今日食品科學(xué)課程期(末)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案

1、.北京聯(lián)合大學(xué)應(yīng)用文理學(xué)院今日食品科學(xué)課程期（末）評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案（20082009學(xué)年 第1學(xué)期） 生物技術(shù)/食品質(zhì)量與安全 專業(yè) 2005 年級 本R ?？?A卷R B卷 C卷開課單位： 生物學(xué)系 班級或班數(shù)： 2 命題人： 惠伯棣 一、 英譯中題（本大題共1個小題，80個填空，每個填空0.25分，共20分）1、請將下列英文的中文譯文填入空格中ScoreEnglish Chinese0.25Laboratory apparatus實驗室器皿0.25Beaker燒杯0.25Bottle瓶0.25Flask燒杯0.25Round-bottom flask園底燒瓶0.25Plain-botto

2、m flask平底燒瓶0.25Filter flask抽濾瓶0.25Conical flask錐形瓶0.25Triangle flask三角瓶0.25Test tube試管0.25Test tube with cap具塞試管0.25Centrifuge tube離心管0.25Eppendorf tube EP管0.25Tube rack試管架0.25Test tube clamp試管夾0.25Thermometer溫度計0.25Para-film石蠟?zāi)?.25Scissors剪刀0.25Cutter切割刀0.25Lab log實驗紀(jì)錄0.25Label 標(biāo)簽0.25Stand鐵架臺0.25Ri

3、ng鐵圈0.25Butterfly clamp蝴蝶夾0.25Clamp holder支架0.25Universal clamp萬能夾0.25Volumetric cylinder量筒0.25Graduated cylinder量筒0.25Funnel漏斗0.25Filter funnel過濾漏斗0.25Buchner Funnel布氏漏斗0.25Separation funnel with stopper分液漏斗0.25Wash bottle洗瓶0.25Bensen burner本生燈0.25Alcohol burner酒精燈0.25Crucible with cover坩堝及蓋0.25Cru

4、cible tongs坩堝鉗0.25B. pipette巴斯得滴管0.25Dropping pipette滴管0.25Graduated pipette移液管0.25Foodstuff食材0.25Almond杏仁0.25Apple蘋果0.25Apple Juice蘋果汁0.25Apricot杏0.25Bacon咸肉0.25Bakery陪考食品0.25Bamboo shoot竹筍0.25Banana香蕉0.25Barbecued pork 叉燒0.25Bean sprout豆芽 0.25Beef 牛肉0.25Beer啤酒0.25Bitter黑啤酒0.25Blueberry藍(lán)莓0.25Brandy

5、 白蘭地0.25Bread面包0.25Brown rice 糙米（硬米） 0.25Brown sugar 砂糖0.25Butter黃油0.25Cake 蛋糕0.25Canned foods罐頭食品0.25Carp 鯉魚0.25Cereals谷物0.25Cheese奶酪0.25Cherry櫻桃0.25Chestnut栗子0.25Chicken 雞肉0.25Chicken breast 雞胸肉 0.25Chicken ham雞火腿0.25Chicken leg 大雞腿 0.25Chicken wing雞翅膀 0.25Chilly辣椒0.25Chocolate巧克力0.25Cider蘋果汁/蘋果酒0

6、.25Cocoa 可可 0.25Coconut椰子0.25Coconut milk椰奶0.25Cod鱈魚 0.25GMO轉(zhuǎn)基因生物二、選擇填空題（本大題共17個小題，64個選擇填空，每個空0.25分，共16分）2、We are living in the ( c ) age of biology. The largest and best-equipped community of scientists in history is beginning to solve biological ( a ) that once seemed unsolvable. We are moving eve

7、r closer to understanding how a single cell becomes a plant or animal; how plants trap solar energy and store that energy in food; how organisms network in biological communities such as forests; and how the great diversity of life on Earth evolved from the first microbes. Exploring life has never b

8、een more exhilarating. a. puzzles b. problems c. golden d. starting 3、Until the past decade, most biologists divided the diversity of life into five main groups, or kingdoms. The most familiar two are the plant and animal kingdoms. But new methods, such as comparisons of DNA among organisms, have le

