高中英語從句之完全解析

1、高中英語從句之完全解析清華大學(xué)英語系測(cè)試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站： 清華大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供定語從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語 1.定語從句：定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：1，引導(dǎo)定語從句。2，代替先行詞。3，在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。注：關(guān)系代詞有主語.賓語之分

2、。一般whom作為賓語。4.定語：定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的，是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任。此外，名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，分詞，副詞，不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔(dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來擔(dān)任單詞作定語時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前，作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后，作后置定語。（一） 限定性定語從句一、關(guān)系代詞（在句中作主語、賓語或定語）1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語也可以省略。eg：this is the boo

3、k （which）you want。而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來的位置 2. which作賓語時(shí)，根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟3. 代表物時(shí)多用which，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)等，這時(shí)的that常被省略 4

4、. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和賓語，whom作賓語時(shí)，要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語 5. whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物, 當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時(shí), 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達(dá)的意思一樣。二、關(guān)系副詞（在句中作狀語）關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on/ . which (介詞同先行詞搭配)when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介詞同先行詞搭配)1. where是關(guān)系副詞，用來表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句。2. wh

5、en引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間注值得一提的是，表示時(shí)間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)。 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush

6、 etc。3. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí)，常用there is來引導(dǎo)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 這里有人要和你說話。（二） 非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明，通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號(hào)隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分 2.當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞

7、和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3.非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)

8、行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。4. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞5. 在非限定性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物.；（三） 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.who指人在從句中做主語(1)

9、The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，?？墒÷?。（注：who和whom已無太大區(qū)別，可以通用。）(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.(3) The man who/whom you met just now

10、 is my friend.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。如果在從句中做賓語,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.3.which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4.

11、that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。(1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose

12、 roof has fallen in.whose指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?（四） 注意介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介

13、詞賓語時(shí)從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous sing

14、er (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T正確)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F錯(cuò)誤)2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代

15、詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”

16、前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities（五） 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從

17、句1. when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語(1) Please tell me t

18、he reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Grea

19、t changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.（六） 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞；而及物動(dòng)詞后接賓語，則要求用關(guān)系代詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判斷改錯(cuò)（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案

20、，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）（錯(cuò)） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（錯(cuò)） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對(duì)） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（對(duì)） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, whe

21、n聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。 方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days

22、 ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，is后應(yīng)跟表語，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago則做one的定語從句。而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；

23、先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語)（七） 介詞+關(guān)系詞1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2）that前不能有介詞。3） 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our

24、 club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late.（八）先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.

25、 (what 可以用all that代替) （九）as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例題1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A

26、. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。3）It raine

27、d hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：(1） as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。 在本題中，prevent由于是行為動(dòng)詞，所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B。As 的用法例1. the sam

28、e as；suchas 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和一樣。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。 一、“as / which” 特殊定語從句的先行成分1. 形容詞或形容詞短語作

29、先行成分, 具有形容詞意義的介詞短語也可以充當(dāng)先行成分，如：My grandmothers house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的語言環(huán)境里，有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。這些名詞主要是那些表示人的身份、職業(yè)、狀態(tài)的名詞。值得一提的是，在這些具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞之后，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不能用who / whom.2. 動(dòng)詞短語先行成分這種動(dòng)詞短語既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞短語，它們?cè)趶木渲芯鸵话阌邢薅ɑ蚍窍薅ㄐ问降奶娲鷦?dòng)詞do和as / which一起代替。do可以出現(xiàn)，也可以不出現(xiàn)，但

30、不能用其它動(dòng)詞代替。3. 句子作先行成分這句子可以是整個(gè)主句也可以只是主句中的一個(gè)從句。有時(shí)是連續(xù)幾個(gè)句子，有時(shí)甚至可以是一個(gè)完整的故事。二、“as/which”特殊定語從句在句中的位置由于先行成分的構(gòu)成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定語從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況：1. 形容詞做先行成分時(shí)：形容詞或形容詞短語（含具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。2. 動(dòng)詞短語作先行成分時(shí)：動(dòng)詞短語作先行成分時(shí)，“as / which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。但是，當(dāng)從句中含有表示主觀意志的插入成分時(shí)，“as”特殊定語從句可以移至句子之首。3.

31、 句子作先行成分時(shí)：“as”特殊定語從句的位置較靈活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引語，“as”特殊定語從句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定語從句與否定詞的相對(duì)位置不同可以使它產(chǎn)生不同的意義。由于“as”特殊定語從句具有這一特點(diǎn)，所以有時(shí)它的位置不能隨便移動(dòng)。在非正式的文體里，“which”特殊定語從句可以出現(xiàn)在先行成分之中。三、“as/which”特殊定語從句的語義功能一般說來，as與which的語義功能相同，可以相互替換。但先行成分為句子時(shí)，它們的語義功能則有差異。1. 表示結(jié)果表示結(jié)果的特殊定語從句與其先行成分之間存在著一定的因果關(guān)系，從句

