計算機專業(yè)英語

1、 PC (Personal Computer)個人計算機 CPU (Central Processing Unit)中央處理器 RAM (Random-Access memory)隨機存儲器 ROM (Read-Only Memory)只讀存儲器 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)基本輸入輸出系統(tǒng) IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) 智能磁盤設(shè)備 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 外部設(shè)備接口 SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)小型計算機系統(tǒng)接

2、口 CD-ROM (Compact Disc, Read-Only Memory)只讀光盤 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) 電可擦除只讀存儲器 DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc, Read-Only Memory) 只讀數(shù)字化視頻光盤 USB (Universal Serial Bus)通用串行總線 LAN (Local Area Network)局域網(wǎng) DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)數(shù)字線用戶 VDSL (Very high bit-rate D

3、SL)甚高位率數(shù)字線用戶 POST (Power-On Self-Test)開機自檢 TFT(Thin-Film Transistro) 薄膜晶體管 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 液晶顯示屏 CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) 陰極射線管 DLP(Digital Light Processing) 數(shù)字光處理技術(shù) LCoS(Liquid Crystal On Silicon) 硅基液晶（也縮寫為LCOS） SED(Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display) 表面?zhèn)鲗?dǎo)電子發(fā)射顯示 OLED(Organic Light

4、-Emitting Diode) 有機發(fā)光二極管 PDP(Plasma Display Panel) 等離子顯示器 OS (Operating System)操作系統(tǒng) API (Application Program Interface)應(yīng)用程序接口 RTOS (Real-Time Operating System)實時操作系統(tǒng) BASIC(Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) BASIC語言（初學(xué)者通用指令碼） JIT(Just-In-Time compilation) 即時編譯 VM (Virtual Machine) 虛擬機 G

5、UI (graphical user interface)圖形用戶界面 URL (Uniform Resource Locator) 統(tǒng)一資源定位符 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)傳輸控制協(xié)議 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)用戶數(shù)據(jù)報協(xié)議 IP (Internet Protocol)網(wǎng)際協(xié)議 JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)Java數(shù)據(jù)庫連接 SDK (Software Development Kit) 軟件開發(fā)工具包 SQL(Structured Query Language) 結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言

6、 IBM(International Business Machines Corporation)國際商用機器公司 ANSI(American National Standards Institute) 美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會 ISO(International Organization for Standardization)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織 DBMS(Database Management System) 數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng) RDBMS(Relational Database Management System )關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng) ODBMS(Object-oriented Database Ma

7、nagement System)面向?qū)ο蟮臄?shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng) IMS(Information Management System)信息管理系統(tǒng) CICS(Customer Information Control System)客戶信息管理系統(tǒng) DDBMS(Distributed Database Management System)分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)Lesson 1 How PCS work When you mention the word “technology”，most people think about computers 當(dāng)提到“技術(shù)”這個詞時，大多數(shù)人就會想到計算機。 Virtu

8、ally every facet of our lives has some computerized component Virtually 事實上 facet 方面 Computer computerized計算機化 Component 組成部分，部件 實際上，生活中的每一方面都有許多計算機化的成分。 The appliances in our homes have microprocessors built into them，as do our televisions Even our cars have a computer Appliance設(shè)備裝置 built into裝入 as

9、 do例如 家庭中的許多用品(如電視機)都裝有微處理器。甚至我們的汽車中也有計算機。 1 But the computer （that everyone thinks of first） is typically the personal computer, or PC. 本句中that everyone thinks of first是一個限定性定語從句，修飾和限定the computer。that在從句中作賓語，可以省略。 or引導(dǎo)同義詞或說明語，意思是“或者說, 即”。 但是大家首先想到的計算機通常是個人計算機，即PC。Lesson 2 Visual Display Unit 1A vi

10、sual display unit(可視顯示單元) ,often called simply a monitor（監(jiān)視器） or display, is a piece of electrical equipment( which displays images generated from the video output of devices such as computers without producing a permanent record) 本句中，often called simply a monitor or display是一個過去分詞短語，作主語A visual dis

11、play unit 的同位語，對其作補充說明。 a piece of一塊;一張;一片;一件 可視顯示單元通常簡單地被稱為監(jiān)視器或顯示器，它是一個電子設(shè)備，用來顯示由視頻輸出設(shè)備（如計算機）產(chǎn)生的圖像，但不會產(chǎn)生一個永久的記錄。 A newer monitor typically consists of a TFT LCD, with most older monitors based around a cathode ray tube(CRT). TFT(Thin-Film Transistor) 薄膜晶體管 transistor晶體管 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)