9、d to an ongoing reassessment of the number and boundaries of ( b ). Various classification schemes are now based on six, eight, or more kingdoms. But as the debate continues on the kingdom level, there is broader consensus that the kingdoms of life can now be assigned to three even higher levels of

10、classification called ( c ).The three domains are named Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The first two domains, Bacteria and Archaea, recognize two very different groups of organisms that have prokaryotic cells. In the five-kingdom system, these prokaryotes were combined in a single kingdom. But newe

11、r evidence suggests that the organisms known as archaea are actually more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to bacteria. a. speciesb. kingdoms c. domainsd. family4、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Apple Pie1蘋果派 0.252Assorted Pickles2泡菜什錦0.253Baked Bun4鹽焗雞0.254Baked Chicken in Salt3烤饅頭5、ScoreN

12、o.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Chinese cuisine2燒餅0.252Sesame Cake 1中餐0.253Appetizers3頭盤0.254Apple in Hot Toffee4拔絲蘋果6、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Baked Corn Cake 1貼餅子0.252Baked potato3蔥油餅0.253Baked Scallion Pancake2烘馬鈴薯 0.254Baked Wheat Cake4火燒7、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251BBQ Chicken Leg 4皮蛋豆腐0.252Bea

13、ncurd 2豆腐0.253Beancurd Omelette3鍋塌豆腐0.254Beancurd with Preserved Eggs1燒烤雞腿 8、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Beef2牛肉漢堡包 0.252Beef Burger 1牛肉0.253Beef Seasoned with Soy Sauce4紅燴牛肉 0.254Beef Stew3醬牛肉9、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Beijing Roast Duck4白切雞0.252Birthday Bun with Bean Paste Filling 3酸湯桂魚0.25

14、3Boiled Mandarin Fish in Sour-Soup2壽桃0.254Boiled Chicken with Sauce1北京烤鴨10、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Boiled dumplings 3鹽水鴨 0.252Boiled egg4豆花0.253Boiled salted duck 1水餃 0.254Braised beancurd2煮蛋11、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Braised Beef with Potatoes2紅酒燴雞 0.252Braised Chicken with Red Wine 3德州

15、扒雞0.253Braised Chicken, Dezhou Style1牛肉燉土豆0.254Braised Mushroom and Bamboo Shoots4燒二冬12、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Braised Shanghai Greens and Mushrooms 1北菇扒菜心0.252Bread4包子0.253Brown bread2面包0.254Bun3黑面包 13、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Buttered toast2蝴蝶酥 0.252Butterfly Cookies1奶油土司 0.253Crispy r

16、ice3鍋巴 0.254cheese cake4酪餅 14、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Chef's Salad 1廚師沙拉0.252Chicken Curry2咖喱雞 0.253Chocolate Cookies4巧克力木司 0.254Chocolate Mousse3巧克力曲奇 15、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Cold Dishes1冷餐0.252Cold Noodles3粥0.253Congee2涼面0.254Crispy Pigeon4脆皮乳鴿16、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Cr

17、ispy Sugar-Coated Fruit on a Stick3咖喱雞0.252Curry Beef 4油條0.253Curry Chicken1冰糖葫蘆0.254Deep-Fried Dough Sticks 2咖喱牛肉 17、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Deep-Fried Eggplant with Pork Stuffing1炸肉茄合0.252Deep-Fried Fermented beancurd 2炸臭豆腐0.253Deep-Fried Steamed bread3炸饅頭0.254Desserts4甜食18、ScoreNo.EnglishNo

18、.Chinese0.251Donuts4蘿卜干0.252Double Boiled Lamb Soup2清燉羊肉0.253Dough Drop and Assorted Vegetable Soup3疙瘩湯0.254Dried turnip 1多納圈 三、填空題（本大題共2個小題，12個空，每個空1分，共12分）19. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method for making many copies of a specific segment of DNA without using intact cells. The startin

19、g material is a solution of DNA containing the nucleotide sequence targeted for copying. The scientist adds a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, a supply of all four nucleotides, and primers. The primers are short, synthetic molecules of single-stranded DNA that are complementary to the ends of the targ

20、eted DNA. The primers are needed because the DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to a preexisting DNA chain. (1) The DNA is briefly heated to separate its strands and then (2) cooled to allow the primers to bind by hydrogen bonding to the ends of the target sequence, one primer on each strand. (

