工藝不經(jīng)水洗水洗漂洗重洗石洗酸洗砂洗酶洗紡紗工藝環(huán)錠紡環(huán)錠紡/氣流紡氣流紡氣流紡氣流紡氣流紡氣流紡氣流紡/環(huán)錠紡牛仔布按染色染料分類牛仔布的分類可以分為以下幾類，按牛仔布布重分類，按原料分類，按紡紗方法分類，按染色染料分類，按布樣彈性分類，按加工方法及工藝分類，按組織分類。對于顏色這一方面來說，可按染料來進行分類（如表12）來進行細分。表

5、1-2牛仔布按染色染料分類分類染色方法或工藝產(chǎn)品特點靛藍色經(jīng)紗用靛藍染色屬牛仔布主色調(diào)特深藍牛仔布超靛藍染色比常規(guī)顏色深濃磨洗色牢度好什色經(jīng)紗用還原、硫化染料染色加工成各種色彩牛仔布套色利用兩種染料套染色調(diào)朦朧含蓄或呈閃色，屬高附加值牛仔布1.2牛仔布的生產(chǎn)過程經(jīng)紗絡(luò)筒整經(jīng)漿染穿經(jīng)織造后整理檢驗成包緯紗絡(luò)筒-織造染色方法多數(shù)采用靛藍染色進行氧化還原反應(yīng)染漿聯(lián)合機：工序簡單、投資費用少球經(jīng)染色上漿：高檔牛仔布經(jīng)紗的各步驟的要求絡(luò)筒的意義改變卷裝形式，清除紗疵改善紗線張力，均勻卷繞密度，減少筒腳紗（如整經(jīng)工藝要求整批換筒）。整經(jīng)方式分批整經(jīng)和球經(jīng)整經(jīng)。染色與漿紗球經(jīng)染色機和染漿聯(lián)合機。染色工藝流程

6、經(jīng)紗球潤濕處理溫水洗滌（1-2道）浸軋染色氧化（6-8道）溫水洗滌（2-3道） 柔軟劑處理（1-2道） 烘干落紗卷裝于儲紗筒后整理坯布 燒毛上漿整緯預(yù)烘橡毯預(yù)縮呢毯烘燥成品檢驗包裝彈力牛仔布后整理的工藝流程坯布 燒毛浸軋滅火橡毯預(yù)縮呢毯烘燥熱定型鎮(zhèn)定布幅成品檢驗包裝3牛仔布的染色3.1牛仔布的原材料（靛藍染色）牛仔布的染色是以經(jīng)紗染色為主。這種染色，最早采用古老的天然靛藍染料，由于天然資源的限制，現(xiàn)已采用合成靛藍染料替代。靛藍染料屬于還原染料，本身是非水溶性的，在堿性條件下用還原劑還原后，形成與纖維有親和力的水溶性形態(tài)一隱色體上染纖維再通過氧化過程，隱色體變?yōu)椴蝗苄缘难趸?，牢固地固著于纖維內(nèi)

7、部，完成上染過程。其性狀可分為1、不溶于水和酒精，溶于熱苯胺溶液或濃醋酸。2、在濃硫酸中呈黃光綠色，濃硝酸中呈紅光黃色形成靛紅。3、加熱至170，成紫紅色氣體，出現(xiàn)升華現(xiàn)象而不分解。4、還原后的堿性隱色體呈澄清的金黃色，酸性狀態(tài)為不溶于水的白色物。5、在密閉容器中干餾，分解為苯胺。靛藍的染色原理靛藍染料的特點是牢度好，色澤艷亮。靛藍染料還是一種還原染料，需要采用還原劑（一般用保險粉，即連二亞硫酸鈉或硫酸氫鈉）和堿處理使其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭扇艿碾[色體形式，才能進行棉經(jīng)紗染色，并將浸軋和中間透風(fēng)相結(jié)合。 但是靛藍染料上染率低，原因主要有兩方面一方面，染色時，靛藍染料在燒堿和保險粉作用下呈陰離子性的

8、隱色體，每個染料分子上含有兩個隱色酸基團，與纖維素纖維陰離子同性相斥，因而不容易被吸附。另一方面，靛藍染料分子結(jié)構(gòu)呈非線性，與纖維素纖維親和力小，易造成表面染色。在纖維素纖維分子中引入陽離子或弱陽離子基團，如含氨基的陽離子化合物，使纖維素纖維的表面陽離子化，使其與呈負電性的靛藍染料陰離子隱色體產(chǎn)生互相吸引，可有效提高靛藍染料的上染速率和最終上染率，同時改善染色牢度。由于靛藍染料的色譜不全，它只有一個藍色，因此黑色和其他雜色的牛仔布一般是用硫化染料染色而成。硫化染料是含有硝基和氨基的有機化合物，大部分在高溫中與硫和硫化鈉應(yīng)而成。許多硫化染料無一定的化學(xué)分子式，結(jié)構(gòu)與還原染料相似。也可單獨應(yīng)用保險