32、中往往使用有結(jié)果意義的詞，如動(dòng)詞result, make, enable, cause和形容詞interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。2. 表示評(píng)注表示評(píng)注的特殊定語從句對(duì)其先行成分所述事實(shí)的正確性有肯定的傾向，它通常與那些表示客觀事實(shí)，普遍真理或某種習(xí)性的先行成分連用；從句中則常用一些表示“合乎自然規(guī)律”“眾所周知”或“經(jīng)常發(fā)生”等意義的詞語，如natural, known to all, usual等。3. 有無狀語意義 “as”特殊定語從句具有狀語意義（主要是方式狀語意義），而“which”特殊定語從句則無狀語意義。“as”特殊

33、定語從句的狀語意義要求它在語義上與其先行成分的語義保持一致，“which”特殊定語從句則不受這種限制。四、關(guān)系代詞as與which的句法功能1. as / which 在特殊定語從句中作主語。as作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常為連系動(dòng)詞（主要是be, seem），主語補(bǔ)語為usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等時(shí)，系動(dòng)詞be習(xí)慣經(jīng)常省略。行為動(dòng)詞作“as”特殊定語從句的謂語時(shí)一般用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)（其中助動(dòng)詞be常略），不及物的行為動(dòng)詞在“as”特殊定語從句中作謂語的極少，常見的有happen一詞。如：Freddie, as might be expected, was attend

34、ing the conference.Which作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞不限，主語被動(dòng)皆可，只是謂語動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be省略。2. as和which都可以在特殊定語從句中賓語。3. as和 which在特殊定語從句中作補(bǔ)語。如：We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as”特殊定語從句中可以主謂倒裝，“which”從句中則不能主謂倒裝。如果先行成分不是主語補(bǔ)語或賓語補(bǔ)語，關(guān)系代詞用which而不用as。如：He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4. which在特殊

35、從定語句中作定語。which可以在特殊定語從句中作定語，修飾fact, matter, thing 等名詞。這些名詞代表先行成分表達(dá)的意義，有時(shí)將其略去句義仍然完整。as不能作定語。如：I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.（十）關(guān)系代詞that 的用法 (1)不用that的情況(a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。 (錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.(b) 介詞后不能用。 We depend on the land

36、 from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況(a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。(b)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。(c)先行詞有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修飾時(shí)，只用that。 (d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞

37、、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。.(e)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。(f) 先行詞指物，在主句中作表語時(shí)(g) 為了避免重復(fù)(h)先行詞是the way時(shí)舉例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?這是你在圖書館借的那本書嗎？ Who that break the window should be punished誰打碎了窗戶都要受到懲罰 All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。 Finally, the their handed everything that he had s

38、tolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。（十一）難點(diǎn)分析（一）限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況1當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修飾時(shí)(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (3) All that can be done has been

39、 done(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (4) There is little that I can do for you.注意1：部分時(shí)候that可以省略，如部分例句將that用括號(hào)括住。 注意2：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾 (1) The first place that they visited in London

40、 was the Big Ben.3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí) (1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only，the same,the last 修飾時(shí)(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who (3) Wang Hua is the on

41、ly person in our school who will attend the meeting？5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí)(1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí) (1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同

42、之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：1As和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as w

43、e can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as(1) I have never heard such a story a

44、s he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks. (3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。(

45、三)以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.(四) but有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who dont )(五) 區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句1定語從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補(bǔ)充說明的關(guān)系(1) The plane that has just taken

46、 off is for London. 定語從句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位語從句2定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分，有時(shí)可以省略；同位語從句主要由that引導(dǎo)，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等詞引導(dǎo)，充當(dāng)成分(1) The news he told me is true. (2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing n

47、ow is how we can collect so much money. 定語(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.3. 同位語從句和先行詞一般可以用be動(dòng)詞發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子，而定語從句不可以(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位語(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.(3) The fact that

48、the earth moves around the earth is known to all.(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth. 18. 定語從句 定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。關(guān)系副詞有： when, where, why等。18.1 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的

49、名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2) Whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換), 例如： The

50、y rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作

51、賓語）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)定語從句介詞+關(guān)系詞1)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2)that前不能有介詞。3)某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。This is the house where I lived

52、 two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？ 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎？Do you remember the day when you joined our club？表語從句 一 定義： A 表語從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語。說明主語是什么或者怎么1樣，由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)，和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。The problem is puzzling. 主語 連系動(dòng)詞 形容詞作表語The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 主語

53、連系動(dòng)詞 一個(gè)句子作表語-表語從句B 連接表語從句的連接詞有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.He has become a teacher. He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.She has remained there for an hour. She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.His suggestion is good. His suggestion is that we sh

54、ould stay calm.The question is confusing. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. why he cried yesterday.how I can persuade her to join us in the party. whether the enemy is marching towards us. 二 注意：A 表語從句一定要用陳述語序。 False: The question is when can

55、 he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.B 不可以用if，而用whether 連接表語從句(as if 例外)。 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)可以互換if/whether 位于介詞后要用whether 位于句首時(shí)要用whether 引導(dǎo)表語從句，主語從句，同位語從句時(shí)要用whether False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is

56、 marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this questionC 不像賓語從句，在有表語從句的復(fù)合句中，主句時(shí)態(tài)和從句時(shí)態(tài)可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.D that在表語從句中不可以省掉。表語從句的基本用法表語從句只能置于主句之后，而主句的動(dòng)詞只能是聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞。名詞性從句在be等系動(dòng)詞后作表語時(shí)被稱為表語從句， 例如： The problem is how we can g