21、3) Then the DNA polymerase extends the primers, using the longer DNA strands as templates. Within about 5 minutes, the target DNA sequence has been doubled. The solution is then heated again, starting another cycle of strand separation, primer binding, and DNA synthesis. The cycle runs again and aga

22、in, duplicating the targeted sequence many time. 20、When the energy-yielding nutrients, that is, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, are oxidized in the body, energy is captured in a chemical compound known as ATP, which will then release the energy slowly so that it can be used for physical activity

23、, heat production, and metabolic processes. Enzymes, vitamins, and minerals, as well as water, are needed in order for these oxidation reactions to take place. 四、閱讀與理解題（本大題共4個小題，共20分）21、Science and technology are interdependent. New technologies, such as more powerful microscopes and computers, adva

24、nce science. And scientific discoveries can lead to new technologies. In most cases, technology applies scientific discoveries to the development of new goods and services. For example, it was 50 years ago that two scientists, lames Watson and Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA through t

25、he process of science. Their discovery eventually led to a variety of DNA technologies, including the genetic engineering of microorganisms to mass-produce human insulin and the use of DNA fingerprinting for investigating crimes. Perhaps Watson and Crick envisioned that their discovery would someday

26、 inform new technologies, but that probably did not motivate their research, nor could they have predicted exactly what the applications would be. The direction technology takes depends less on the curiosity that drives basic science than it does on the current needs of humans and the changing clima

27、te of culture. Technology has improved our standard of living in many ways, but it is a double-edged sword. Technology that keeps people healthier has enabled the population to grow more than tenfold in the past three centuries, to double to 6 billion in just the past 40 years. The environmental con

28、sequences are sometimes devastating. Acid rain, deforestation, global warming, nuclear accidents, toxic wastes, and extinction of species are just a few of the repercussions of more and more people wielding more and more technology. Science can help us identify such problems and provide insight abou

29、t what course of action may prevent further damage. But solutions to these problems have as much to do with politics, economics, culture, and the values of societies as with science and technology. Now that science and technology have become such powerful functions of society, every thoughtful citiz

30、en has a responsibility to develop a reasonable amount of scientific and technological literacy.Question 1: What is relationship between science and technology? (3 points)Answer:Science and technology are interdependent. (1 point)New technologies advance science although they may have both positive

31、and negative results. (1 point)Scientific discoveries can lead to new technologies. Technology applies new scientific discoveries to develop new products. (1 point)Question 2: Science and technology, which one would you think more important for society? (1 point)Answer:Science is more important for

32、society because it is able to solve problems eventually. (1 point)22、Like many concepts in science, the basic idea of biological evolution can be traced back to the ancient Greeks. About 2500 years ago, the Greek philosopher Anaximander promoted the idea that life arose in water and that simpler for

33、ms of life preceded more complex ones. However, the Greek philosopher Aristotle, whose views had an enormous impact on Western culture, generally held that species are fixed, or permanent, and do not evolve. Judeo-Christian culture fortified this idea with a literal interpretation of the biblical bo

34、ok of Genesis, which tells the story of each form of life being individually created. The idea that all living species are static in form and inhabit an Earth that is only about 6000 years old dominated the cultural climate of the Western world for centuries.In the mid-1700s, the study of fossils, w

35、hich are the imprints or remnants of organisms that lived in the past, began to take form as a branch of science. The study of fossils led French naturalist Georges Buffon to suggest that Earth might be much older than 6000 years. He also observed some telling similarities between specific fossils a

36、nd certain living animals. In 1766, Buffon proposed the possibility that a species represented by a particular fossil form could be an ancient version of a group of similar living species. Then, in the early 1800s, French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck suggested that the best explanation for this

37、relationship of fossils to current organisms is that life evolves. Lamarck explained evolution as a process of adaptation, the refinement of characteristics that equip organisms to perform successfully in their environments. An example of evolutionary adaptation is the powerful beak of a bird that f

38、eeds by cracking tough seeds.The evolutionary view of life came into focus in 1859 when British biologist Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species. His book developed two main points. First, Darwin marshaled the available evidence in support of the evolutionary view that species living today d

