高考英語閱讀理解題型突破——事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

1、09二輪專題1:閱讀理解題型專項(xiàng)突破之二事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)畫川高級(jí)中學(xué)王文華【命題特點(diǎn)】所謂細(xì)節(jié)題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對(duì)原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題，即在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who,what,when,where,why和how等提問或用與此相類似的詞填空(說明文和敘述文的思考題有相當(dāng)一部分是此類題)；及語義轉(zhuǎn)化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論。)抓住文段中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵，也是做好其它類型問題的基礎(chǔ)?！境Ｒ娍挤ā?) When/Wheredidthestoryhappen?

2、2) Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)correct?3) Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)mentionedinthepassage?4) Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?5) Allthestatementsaretrueexcept.該題型幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關(guān)的信息，或是其變體。所以，搜查信息在閱讀中非常重要，它包括理解作者在敘述某事時(shí)使用的具體事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表等細(xì)節(jié)信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都屬于這類圍繞主體展開的細(xì)節(jié)。做這

3、類題一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出答案。弄清細(xì)節(jié)、準(zhǔn)確獲取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。一、排序題此類試題的考查形式是在選項(xiàng)中列舉一些具體的事實(shí)，然后對(duì)上面的事實(shí)進(jìn)行排序。要求考生根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序、時(shí)間順序以及句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展的正確順序?？忌梢韵日页鲎钤绲囊粋€(gè)時(shí)間和事件，把它作為事件發(fā)生的具體點(diǎn)，然后使用排除法將范圍縮小，從而快速地選出正確答案。例1:Inthe19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,lad

4、iesworelongbathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuits.Womendidnotwalkaboutonthebeach(沙灘)intheirbathingdresses.Theyhiredabathingmachine.Abathingmachinewasusedforchangingin,andfortakingthebatherdowntothesea.Itcost2pence(便士)tohireamachineandanattendant（侍者）.Whenshehadpaid,thebatherclimbedupthebackstepsandgot

5、intothebathingmachine.Thenshechangedintoherbathingdress.Whenshehadchanged,themachinewaspulleddowntothesea.Thebathingmachinestopedinthewaterandthebatherwentdownthefrontstepsintothewater.Ifshedidnotwanttogetintothesea,theattendantpulledherin.（1996NMET）In19thcenturypeoplewhousedthebathingmachineusually

6、didthefollowingthings.Whichistherightorderfordoingthem?a.Changingintobathingclothesb.Gettingoutofthebathingmachinec.Paying2penced.Gettingintothebathingmachinee.Beingtakendownthebeachf.GettingintothewaterA.e,d,a,b,f,cB.c,d,a,e,b,fC.c,d,e,a,b,fD.d,a,e,b,f,c分析：答案B題目要求找出利用bathingmachine游泳的程序，顯然，租用一個(gè)bath

7、ingmachine是要先付錢的，所以c就是第一個(gè)動(dòng)作，下水f應(yīng)該是最后一個(gè)動(dòng)作了。這樣用排除法就可以排除A和D項(xiàng)。再看B和C項(xiàng)，從第一段倒數(shù)第三句可知先a后e,故選B。二、計(jì)算題計(jì)算題也是近幾年高考中?？嫉膬?nèi)容，此類試題是在文章中直接表現(xiàn)出來細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，有的要經(jīng)過具體的計(jì)算才能夠得出正確的答案。具體的計(jì)算題可以是對(duì)年代的計(jì)算、月份的計(jì)算或比例的計(jì)算等。文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字，它們對(duì)解題產(chǎn)生一定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先來理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過對(duì)比、分析、計(jì)算等就能夠得出正確的答案了。例2:DegreeWeofferawidechoiceofbachelor'degrees（學(xué)位

8、）forinternationalstudents,whichincludes:Arts,CommunicationStudies,SocialSciences,etc.BachelorofMusicandBachelorofEducationareonlyforNewZealandcitizens,forfurtherinformation:degwaikato.ac.nz.TuitionFees（學(xué)費(fèi)）Tuitionfeesaredifferentfromdepartmenttodepartment,generallyfrom$5,000to$6,000ayear.Forfurtherin

9、formation:tuiwaikato.ac.nz.Accommodation（住宿）Youcanhavearoomina4-bedroomflat,whichwillcostabout$100amonthwithotherregularlivingcostsofabout$150amonthforoneperson.Forfurtherinformation:accwaikato.ac.nzHealthTheStudentHealthServiceprovidesexcellentmedicalservicesforstudents.TheMedicalCentreisopenfiveda