9、粉或二氧化硫作還原劑。靛藍的染色特征1. 不能直接染色，還原成堿性隱色體上染。因為靛藍屬于還原染料，要經(jīng)堿性還原成隱色體才能上染纖維。（還原染料不溶于水，含有羰基結(jié)構(gòu)，染色時，需在堿性還原液中還原成可溶于水的鈉鹽結(jié)構(gòu)的隱色體而上染纖維。染料隱色體在纖維上經(jīng)氧化后，回復(fù)成不溶性的染料固著于纖維）。2. 還原性能容易還原，還原電位-760mv3. 還原速率靛藍還原速率較慢，與氧化還原電位沒有直接關(guān)系。表示還原速率的參數(shù)為半還原時間。半還原時間即是染料還原到平衡濃度一半時所需的時間。（影響還原速率的因素1、靛藍的顆粒細度越細，接觸面積越大，還原速率高;保險粉和NAOH濃度越高，溫度越高，還原速率就高

10、）。4. 可皂煮性與蒽醌染料不同，氧化后已呈晶體態(tài)，不必皂煮。5. 酸堿度影響呈堿性。6. 染色溫度低溫染色型，20 左右染色最好，超過40 時上色率下降。7. 親和力較低，親和力常數(shù)=3.5（一般染料30200）。8. 氧化性氧化較快，在隱色體狀態(tài)，幾分鐘可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿玖稀?. 染色速率靛藍染色速率較慢，常會出現(xiàn)染色不足的現(xiàn)象，上染率10%。即染色濃度為10%，一般才上色1%。，故采取多次浸軋方式。3.2牛仔布紗的染色設(shè)備繩染機或稱球經(jīng)染色機此種染色方法已有160年的歷史，它是經(jīng)過這幾種程序運行的，經(jīng)紗筒子球經(jīng)整經(jīng)球經(jīng)染色重新整經(jīng)（制成色紗經(jīng)軸）漿紗（制成織軸）。此種設(shè)備車速高、產(chǎn)量大，由于經(jīng)紗

11、成繩束狀染色，擠壓滲透好，因而勻染質(zhì)量較好。但由于工序多、流程長，有設(shè)備投資大、人工費高的缺點。其優(yōu)點是染色速度高。最高達36m/min，較一般染漿機高50%以上。染色質(zhì)量好。色澤、色光透染程度均勻一致，色差少，并可徹底解決兩邊與中間的色澤差異問題，且色牢度好。漿軸質(zhì)量好。染色、上漿分別進行，不互相影響，對上漿控制有利，上漿質(zhì)量較染漿機好，布機效率高，下機質(zhì)量好。經(jīng)紗片狀染色機此種染色方法開發(fā)于1934年，可以與漿紗工藝連接成染漿聯(lián)合機。染色機一般為11個槽 ，其中包括潤濕、染色、水洗氧化等工序。染漿聯(lián)合機有工序簡單 、投資少等優(yōu)點，但經(jīng)紗勻染性不及繩染機好，產(chǎn)量不及繩染機高。4牛仔布染色新工

12、藝4.1牛仔布的經(jīng)紗染色的改變牛仔布的經(jīng)紗染色由單一的靛藍染料染色和硫化染料染色，已發(fā)展到相互套色,如靛藍染料打底色，硫化染料套色或硫化染料打底色，靛藍染料套色。以及用硫化染料打底靛藍染料套色再硫化染料套色，形成復(fù)合式染色。用不同的服裝洗水方法，達到立體視覺效果。不過這種顏色上的改革在一定的程度上會導(dǎo)致色光控制難度大，容易出現(xiàn)色差。4.2染色聯(lián)合機的改革新型的高速滾染聯(lián)合機，它是在原先漿染聯(lián)合機的基礎(chǔ)上進行了很大的改進，使其更加適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)的需要和變化。能適應(yīng)更多的花色品種，提高生產(chǎn)的質(zhì)量和效率。其機的特點在于可整機自動同步運行，其中軋輥變成電動機拖動，設(shè)有手動調(diào)速，另外一點在于后車經(jīng)軸架與染色機