39、escended from ancestral species. Darwin called this process "descent with modification." It is an insightful euphemism for "evolution," as it captures the duality of life's unity (descent) and diversity (modification). In the Darwinian view, for example, the diversity of bear

40、s is based on different modifications of a common ancestor from which all bears descended. As the second main point in The Origin of Species, Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification. He called this process natural selection. Before we examine how natural selection works and how Dar

41、win derived the idea, let's place the Darwinian revolution in its historical setting.The Darwinian view of life contrasts sharply with one that sees a relatively young Earth populated by millions of unrelated species. The Origin of Species was truly radical for its time. Not only did it challeng

42、e prevailing scientific views; it also shook the deepest roots of Western culture.Question 1: What were the basic ideas of species arisen by the Greek philosopher Aristotle and Judeo-Christian culture? (3 points)Answer:a. Aristotle: species were fixed. (1 point)b. Judeo-Christian culture: ¨ Spe

43、cies were individually created. (1 point)¨ Species were static in form. (1 point)Question 2: What was major difference between Darwin s and Larmarks view? (4 points)Answer: a. Lamarck: ¨ Life evolves. (1 point)¨ Evolution was a process of adaptation. (1 point)b. Darwin:¨ Species

44、living today descended and modified from ancestral species. (1point) ¨ Mechanism for descent with modification was natural selection. (1 point) 23、The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning "to know." Science is a way of knowing. It developed from our curiosity about oursel

45、ves and the world around us. This basic human drive to understand is manifest in two main scientific approaches: discovery science and hypothesis-driven science. Most scientists practice a combination of these two forms of inquiry.The observations of discovery science engage inquiring minds to ask q

46、uestions and seek explanations. Ideally, such investigation consists of what is called the scientific method. As a formal process of inquiry, the scientific method consists of a series of steps, but few scientists adhere rigidly to this prescription. While it would be misleading to reduce science to

47、 a stereo-typed method, we can identify the key element of the method that drives most modern science. It is called hypothetic-deductive reasoning, or more simply hypothesis-driven science.A hypothesis is a tentative answer to some question - an explanation on trial. It is usually an educated guess.

48、 We all use hypotheses in solving everyday problems. Let's say, for example, that your flashlight fails during a camp-out. That's an observation. The question is obvious: Why doesn't the flashlight work? A reasonable hypothesis based on past experience is that the batteries in the flashl

49、ight are dead. The deductive in hypothetic-deductive reasoning refers to the use of deductive logic to test hypotheses. Deduction contrasts with induction, which, remember, is reasoning from a set of specific observations to reach a general conclusion. In deduction, the reasoning flows in the opposi

50、te direction, from the general to the specific. From general premises, we extrapolate to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true. If all organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction about

51、 a specific case).In the process of science, the deduction usually takes the form of predictions about what outcomes of experiments or observations we should expect if particular hypothesis (premise) is correct. We then test the hypothesis by performing the experiment to see whether or not the resul

52、ts are as predicted. This deductive testing takes the form of "If. . . then" logic:¨ Observation: My flashlight doesn't work.¨ Question: What's wrong with my flashlight?¨ Hypothesis: The flashlight's batteries are dead.¨ Prediction: This hypothesis is correc

53、t,¨ Experiment: and I replace the batteries with new ones,¨ Predicted result: then the flashlight should work.Let's say the flashlight still doesn't work. We can test an alternative hypothesis if new flashlight bulbs are available. We could also blame the dead flashlight on campgro

54、und ghosts playing tricks, but that hypothesis is untestable and therefore outside the realm of science.Question 1: What are two main scientific approaches for basic human drive to understand? (2 points)Answer: a. Discovery science (1 point)b. Hypothesis-driven science (1 point)Question 2: What is t

55、he function of hypothesis in hypothesis-driven science study? (3 points)Answer:a. Answer to question (1 point)b. Explanation on trial (1 point)c. Guess (1 point)Question 3: What was the example given in paragraph to explain deductive logic? (1 point)Answer:Human is made of cells. (1 point)Question 4

56、: What was the example given in paragraph to explain hypothesis- driven science study? (1 point)Answer: Flashlight fail (1 point)24、France in the late 1790s was at war and having difficulty feeding its people. Napoleon's fighting forces had a diet of putrid meat and other items of poor quality. The fo