10、ysaweek,includingstudentholidayswithfourdoctor'sandnursestomeetyourmedicalneeds.Forfurtherinformation:healwaikato.ac.nz.SportsTheCentreisagreatplacetohavesportsactivities.Trainedexerciseteacherscanhelpyouworkoutatrainingplanandkeepyouactive.Thesportshallhasvolleyball,basketballandindoorfootballc

11、ourtsandaswimmingpoolaswell.TherearealsoalargenumberofsportsclubsatWaikato.Forfurtherinformation:sportwaikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）YouhavetopayatleastayearifyoustudyattheUniversityofWaikato.A.$5,250B.$8,000C.$9,000D.$11,000分析：B此題為計(jì)算題。我們從所選的這些事實(shí)來看，文章中所說的TuitionFees每年需要from$5,000to$6,000，而a4-bedroomflat,whic

12、hwillcostabout$100amonth,一年需要$1200,另外的otherregularlivingcostsofabout$150amonthforoneperson經(jīng)過計(jì)算可以知道一年需要$1800,加起來一年至少需要$8000。三、圖形題在有圖形試題的閱讀理解中，有的圖形出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解文章中，有的出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中，這些圖片的出現(xiàn)增加了試題的直觀性，同時(shí)也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的信息。在解答此類試題的時(shí)候，一定要把握?qǐng)D形中所暗含的信息，特別是有些事實(shí)是通過圖片來敘述的，我們可以采用按圖尋找正確答案的方法。例3:TheChannelIslandsareagroupofBritish-o

13、wnedislandslyingintheEnglishChannel（海峽）,10to30milesofftheFrenchcoast,and70to90milesfromtheEnglishcoast.Therearetenislandswithatotallandareaof75squaremilesandatotalpopulationof123,000.Thethreelargestislands,Jersey,Guernsey,andAlderney,havelongbeenknownforthefinebreeds（品種）ofcattlethatareraisedontheman

14、dnamedafterthem.InearliestknownhistorytheislandswereconsideredpartofNormandy,whichwaspartofFrance,buttherulerofNormandybecamekingofEnglandin1066,andfromthenontheislandswerelookeduponasBritishland.EnglishcontrolwasunbrokenuntilWorldWarII,whentheGermansheldtheislandsforfiveyears.Althoughpeopleontheisl

15、andsspeakbothlanguagesandtheyareconsideredEnglish,theircustomsaremoreFrenchthanEnglish.（2000年匕京春季）WhichofthefollowingmapsgivestherightpositionoftheChannelIslands?Br=BritainFr=FranceCh=ChannelIslands分析：C這是一道識(shí)圖題。從第一段：TheChannelIslandsareagroupofBritish-ownedislandslyingintheEnglishChannel（海峽）,10to30mi

16、lesofftheFrenchcoast,and70to90milesfromtheEnglishcoast.可以推斷選項(xiàng)C正確地表達(dá)了TheChannelIslands的位置四、其它類型例4:TristandaCunha,a38-square-mileisland,isthefarthestinhabitedislandintheworld,accordingtotheGuinnessBookofRecords.Itis1,510milessouthwestofitsnearestneighbor,St.Helena,and1,950mileswestofAfrica.Discoveredb

17、ythePortugueseadmiral（葡萄牙海軍上將）ofthesamenamein1506,andsettledin1810,theislandbelongstoGreatBritainandhasapopulationofafewhundred.Cominginaclosesecond-andoftenwronglymentionedasthemostdistantlandisEasterIsland,whichlies1,260mileseastofitsnearestneighbor,PitcairnIsland,and2,300mileswestofSouthAmerica.T

18、hemountainous64-square-mileislandwassettledaroundthe5thcentury,supposedlybypeoplewhowerelostatsea.Theyhadnoconnectionwiththeoutsideworldformorethanathousandyears,givingthemplentyoftimetobuildmorethan1,000hugestonefigures,calledmoai,forwhichtheislandismostfamous.OnEasterSunday,1772,however,settlersfr

19、omHollandmovedinandgavetheislanditsname.Today,2,000peopleliveontheChileanterritory(智利領(lǐng)土).Theyshareonstreet,asmallairport,andafewhoursoftelevisionperday.(2003年全國)ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthattheislandofTristandaCunha.A.wasnamedafteritsdiscovererB.gotitsnamefromHollandsettlersC.wasnamedbytheBritishgov

