美國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史期末復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、 1. Washington Irv i n g(1783-1859)i. he C o l o n i a l ii. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 關(guān)鍵詞 : America Puritanism Calvinism特點(diǎn)： total depravity. Unconditional election. Limited atonement. Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints Anne Bradstreet( P17 )： a Puritan poet be known“asT

2、he Muse” Thomas Paine： one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. works: “Common Sense” “American Crisis” “ The Rights of Man” “The Age of Reason 理性時(shí)代 Phillip Fren eau( P22)美國(guó)文學(xué)史上的重要人物 daw ning n atio nalis m 代表人物 P oems: The Wild Ho neysucki 野生的金銀花 first modern American & the las

3、t medieval man Jonathan Edwards( Calvinism ) a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening works: “The Freedom of the Will” 自由意志論 “The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended” 偉哉原罪論辯 “The Nature of True Virtue” American Dream” “Self-made” Benjamin Franklin(puritanism) “Poor Richard s Alma nee

4、 “ autobiogra phy 新文學(xué)形式 18th century enlightenment Romanticism titles: “ the father of American literature works: The Sketch Book(marked the beg inning of America n Roma nticism and the beginning of short stories as a genre in American literature) -theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Templ

5、e- -character: Natty Bumppo-innocent, simple, honest and generous,for freedom, against civilization, wilderness is good Judge Temple-just, reasonable, for civilization and law Writi ng style: intriguing plot majestic landscape descriptions rich imagination wooden characterization not authentic diale

6、ct2. 3. the American Goldsmith” 4. 5. Rip Van Winkle (P47P48) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 6. James Fenimore Coope(r 1789-1851) 7. One of the first writer to write America n Westward moveme nt 8. “ The Leatherstocking Tale”s (novel) 9. first is “The Pioneers” 10. -Plot: Nature - “the Manifesto of Ame

7、rican Transcednentalism ”th“eBible of New England ” The Poet (from Nature) The American Scholar -“Intellectual Declaration of Independence Masterpiece:Walden(Failure first, success in the 20th century) Content-a faithful record of his reflection in communicating with nature Theme: -(general theme) e

8、vil and sin exist in human heart and willbe punished one iii. New England Transcendentalism-the culmination of American Romanticism iv. Beg inning of the Transcen de ntalism-1836Nature, Emerson (1830s - the Civil War) v. Features：a:emphasizing on spirit or the Over-so；ubl :stressing the importance o

9、f the individual；c:offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson：The founder of the Transcendentalistclub and the editor for a time of the journalthe Dial 2. Works: 3. Henry David Thoreau 4. 5. 6. Nathaniel Hawthorne 7. The Scarlet Lette”r 8. Plot(P74

10、) day moral, emotional and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general -(specific theme) a hymn on the moral growth of the woman Hester when sinned against symbolism象征主義：“A”一 Adultery able angel pearl”treasure works： Moby Dick (1851)-little response, famous until the 20th century -(gene

11、ral content) an encyclopedia of everything -(specific content) a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming power in an indifferent even hostile world Theme： The death of beauty Sense of loss Works： Poem- “ The Raven ” “ To Helen ” “ Annabel Lee ” Writing style： Musical Repetition of words Paralle

12、led structure Melancholy atmosphere(tone) Short storyShort story-The Fall of the House of Usher Plot： (P112) Theme： the fall of the house-the annihilation (disintegration) and of person 9. Herman Melville 10. 11. Content： 12. Edgar Allan Poe 13. 15. Subject and theme: (almost one third) Death and im

13、mortality My life closed twice before its close Because I could not stop for death theme: Everyone cant live forever. Only immortality (immortality of soul) I heard a Fly Buz-zWhen I died ” theme: skeptical & ambivalent about death reluctance to death Love Wild Nights-Wild nights ” (P99) nature