12、液晶顯示屏 Crystal晶體 較新的監(jiān)視器通常由TFT LCD組成，而大多數(shù)老式的監(jiān)視器都是基于陰極射線管（CRT）的 The monitor comprises （包含）the display device,simple circuitry （to generate and format a picture from video sent by the signals source）, and usually an enclosure（外殼）. 顯視器包含顯示設(shè)備、（產(chǎn)生和格式化來自信號源發(fā)送的視頻的圖像的）簡單電路，而且通常還有一個外殼。 顯視器包含顯示設(shè)備、簡單電路，而且通常還有一個外

13、殼。簡單電路可以產(chǎn)生和格式化圖像，圖像來自信號源發(fā)送的視頻。 Within the signal source, either（無論） as（作為） an integral section（集成部分） or a modular（模塊） component, there is a display adapter to generate video in a format compatible with（兼容） the monitor. 在信號源中，無論是作為集成部分還是模塊部件，都有一個顯示適配器來產(chǎn)生與監(jiān)視器格式兼容的視頻。 Lesson 3 How Operating Systems Wor

14、k?How Operating Systems Work?操作系統(tǒng)是如何工作的? If you have a computer，then you have heard about operating systems 如果你有計算機，那么就聽說過操作系統(tǒng)。 Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally(通常) comes preloaded with Windows XP laptop膝上電腦；筆記本電腦 preloaded預(yù)裝 你購買的任何一個臺式機或筆記本電腦通常都預(yù)裝了windows XP, Macintosh computers come

15、preloaded with OS X Macintosh蘋果 蘋果計算機預(yù)裝了OS X。 Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems . Corporate公司的 許多公司的服務(wù)器都使用Linux或UNIX操作系統(tǒng)。 The operating system (OS) is the first thing loaded onto the computerwithout the operating system，a computer is useless 操作系統(tǒng)(OS)是最先裝入計算機的軟件沒有操作系統(tǒng)，計算機

16、就沒有使用價值了。Lesson 4 Data StructureData Structure-數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) In computer science, a data struture is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. 在計算機科學(xué)中，數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)就是在計算機中存儲數(shù)據(jù)的方法，以便數(shù)據(jù)可以被有效地使用。 Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used. 通常一

17、個謹(jǐn)慎選擇的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)允許使用最高效的算法。 The choice of the data structure often begins from the choice of an abstract data type. 選擇數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)往往從選擇抽象數(shù)據(jù)類型開始。 A well-designed(設(shè)計優(yōu)良的) data structure allows a variety of (多種)critical (嚴(yán)格)operations to be performed(執(zhí)行), using as few resources, both execution time and memory space,

18、as possible. 一個設(shè)計優(yōu)良的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)允許執(zhí)行多種嚴(yán)格的操作，而使用盡可能少的資源（包括執(zhí)行時間和內(nèi)存空間）。 Data structures are implemented(實現(xiàn)) by a programming language as（以） data types and the references（引用） and operations they provide. 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)由編程語言以數(shù)據(jù)類型、引用及它們所提供的操作來實現(xiàn)。Lesson 5 Computer ProgramComputer Program -計算機程序 Computer programs(also softwa

19、re programs,or just programs)are instructions for a computer. 計算機程序（也叫做軟件程序，或者就叫做程序）是用于計算機的指令。 A computer requires programs to function. 計算機需要程序來工作。 1Moreover, a computer program does not run unless its instructions are executed by a central processor; 本句中，unless its instructions are executed by a c

20、entral processor是一個條件狀語從句。 Unless的意思是“如果不，除非” 而且，除非計算機程序的指令被中央處理器執(zhí)行，否則它就不能運行， however, a program may communicate an algorithm to people without running. 然而，程序不運行也能給人傳達(dá)算法。 Computer programs are usually executable(可執(zhí)行的) programs or the source code from which executable programs are derived（產(chǎn)生得到）(e.g.