20、ernmentD.gotitsnamefromtheGuinnessBookofRecords分析：本篇選材涉及地理，為我們介紹了兩座最為偏遠(yuǎn)的小島(farthest/mostdistantinhabitedislands),為吉尼斯大全(GuinnessBookofRecords)所認(rèn)定的TristandaCunha;另一為復(fù)活島(Easterlsland).文中出現(xiàn)了比較多的專有名詞.本題問及TristandaCunha小島的命名.如能通過瀏覽把握本文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，則可看出，關(guān)于該島的內(nèi)容都在第1段：運(yùn)用尋讀(SCANNING)技巧可以找到與本題相關(guān)的線索(關(guān)鍵詞name)出現(xiàn)在該段結(jié)尾句里，

21、通讀全句可以得出答案：DiscoveredbythePortugueseadmiralofthesamename(astheisland).與選項(xiàng)A一致.答案AWhichofthefollowingismostfamousformoai?A.TristandaCunha.B.PitcairnIsland.C.EasterIsland.D.St.Helena.分析：本題涉及關(guān)于moai(=stonefigures)的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)問題：其所在地.4個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為島名，因此不能依此線索查找.要按題干中所問，從第3段里找到moai所在的島；但這里僅提到theisland,循此線索往上追尋：(3段結(jié)尾)thei

22、sland=(3段開頭)themountainous64-squaremilesland=(2段中)Easterlsland，即為答案.答案CWhichcountrydoesEasterIslandbelongto?A.Britain.B.Holland.C.Portugal.D.Chile.分析:本題考查復(fù)活島今日的歸屬問題.題干提問中使用的現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)也是不容忽視的.問的是現(xiàn)在"情況，不是過去.第4段中間提到Today,.Chileanterritory,與答案D吻合.另外3個(gè)國家中，有的與此島并不相干(A.Britain;C.Portugal);有的則只是歷史上的過客(B.Holl

23、and).最大干擾項(xiàng)為B項(xiàng).這些誤選者顯然只注意了短文結(jié)尾段中的OnEasterSunday,1722,however,settlersfromHollandmovedinandgavetheislanditsname,去口忽略了其中的時(shí)間因素，同樣，也沒能對(duì)于緊接此后的Today,2,000peopleliveontheChileanterritory予以足夠關(guān)注，對(duì)于時(shí)態(tài)變化所傳遞的信息差異意識(shí)不夠?qū)е铝诉@些考生在理解上的偏差，因而失誤.答案：D例5:Whenshelookedahead.FlorenceChadwicksawnothingbutasolidwalloffog.Herbod

24、ywasnumb.Shehadbeenswimmingfornearlysixteenhours.AlreadyshewasthefirstwomantoswimtheEnglishChannelinbothdirections.Nowattheageof34,hergoalwastobecomethefirstwomantoswimfromCatalinatotheCaliforniacoast.OnthatfourthofJulymorning1952,theseawaslikeanicebathandthefogwassodense.Shecouldhardlyseehersupport

25、boats.Sharkscruisedtowardherfigure,onlytobedrivenawaybyrifleshots.Againstthefrigidgripofthesea,shestruggledon,hourafterhour,whilemillionswatchedonnationaltelevision.AlongsideFlorenceinoneoftheboats,hermotherandheretrainerofferedencouragement.Theytoldheritwasn'tmuchfarther.Butallshecouldseewasfog

26、.Theyurgedhernottoquit.Sheneverhad-untilthen.Withonlyahalfmiletogo,sheaskedtobepulledout.Whatdoes"sheneverhad"inthethirdparagraphmeanA.Shehadneverbeensodesperate.B.Shehadneverthoughtofgivingitup.C.Shehadneverseensuchthickfog.D.Shehadneverswumacrossthestraitbefore.分析：根據(jù)上下文theyurgedhernottoq

27、uit,以及withonlyahalfmiletogo,sheaskedtobepulledout.可以推斷出，她當(dāng)時(shí)并沒有想放棄，只不過是后來情況變化了。答案：B例6:Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker-itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocess（過程）issimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,goodthinkers.ThegreatmathematicianJohnvonNeumannwasoneofthefoundersofgametheory.Inparticular,heshowedthatallgamesfallintotwoclasses;therearewhathecalledgamesof'perfectinformation',gameslikechesswheretheplayersc