14、(both benevolent and cruel) I ll tell you how the sun rose emphasis of free will and human responsibility To fight aloud ” A triumph may be ” soul ( conviction of her sovereignty) I know that He exists The Brain is wider than the sky Theme: influence of Transcendentalism Human being s mind (soul) is

15、 as divine as God14. Emily Dickinson after death can we get vii. Realism 鍍金時(shí)代 Gilded Age ? beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one I died for beauty-but was scare ” Tell all the truth but tell it slant Writing style: emotional, original, against tradition Choice of words, verbal construction (

16、capitalized and dash), spelling, full of fresh images, brief, direct, plain words but not easy to read Influence: precursor to the Imagist movement Harriet Beecher Stowe work: Uncle Tom s Cab in-The greatest mani festo of America n an ti-slavery最 有名的反奴隸制作品 ) Content: a faithful record of American bl

17、ack peoples miserable life. ” (P102) vi. 16. 17. 18. 19. Walt Whitman Works: “Leavesof Grass 草葉集(9 editions from 1855 to 1892, Famous until the 5th edition) Poems in Leaves of Grass: Song of Myself (mo”st famous one) Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking “ When Lilacs紫丁香 Last in the Dooryard Bloom O C

18、aptain My Captain! ” (1859) )d” (1865 Writing style: free verse( no regular rhyme, but musical) 過渡時(shí)期 William Dea n Howells 豪厄爾斯 title: “ cha mpion of literary realism in US “ first p reside nt of America n Academy of Arts and Letter”s essay-Criticism and Fiction novel-The Rise of Silas Lapham Charac

19、ter: Silas Lapham-common Bostonian of the late 19th century, average America happy with his family and proud of his success in the world Theme: house-symDol of Lapham s success (in material) and aspiration for the polite society the burning of the house-financial fall and moral rise 7. Henry James 8

20、. themes:excha ngeSDetwee n America ns and Euro peans 美國(guó)和歐洲文化的 沖突 9. 寫作手法： a. eliminates the author and gives the reader the illusion of Deing p rese nt at the sce ne of actio讓讀者置身于情境中 10. D. without comments or explanations: Dramatize, only dramatize, is his lesson 作者只設(shè)定情境 11. Three disti nctive p

21、eriods: 12. a. 1865-1882 novels 1. 2. 3. works: 4. 5. 6. Plot: P120-121 13. The American (1877) 美國(guó)人 The Europeans (1878) 歐洲人 The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 淑女本色 貴婦的肖像 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Daisy Miller(1878) 短篇小說 b.1882-1895 plays c.1895-1990 novels The Turn of the Screw（1898短篇小說 碧廬冤孽（螺絲在旋緊） The Wings

22、of the Dove (1902) 鴿之翼 The Ambassadors (1903) 大使(奉使記) The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗 Mark Twain(Local Colorism) Wo rks: The Adventure of Tom Sawyer The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 湯姆索亞歷險(xiǎn)記的續(xù)集， 海明 威稱贊“ all modern American literature come”s theme: racism & slavery intellectual& moral education The

23、 hypocrisy of civilized” society real n ame: Samuel Lan ghor ne Cleme ns 背景 : Mississippi River viii. Naturalism（是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的高級(jí)階段） Time: at the end of the 19th century Subject of naturalist:detailed description of lives of the low and the abnormal, frank description of human passion and sexuality, and por

24、trayal of men overwhelmed by nature Theme of naturalists:pessimistic, deterministic 自然主義的起源： Emile Zola “surrounding and heredity遺傳 can decide ones destiny” 寫作手法：ironic 諷朿y, less sympathy, more serious than realism, deterministic 決定論 Works: (n ovels)Maggie: A Girl of the Streets(1893) an dThe Red Ba

25、dge of Courage(1895) (short stories)“The Open Boat ” Writi ng style: p sychological descri pti on, visual beauty with symbols works: (Novel)McTeague麥克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主義的作品 the Octo pus 章魚(best work) (1901) railway Writing style: rich material fresh imagery poetic mode of fiction precise and exact wo