21、compiled). 計算機程序通常是可執(zhí)行程序或能夠產(chǎn)生（如經(jīng)過編譯）可執(zhí)行程序的源代碼。Lesson 6 C Language C was developed in the early 1970s，and it has grown into a very popular language now C語言的開發(fā)始于20世紀(jì)70年代初期，現(xiàn)在它已經(jīng)成為非常流行的語言。 C might best be described as a “medium level language” C語言也許最合適被稱為“中級語言”。 Like a true high level language，there is

22、 a one-to-many relationship between a C statement and the machine language instructions (it is compiled into) compile編譯 像真正的高級語言一樣，一條C語句與它被編譯成的機器語言指令之間是一對多的關(guān)系。 Thus，a language like C gives you far more programming leverage than a low level assembly language leverage手段 assembly language匯編語言 因此，像C這樣的語

23、言的編程手段遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于低級的匯編語言。 1However，compared to most high level languages，C has a very small set of constructs compared to與相比 constructs結(jié)構(gòu) 一般來說，compare with 的意思是“將與.比較”，強調(diào)比較兩者（同類、性質(zhì)相同）的不同處。Compare to 的意思是“將.比作.”， 兩者不同類，性質(zhì)不同，某一點有相似處。但有時作“將與.比較”解時，用compare with/to 均可。如： 然而，與大多數(shù)高級語言相比，C語言的結(jié)構(gòu)非常小。 In addition，(u

24、nlike most high level languages)，C let you easily do chores (such as bit and pointer manipulation) additionally performed by assembly languages Chore困難的工作 manipulation操作 Additionally加之，又，還 另外，與大多數(shù)高級語言不同，C語言還使操作者易于完成由匯編語言執(zhí)行的工作(如位與指針操作)。 Therefore，C is an especially good tool to use for developing ope

25、rating systems (such as the UNIX operating system)，or other system software 因此，C語言是開發(fā)操作系統(tǒng)(如UNIX操作系統(tǒng))或其他系統(tǒng)軟件的特別好的工具。Lesson 7 About the Java Technology About the Java Technology 關(guān)于Java 技術(shù) Java technology is both a programming language and a platform Java技術(shù)既是一種編程語言，也是一個平臺。 1.The Java Programming Langua

26、ge Java.編程語言 The Java programming language is a high-level language that can be characterized by all of the following buzzwords(術(shù)語): Java 編程語言是一種高級語言，其特點可以用以下術(shù)語來描述： Simple 簡單 Architecture neutral 體系中立 Object oriented 面向?qū)ο?Portable 可移植 Distributed 分布式的 High performance 高性能 Interpreted 解釋的 Multithread

27、ed 多線程 Robust 健壯的 Dynamic 動態(tài)的 Secure 安全的Lesson 8 Basic Concepts Database Database數(shù)據(jù)庫 A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated . 數(shù)據(jù)庫是信息的集合，這些信息被組織起來以便易于訪問、管理和更新。 Databases can be classified according to types of content: biblio

28、graphic full-text, numeric and images. 數(shù)據(jù)庫可以按照其內(nèi)容分類以下幾類：書籍目錄數(shù)據(jù)庫、全文本數(shù)據(jù)庫、數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫和圖像數(shù)據(jù)庫。 1 But the computer （that everyone thinks of first） is typically the personal computer, or PC.本句中that everyone thinks of first是一個限定性定語從句，修飾和限定the computer。that在從句中作賓語，可以省略。or引導(dǎo)同義詞或說明語，意思是“或者說, 即”。但是大家首先想到的計算機通常是個人計算機，

29、即PC。2 No matter how powerful the components inside your computer are you need a way to interact with them.無論計算機中部件的功能多么強大，都需要一種與它們交互的方法。3 Now that you are familiar with（熟悉）the parts（部件） of a PC, lets see what happens in a typical computer session（運行期）, from the moment you turn the computer on until

30、you shut it down: a typical computer session一個典型的計算機運行期間 Now that you are familiar with the parts of a PC是一個原因狀語從句from the moment you turn the computer on until you shut it down對a typical computer session作進一步補充說明。既然已經(jīng)熟悉了PC中的部件，就讓我們看看在一個典型的計算機運行期間(從打開電源到關(guān)機)中發(fā)生了什么。 4 On many machines, the BIOS display

31、s text describing such data as the amount of memory installed in your computer and the type of hard disk you have. 本句中, describing such data as the amount of memory installed in your computer and the type of hard disk you have是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作定語，修飾和限定text。在該短語中，installed in your computer是一個過去分詞短語，作定語，修飾和限

32、定the amount of memory，you have是一個定語從句，修飾和限定the type of hard disk。對許多計算機來說，BIOS顯示文本信息，這些信息描述如計算機中安裝內(nèi)存的數(shù)量和硬盤類型這樣的數(shù)據(jù)。 5 The word-processing program sends a request to the operating system，which translates the data into a format the printer understands and directs the data from RAM to the appropriate po

33、rt for the printer you requested（請求） 本句中, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，對the operating system進一步補充說明。the printer understands和you requested是定語從句，分別修飾和限定a format及the appropriate port for the printer。 文字處理軟件給操作系統(tǒng)發(fā)送一個請求，操作系統(tǒng)把數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為打印機可以理解的格式，并把RAM中的數(shù)據(jù)引導(dǎo)到所請求的打印機的適當(dāng)端口。1A visual display unit(可視顯示單元) ,often called simply