13、之間增加了一個能容納長為80至100米的儲紗架。4.3雙色或多色經(jīng)紗牛仔布的發(fā)展雙色或多色經(jīng)紗牛仔布也是近兩年開發(fā)新的染色技術(shù)，片狀染色機和束狀染色機均可以生產(chǎn)，片狀染色機可采取分片染色，束狀染色機可采取分缸染色。雙色或多色牛仔布可選不同顏色組合，達到不同的視覺效果。牛仔布廠可采取設(shè)備束染機改造后循環(huán)染色達到16次浸一軋一透風(fēng)。5牛仔布染色過程中可能出現(xiàn)的問題及質(zhì)量控制5.1設(shè)備對色光的影響與設(shè)備的開車穩(wěn)定性有關(guān)，如車速、烘燥條件、升降溫速度、壓力控制等。設(shè)備工藝控制穩(wěn)定，就能從設(shè)備上保證染色色光穩(wěn)定，保證重現(xiàn)性。另外一方面由于染液的酸堿度、還原劑用量掌握不當(dāng)所致。比如靛藍染色是在堿性條件下進

14、行的，染液酸堿度的波動也會影響保險粉作用的發(fā)揮，所以實際生產(chǎn)中要不斷對染液的pH值進行測定。另外，保險粉的保存溫度應(yīng)該保持在1923為宜，色光才能得到保證。5.2染液液面的影響在牛仔布經(jīng)紗實際染色過程中，由于環(huán)境溫濕度的變化而導(dǎo)致片紗在透風(fēng)氧化中水分揮發(fā)也有較明顯的變化，從而使得染槽內(nèi)染液液面的上下波動。雖然還原母液按一定流量補充染槽后，能與染料的消耗保持平衡，但這并不等于染槽內(nèi)染液體積保持平衡。經(jīng)過測試紗線每次氧化時水分揮發(fā)率占紗質(zhì)量的6左右，故還原母液補充應(yīng)等于染紗的各種消耗，以保持染液體積不變。在保證靛藍濃度及液面穩(wěn)定的情況下，染液中保險粉、燒堿也要處于相對平衡。經(jīng)過測試，理論量值應(yīng)為：

15、m(靛藍)：m(保險粉)：m(燒堿)=1：O66：061。在實際生產(chǎn)中，依據(jù)還原母液的補充速率算出保險粉、燒堿的補給速率。5.3色差問題色差問題(前后色差)染色濃度、燒堿和保險粉補充量計算不準(zhǔn)（邊中色差）設(shè)備不良操作不當(dāng)經(jīng)紗排列不勻。可以采用染色促進劑來解決勻染性差的問題。將 KD一8處理棉紗和未處理棉紗染 l6道，比較其染色KS值的差異，結(jié)果如（表1-3）。 表 1-3棉紗整理前后染料上染情況對比染色道數(shù)KS值未處理棉紗KD-8處理棉紗1道6.2115.112道10.3120.313道14.6723.094道17.8926.515道21.9027.856道22.8229.92表 13中，經(jīng)

16、KD8（染色促進劑）處理的棉紗，染3道即可達到傳統(tǒng)工藝染6道的KS值，繼續(xù)增加染色次數(shù)，KS值還可繼續(xù)提高，但提高幅度有所減小。試驗發(fā)現(xiàn) ，經(jīng) KD一8處理的棉紗容易染花。因為其一，染料隱色體和纖維 的直接性顯著增大，造成紗線表面染料吸附不均衡；其二，纖維上 引人了大量陽離子基團形成染座，與染料隱色體分子牢固結(jié)合，移染性差。通過減少染浴內(nèi)染料、燒堿和保險粉的用量，可以解決勻染性差的問題。5.4 PH值的問題棉紗染色前后有色差，很大程度上與PH的大小有著一定的關(guān)聯(lián)。單離子形式的靛藍染料在纖維表面具有良好的親和力和較高的染色上染率，但這又降低了染料在紗芯內(nèi)的滲透，在使紗線表面得色量大大增加。當(dāng)采用

17、高pH值時，以雙離子形式的靛藍染料將具有低的親和力，并因此在紗芯內(nèi)有較大的染料滲透和較低的紗線表面得色率。因此在靛藍染色過程中，pH值隨時間發(fā)生的變化會影響得色量以及后續(xù)靛藍染色紗線的洗凈性能。 5.5色穩(wěn)定性色穩(wěn)定性是影響染色質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵。如果色穩(wěn)定控制不好，就會在整個布面上表現(xiàn)出色差或色檔，最終將影響成品的質(zhì)量。紗束與染液接觸的時間是影響色穩(wěn)定的主要因素。染色機的速度要均勻，染槽液面要保持穩(wěn)定一 致，應(yīng)盡量做到染液補充量等于染液的消耗量，以保持槽內(nèi)染液體積不變。在染色過程中要嚴格控制燒堿和保險粉的含量。隨著染色的進行，紗束通過染浴槽后會帶走一部分保險粉，在空氣中干燥分解，即使在染液

