2012年高三二輪復習金子般的學案語法部分：虛擬語氣（新人教版）

1、2012年高三一輪復習金子般的學案語法部分：虛擬語氣（新人教版）用來表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議、假設的語氣叫虛擬語氣。(一)if主從句中的虛擬語氣【完成例句】 (1)如果我是你，我會接受邀請的。 If I were you, I should accept the invitation. (2)如果我有空，我就去那兒。If I had time, I would go there. 【結論1】條件與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句謂語用一般過去時(be多用were)主句謂語用 would / should / could / might動詞原形【完成例句】 (3)如果你早點

2、來，你就不會錯過那輛公共汽車了。If you had come earlier, you couldn't / wouldn't have missed the bus. (4)如果他昨天見到了你，他就會還你的書的。If he had seen you yesterday, he would have returned your book. 【結論2】條件與過去事實相反從句謂語用had done主句謂語用would / should / could / mighthave done【完成例句】 (5)萬一明天下雨，運動會就推遲。(事實上明天下雨的可能性不大。)If it sho

3、uld rain / were to rain / rained tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off.(6)萬一杯子掉下來會打碎的。If you dropped / should drop / were to drop the glass, it would break. 【結論3】條件與將來事實相反從句謂語用一般過去時(be多用were)或should 動詞原形 / were to do主句謂語用would / should / could / might動詞原形【疑難1】 含蓄虛擬句(即含有without / but for, otherw

4、ise / or等詞的句子)【例句觀察】 Human beings would die without water. (Human beings would die if there were no water. )I couldn't have succeeded but for your help. (I couldn't have succeeded if you hadn't helped me. )I had no money then. Otherwise I would have bought that book. (If I had had money

5、then, I would have bought that book. )【疑難剖析1】含有without / but for，otherwise / or等詞的句子謂語結構等同于if主從句中主句的謂語結構。與現(xiàn)在或將來事實相反would / should / could / might動詞原形與過去事實相反would / should / could / mighthave done【疑難2】 含有had，should，were這三個詞的虛擬條件狀語從句 Had they had time(If they had had time)， they would have certainly c

6、ome to help us. Should it be fine(If it should be fine)，we would go for an outing. Were I you(If I were you), I would go. 【疑難剖析2】含有had，should，were這三個詞的虛擬條件狀語從句，在正式或書面語言中可將if省略，把had，should，were 提前放到句首，變?yōu)椴糠值寡b?！疽呻y3】 if混合虛擬條件從句(即主從句分別與不同的事實相反) If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing st

7、ill better. If you had followed the teacher's advice, you wouldn't be in hospital. 【疑難剖析3】if假設條件從句謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間與主句所假設的謂語動詞不一致，叫做錯綜條件虛擬語氣。主句和從句的謂語動詞要依照假設的時間而定。(二)用虛擬語氣，從句中謂語時態(tài)相應推后(即用相應的過去時態(tài))的五種句型【完成例句】(7)他多么希望自己是只鳥。How he wishes that he were a bird. (8)我希望昨晚看了那部電影了。 I wish I had seen the film las

8、t night. (9)我們希望有一天能住在月球上。We wish we would live on the moon one day. 【結論1】在動詞wish引導的賓語從句中， 表示不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句必須使用虛擬語氣。表示愿望與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句用一般過去時(did或were)表示愿望與過去事實相反從句用過去完成時(had done)表示愿望實現(xiàn)的可能性很小從句常用could / might / would do【完成例句】(10)我寧可你現(xiàn)在不在我身邊。 I would rather you were not here with me now. (11)我寧可你沒做過那件事。I wo

9、uld rather you hadn't done that. 【結論2】would rather / prefer that從句(從句用虛擬語氣) 表示愿望與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句用一般過去時表示愿望與過去事實相反從句用過去完成時【完成例句】(12)她英語說得好像她就是紐約本地人一樣。She speaks English as though she were a native of New York. 【結論3】as if / though 從句中謂語用相應的過去時態(tài)(等同于wish從句用法)。【完成例句】(13)要是你沒告訴我那個消息就好了。If only you hadn't

10、 told me the news. 【結論4】if only (要是就好了)，句中謂語用相應的過去時態(tài)(等同于wish從句用法)?！就瓿衫洹?(14)我本來可以幫你忙的，即使我當時很忙。Even though I had been very busy then, I would have helped you. (15)即使我現(xiàn)在能跑，我也不會那樣做。Even if I might run, I wouldn't do that. 【結論5】even if / though 從句中的虛擬與現(xiàn)在事實相反用should動詞原形與過去事實相反用had done(三)從句中所用的虛擬語氣結

11、構為should 動詞原形，should可以省略。 【例句觀察】 The doctor suggests I (should) exercise every day. 醫(yī)生建議我每天做運動。(賓語從句) It is suggested that I (should) exercise every day. 我被建議每天做運動。(主語從句)The doctor's suggestion is that I (should) exercise every day. 醫(yī)生給我的建議是每天做運動。(表語從句) The doctor's suggestion that I (should

12、) exercise every day sounds reasonable. 醫(yī)生要我每天做運動的建議聽起來挺合理的。(同位語從句)【結論1】名詞性從句中，表示“建議，命令，要求”等意義時，名詞性從句用(should) 動詞原形。 一個堅持：insist 兩個命令：order, command (名詞是order, recommendation) 三個建議：advise, suggest，propose(名詞是advice, suggestion, proposal)四個要求：demand, require, request, desire(名詞是demand, requirement, r

13、equest, desire) 注意：1. suggest 意為“表明，暗示”時，不用虛擬語氣； 如：His face suggested that he was very sad. 2. insist意為“堅持認為，堅持說”時，不用虛擬語氣； 如：The man insisted my little brother was a thief.【例句觀察】我們應該掌握電腦知識，這是很重要的。It is important that we (should) have a good knowledge of computer science. 你居然沒參加會議，真是可惜。It is a pity t

14、hat you (should) be absent from the meeting. 他竟然是名醫(yī)生，我們很驚訝。We are surprised that he (should) be a doctor. 【結論2】虛擬語氣用在“It's形容詞 / 名詞that”這類句型中，表示說話人“強烈”的感情色彩，此時，從句用should 動詞原形 / should have done (表示動作在過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生)，should 可譯為“應該；居然，竟然”。should 可以省略。 It is important / necessary / strange / surprising / fu

15、nny / natural that從句 It is a pity / a shame / an honour / no wonder that從句 主語 be sorry / disappointed / surprised that從句【例句觀察】以防錯過第一班車，我們一大早就起床了。We got up early for fear that we should miss the first bus. We got up early lest that we should miss the first bus. 【結論3】在in case, for fear (that), lest等引導的狀語從句中，謂語動詞用“should動詞原形”。(四)幾種特殊用法1. 某些簡單句的固定句型Heaven help him!God bless you! May you succeed!Long live