34、 a monitor（監(jiān)視器） or display, is a piece of electrical equipment( which displays images generated from the video output of devices such as computers without producing a permanent record)本句中，often called simply a monitor or display是一個過去分詞短語，作主語A visual display unit 的同位語，對其作補充說明。 a piece of一塊;一張;一片;一件 可

35、視顯示單元通常簡單地被稱為監(jiān)視器或顯示器，它是一個電子設(shè)備，用來顯示由視頻輸出設(shè)備（如計算機）產(chǎn)生的圖像，但不會產(chǎn)生一個永久的記錄。 2 one problem with this method is that it does not distinguish between the aspect ratios（寬高比，外觀比） of monitors with identical （相同的）diagonal sizes, in spite of the fact that a shape of a given diagonal spans area decreases as it become

36、s less （小于，不接近）square（正方形） .Distinguish的意思是“區(qū)別、區(qū)分”，常與from、between連用。 aspect方面; 方位，方向; ratio比例比率 本句中，that a shape of a given diagonal spans area decreases as it becomes less square .作the fact的同位語，說明其內(nèi)容。 In spite of 不顧，不管，盡管 Shape形狀，面積 這種度量方式的一個問題就是盡管對于一定的對角跨度來說，越不接近正方形時其面積越小，但是它不能區(qū)分顯示器的寬高比與相同的對角尺寸。3T

37、he closer together the pixels are, the sharper （清晰）the image on screen can be. 本句中，“the+比較級，the+比較級”的意思是“越，越” 像素的距離越近，屏幕上的圖像越清晰。4It is common in television or very early computer equipment to use a technique called interlacing（隔行掃描）, in which all the odd-numbered lines of an image are traced(掃描), an

38、d then all the even-numbered lines; the circuitry of such an interlaced display need be capable of only half the speed of a non-interlaced display. 本句中，It是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式to use a technique called interlacing。 in which 是一個非限定性定語從句，對interlacing 作進一步補充說明，which指interlacing 。 be capable of 能夠，易于；可以，允許在電視機

39、和早期計算機中普遍使用隔行掃描技術(shù)，該技術(shù)先掃描圖像的所有奇數(shù)行，然后才是圖像的所有偶數(shù)行。這樣一個隔行掃描顯示器的電路所需的速度只是一個非隔行掃描顯示器的一半。1One of the reasons （operating systems are made out of portable（靈活的） code rather than permanent physical circuits） is （that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device）rather than而不是 permane

40、nt固定的；永久的Physical物理的 modify修改 scrap廢棄operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits，是one of the reasons的同位語； that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device，是一個表語從句，與is 一起構(gòu)成謂語。操作系統(tǒng)由靈活的代碼構(gòu)成，而不是由固定的物理電路構(gòu)成原因之一是，它們可以被修改而無須廢棄整個設(shè)備。2In

41、this capacity，the operating system plays the role of the good parent，making sure that each application gets the necessary resources（ while playing nicely with all the other applications，as well as husbanding the limited capacity of the system to the greatest good of all the users and applications）In

42、 this capacity在這種情況下plays the role扮演的角色 making sure確保nicely精細(xì)地playing nicely with與運行良好husband節(jié)約 to the greatest good最大程度地making sure resources為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作結(jié)果狀語，while applications作現(xiàn)在分詞短語的時間狀語，while表示動作的同時進行，as well as 的意思是“也”，husbanding與playing并列。在這種情況下，操作系統(tǒng)扮演了好父母的角色，確保每一個應(yīng)用都得到它們所需的資源，同時與其他程序運行良好并最大程度地為用

43、戶和程序節(jié)約系統(tǒng)的有限資源。 3A consistent Application Program Interface (API) allows a software developer （to write an application on one computer ）and have a high level of confidence（ that it will run on another computer of the same type，（even if the amount of memory or the quantity of storage is different on t

44、he two machines）consistent統(tǒng)一的 Application Program Interface應(yīng)用程序接口software developer軟件開發(fā)者h(yuǎn)ave a high level of confidence that對很有信心another computer of the same type同類的其他計算機even if即便 the amount of memory內(nèi)存容量quantity of storage存儲量 machines計算機統(tǒng)一的應(yīng)用程序接口(API)使軟件開發(fā)者在一個計算機上寫程序，但(很有信心)可以把它運行在同類的其他計算機上，即便這兩個計算