18、中保險也會分解，致使染液中保險粉的濃度下降，從而影響色穩(wěn)定。5.6染色后出現(xiàn)色斑原紗配棉過程中，單根雜纖維混入，造成上染不一，布面上表現(xiàn)出發(fā)白的斑點又或者是整經(jīng)張力設(shè)定過大造成紗線松弛時自捻成“辮子結(jié)”，染色時“辮子”沒有打開，無法均勻染色，在重新整經(jīng)的時候由于張力的作用，“辮子結(jié)”被拉開形成白點，或是原紗捻度不勻造成上染不勻。解決辦法：提高原紗配棉質(zhì)量；控制整經(jīng)張力；整經(jīng)停機時間適當(dāng)延長，穩(wěn)定開車速度；保持上染速度適當(dāng)，染液溫度不能太高和及時清潔染槽軋液輥。6結(jié)論牛仔布是否完美首先要看染料的合理選擇，這個可以改變傳統(tǒng)單一的藍黑風(fēng)格，使得牛仔布更趨向于多樣化和時尚化。選擇科學(xué)染色工藝及在線監(jiān)測

19、控制，是保證牛仔布的染色 穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)鍵；染色工藝對牛仔布的染色牢度起到至關(guān)重要的作用，染色設(shè)備是新工藝新技術(shù)的保證，要嚴格控制染色工的每一個環(huán)節(jié)，以減少色差、色斑、色不穩(wěn)定等質(zhì)量問題 。在現(xiàn)階段來說，牛仔布的市場還是會挺有發(fā)展的空間，可以選擇改良牛仔布型的運動褲，外面的一層可以跟牛仔褲的外面一樣，里面則是采取運動材料，這樣既能滿足現(xiàn)代人對牛仔布單一的追尋，有能滿足他們在運動方面的要求。在于牛仔布的顏色上也能有多項選擇。致 謝通過這次牛仔布的染色工藝及其工藝質(zhì)量控制，使得我在整個牛仔布的染色過程有了深刻的理解。另外，特別對指導(dǎo)老師何曉霞表示深深的感謝，因為她在我的論文的各個方面提供了很多的幫助。

20、參考文獻1 張成會，相鷹維勞夫特保萊絨棉保暖牛仔布的生產(chǎn)實踐J上海紡織科技，2009(1)：30-32.2 劉金樹，崔淑玲牛仔布減污染色工藝J印染，201O(13)：27-29.3 薛志成如何提高牛仔布的染色質(zhì)量J染整技術(shù)，2009(6)：29-31.4 朱超華，邱滔，徐圃清等牛仔布染色廢水中靛藍染料回收技術(shù)研究J環(huán)境科學(xué)與技術(shù)，2010(4)：137-140.5 杭偉明環(huán)保型固色劑 G合成機理和固色機理初探J國外絲綢，1999(5)：37-40為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請您刪除以下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2 Many people have the same mixed feelings

21、 when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計參考資料，請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued af

22、ter the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy t

23、raffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that you' ll wait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to o

24、nly see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming "Golden Week" it may not be a

25、bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains

26、are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, "China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli". It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Rus

27、sian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the br

28、eeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name "Haren Arxan" means "hot holy water&quo

29、t; in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green

30、.  Nestled close to the country's largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth.  You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emo

31、tions.  Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland.  Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around

32、 the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder.  The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the

33、glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as it's time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If it rains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chine

34、se will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seven

35、th lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old

36、cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first s

37、ight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zh

38、inu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulang's misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on

39、a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even

40、 the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the co

41、nstellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or &

42、quot;Daughters' Festival." In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding

43、 a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, part

44、icularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentine's Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the "Chinese Valentine's Day." M

45、ore and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls

46、. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying "Sales on Chinese Valentine's Day!" in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale o

47、f exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. As APEC 

48、;is going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merc

49、hants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special h

50、appening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up.

51、 But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous.

52、 Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”w

53、ell, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautifu

54、l flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond ros

55、es beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I g

56、ot what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct.  And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and whats worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after