26、rd (Essay of literary criticism)The Responsibilities of the Novelists (1903) O. Henry (a prolific American short-story writer多產(chǎn)短篇小說家 Real name: William Porter1. Stephen Crane 2. 3. 4. Frank Norris 5. 6. The Gift of the Magi Writing style: short, interesting and clever plot, good-natured humor, surpr

27、ising end, keen observation of details, slang and colloquial exp ressi ons works: Sister Carrie(1990)嘉麗妹妹 Jennie Gerhardt （191珍妮姑娘（姐妹篇） r The Financier (1912)金融家 “Trilogy of Desire”(欲望三部曲) The Stoic(1947) 斯多葛 The Genius (1915)天才-autobiographical novel An American Tragedy-greatest and most successful

28、 Political comme ntary set -Reflecti on of his Invo Iveme nt in the socialist moveme nt: The Iron Heel, The People of the Abyss -Reflectio n of his belief in Darwi nism: The Call of the Wild (1903適者生存，The Sea Wolf (1904) -Reflecti on of the con flict ing view : autobiogra phical noveMarti n Ede n (1

29、909) ix. Modernism7. Theodore Dreiser西 奧多德萊塞 The Tita n (1914)巨頭 9. Jack London 10. Works: Two literary periodsTwo literary periods ? 1920s - The First World War (a decade of great joy and happenings ) ? 1930s- The Great Depression Ezra Pound- the founder of Imagist movemen深受中國(guó)文化的影響) 李白的長(zhǎng)干行 In a Sta

30、tion of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd ; Petals on a wet, black bough. Ezra Pound The Waste Land(1922)-spiritual crisis of postwar Europe, like a manifesto of the “ Lost generation ” The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1917)- a poem with a notable modern emotional color,意識(shí)流，現(xiàn)代主

31、義情感色彩 Basic theme: interrelationship between reality and art, power of imagination Works: “Anecdote of the Jar Works: Famous poem: Paterso帕特森(1946- 58). Subject: everyday circumstances of life and the lives of common people. 1. 2. works: translations of Lipo sThnemser- Merchant s Wife 翻譯 3. 4. T. S.

32、 Eliot 5. Poems 6. Wallace Stevens 8. William Carlos Williams 7. ”古壇軼事 9. 10. Writing style: unusual meters and styles, easy and enjoyable to read Carl Sandburg-Oneof The greatestpoets in the “ ChicagoRenaissance ” -Chicago Po ems 11. Robert Frost 12. Subject: the people and Iandscape of New England

33、. (Misc oncep ti on of him as a lyric p oet or as an authe ntic pain ter of local Ian dsca pe) Theme: (uni versal and abstract) the comp lexity of huma n existe nee Works: p oem collection A Boy s Will (1913), North of Boston(1914) New Ham phshire(1923), Collected P oems(1930), A Further Ra nge(1936

34、), A Witness Tree(1942) Some famous po ems: “After Apple P ick ing “ Men di ng Wall ” “ stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening “ The Road not Take n ” “Design ” “The Wood Pile ” Writi ng style: form to reta in traditi onal forms of p oetry -theme deceptively simpie (trivial subjects) -la nguage lucid,

35、 easy, flue nt 13. William Faulkner:one of the twentieth century -one of the souther n writersfctional Yok nap ataw pha County -the Nobel P rize-wi nning novelist(1949) -a famous short story writer Works: 19 no vels, 3volumes of short stories poem collectio n:The Marble Faun 1924) Novel: The Sou nd and the Fury1929 喧嘩與躁動(dòng) As I Lay Dyin g, 1930 Light in August, 1932 Absalom, Absalom, 1936 Go Dow n, Moses 1942 short story: “A Rose For Emily ” Theme: gen eral huma n situati on Writi ng style: difficul