45、機的內(nèi)存容量不同或存儲量不同也沒有關(guān)系。4In a complex machine（計算機系統(tǒng)），having a part move（運行） more quickly （ just because system resources are available（可用） ）may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at all （because the system is busy） 在本句中，having a part move more quickly just because system resources are availab

46、le是一個動句詞短語，作句子的主語。 just because system resources are available是一個原因狀語從句。 As as .表示比較，意思是“與一樣.”。 at all 用于加強語氣。 原因狀語從句because the system is busy 作動名詞短語having it not move at all的狀語。在復(fù)雜的計算機系統(tǒng)中，僅僅因為系統(tǒng)資源可用就讓某一部分運行較快可能是一個災(zāi)難，這和因為系統(tǒng)忙而不讓其運行的結(jié)果是一樣。1Most languages feature some sort of module（模塊） system, allowi

47、ng data structures to be safely reused in different applications by hiding their verified implementation details behind controlled interfaces. feature作謂語，意思是“具有.的特點”。 allowing .是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作結(jié)果狀語。在該狀語中，by hiding their verified implementation details behind controlled interfaces作方式狀語。大多數(shù)語言具有一些模塊系統(tǒng)的特點，通過

48、把已經(jīng)校驗的實現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)隱藏在控制接口后面，來使數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)安全地重新應(yīng)用于不同的應(yīng)用程序。2 For example, the nullable（可空的） reference, a reference which can be null, is a combination of references and discriminated unions, and the simplest linked data structure ,the linked list, is built from records and nullable references.本句中，a reference which c

49、an be null作the nullable reference的同位語，對其作補充說明。The linked list 作the simplest linked data structure 的同位語。例如，可空引用一個可以是空的引用是引用與可識別聯(lián)合的組合，最簡單的鏈?zhǔn)綌?shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)鏈表是由記錄和可空引用來建立的。3A queue is a particular kind of collection in which the entities（實體；元素） in the collection are kept in order and the principal(or only)operati

50、ons on the collection are the addition of entities to the rear terminal position and removal of entities from the front terminal position. the addition of 的意思是“增加”，removal of 的意思是“刪除”。 terminal末端的;末期的; the rear terminal position最后端； the front terminal position最前端隊列是一種特殊的集合，保存在該集合中的元素有一定的順序，并且該對集合的主要

51、（或唯一）操作是在后端增加元素及在前端刪除元素。4This is equivalent to the requirement（ that whenever an element is added, all elements （that were added before ）have to be removed（ before the new element can be invoked（調(diào)用）. ） 本句中，that whenever 是一個同位語從句，說明the requirement 的具體內(nèi)容，在該從句中，all elements是主語，have to be removed是謂語，whe

52、never an element is added和before the new element can be invoked是兩個狀語從句，修飾謂語，that were added 是一個定語從句，修飾和限定all elements.這等于要求每增加一個元素就必須刪除以前增加的所有元素才能調(diào)用這個新元素。A queue is an example of a linear data structure. 隊列是線性數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的一個范例。1Moreover, a computer program does not run unless its instructions are executed b

53、y a central processor;本句中，unless its instructions are executed by a central processor是一個條件狀語從句。 Unless的意思是“如果不，除非” 而且，除非計算機程序的指令被中央處理器執(zhí)行，否則它就不能運行， 2Interpreting code is slower than running the compiled version because the interpreter must decode each statement each time it is loaded and then perform

54、 the desired（期望的） action.本句中，because the interpreter must decode each statement each time it is loaded and then perform the desired action.是一個原因狀語從句。在該從句中，each time it is loaded是一個時間狀語從句，修飾謂語must decode解釋代碼比運行其編譯版本慢，因為解釋器必須對每次裝入的每個語句解碼，然后才能執(zhí)行期望的操作。3 Upon such a request ,the program is loaded into Ra

55、ndom Access Memory by a computer program called an operating system, where it can be accessed directly by the central processor.本句中，Upon such a request的意思是“根據(jù)這個請求”， called an operating system是一個過去分詞短語，作定語，修飾和限定 a computer program.。where it can be accessed directly by the central processor是一個非限定性定語從句，修飾Random Access Memory，對其作進一步的說明。根據(jù)這個請求，該程序被操作系統(tǒng)裝入到隨機存儲器中，在那里可以被中央處理器直接訪問。4Application software includes middleware（中間件），which couples the system software with the user interface. Couple sth. with的意思是“把與.連接，把同相結(jié)合”。應(yīng)用軟件包括中間件，它把系統(tǒng)軟件與用戶接