土木工程材料答案

1、表觀密度：表觀密度是指單位表觀體積材料的干質(zhì)量毛體積密度：指單位毛體積的干質(zhì)量 潤濕邊角確定材料是親水還是憎水材料與水有關(guān)的性質(zhì)：耐水性：材料在水的作用下不被破壞，或不嚴重降低強度的性質(zhì)稱為耐水性。用軟化系數(shù)kp表示。 抗?jié)B性：材料抵抗壓力水滲透的性質(zhì)稱為抗?jié)B性。由滲透系數(shù)ks表示。 材料的抗?jié)B性與材料內(nèi)部的孔隙率，特別是開口孔隙率有關(guān)，開口孔隙率越大，大孔含量越多，則抗?jié)B性越差，還與材料的憎水性，親水性有關(guān)，材料的抗?jié)B性與材料的耐久性有這密切的關(guān)系！ 抗凍性：材料在水飽和狀態(tài)下，能經(jīng)受多次抗凍融循環(huán)作用而不被破壞，也不嚴重降低強度的性質(zhì)，稱為材料的抗凍性。材料的抗凍性取決于其孔隙率，空隙特征

2、，及充水程度。簡答：試分析材料的孔隙率與空隙特征對材料的強度、吸水性、抗?jié)B性、抗凍性、導(dǎo)熱性的影響。強度：不同種類的材料抵抗外力的能力不同，同類材料當(dāng)其內(nèi)部的構(gòu)造不同時，其強度也不一樣，致密度越高的材料，強度越高！吸水性：孔隙率越大，同時開孔越多，連通孔越多，吸水性就好?？箖鲂裕号c吸水性相反，吸水性越好，抗凍性越差?？?jié)B性：越吸水性一致，同時，孔的連通性對于其有著特別的影響，是其主要影響方面。導(dǎo)熱性：孔隙率一定，連通孔越少，導(dǎo)熱性越差，開孔與否無關(guān)緊要，如果孔隙特征不變的的話，一般情況下孔隙率越大，導(dǎo)熱性越差。低碳鋼：碳的質(zhì)量分數(shù)小與0.25%的鋼 （牌號劃分依據(jù)）按質(zhì)量等級劃分：普通鋼，優(yōu)質(zhì)

3、鋼，高級優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼，特級優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼無機膠凝材料石灰（原料）石灰石、白云石、貝殼、白堊（碳酸鈣）產(chǎn)生裂紋的原因：其一，石灰在硬化過程中，要蒸發(fā)大量的水分，引起體積顯著收縮，易出現(xiàn)干縮裂紋。（在其中參入砂，紙筋，以現(xiàn)在其收縮，并能節(jié)約石灰。）其二，過火石灰表面常被黏土雜質(zhì)融化形成的玻璃釉狀物包裹，熟化較慢，當(dāng)石灰已經(jīng)硬化后，其中的過火顆粒才開始熟化，體積膨脹，引起隆起和開裂。（為消除過火石灰的危害，石灰膏應(yīng)在儲灰坑存放倆個星期以上，這個過程被稱為石灰的陳伏）建筑石膏的特點：1，凝結(jié)硬化快。建筑石膏加水拌合后的漿體初凝時間不小于3min，終凝時間不早于30min，7d左右完全硬化。2，硬化初期有微膨脹性。其

4、他膠凝材料在硬化過程中往往產(chǎn)生收縮，而石膏略有膨脹，而且不開裂。3，孔隙率高，石膏制品容重小，隔熱保溫性能好，吸音性強。4，防火性能好，遇火時，結(jié)晶水蒸發(fā)，降低表面溫度，脫水后又是良好的絕熱體，起到防火的作用。硅酸鹽水泥的主要熟料礦物的名稱 硅酸三鈣 3CaO.SiO2 硅酸二鈣 2CaO.SiO2（最慢，最少） 鋁酸三鈣 3CaO.Al2O3（凝結(jié)硬化速度最快，28d水化放熱量最大）影響水泥凝結(jié)硬化的因素1.養(yǎng)護時間2溫度濕度3石膏參量（1熟料中鋁酸三鈣含量高，石膏參入不足，水泥會發(fā)生快凝2水泥的細度越細，水化作用越快，凝結(jié)就會越快3水灰比越小，凝結(jié)時的溫度越高，凝結(jié)就越快4混合材料參量大，

5、水泥過粗，都會使水泥凝結(jié)緩慢）硅酸鹽水泥的技術(shù)性質(zhì) 1細度：水泥顆粒的細度對水泥的性質(zhì)有很大的影響。顆粒越細，與水反應(yīng)的表面積就越大，水化較快而且完全，早期強度也比較高。2凝結(jié)時間：分為初凝和終凝。初凝：為水泥加水拌合起至標準稠度凈漿開始失去可塑性所需的時間；終凝：為水泥加水拌和起至標準稠度凈漿完全失去可塑性并開始產(chǎn)生強度所需的時間。Whats 級配？ 沙石的級配是指沙石種不同顆粒的分布情況。良好的級配應(yīng)能使沙石的空隙率和總表面積均較小，以達到節(jié)約水泥，提高混凝土密實性及其強度的目的。 沙的級配用細度模數(shù)表示：普通混凝土的基本技術(shù)性質(zhì)：（和易性、強度、耐久性）和易性：是指混凝土拌合物易于施工操

6、作，并獲得質(zhì)量均勻，成形密實混凝土的性能。影響因素：1水泥漿的數(shù)量和水灰比的影響。在水灰比不變的情況下，單位體積拌合物內(nèi)，水泥漿越多，拌合物的流動性越大。2砂率的影響，實驗證明，砂率對拌合物的和易性有很大影響。3組成材料性質(zhì)的影響。（1）水泥。水泥對拌合物的影響主要是水泥品種和水泥細度的影響。（2）骨料。骨料對拌合物的影響主要包括骨料級配、顆粒形狀、表面特征及顆徑。（3）外加劑。外加劑對拌合物的和易性有很大影響。溫度和時間的影響。混凝土拌合物的流動性隨溫度的升高而降低。影響強度的因素：1水泥強度等級和水灰比。水泥強度等級和水灰比是影響混凝土抗壓強度的主要因素。2齡期?；炷猎谡ｐB(yǎng)護條件下，其

7、強度將隨著齡期的增加而增長。3養(yǎng)護的溫度和濕度?；炷琉B(yǎng)護的溫度和濕度是影響其強度的主要因素，溫度和濕度都是影響水泥的水化過程而起作用的。什么是膠凝材料 在砂漿中起著膠結(jié)的作用的材料，它是影響砂漿流動性、黏聚性和強度等主要性質(zhì)的主要組分。紅磚：當(dāng)以黏土為原料時，焙燒過程中，鐵被氧化成紅色的高價鐵，所以叫紅磚青磚：當(dāng)溫度過高，高價鐵被還原成青灰色的低價鐵，成青灰色，叫青磚。泛霜：泛霜是指黏土為原料中的可溶性鹽類，隨著磚內(nèi)水分蒸發(fā)而在磚表面產(chǎn)生的鹽析現(xiàn)象石灰爆裂：當(dāng)黏土含有石灰石時，焙燒時，會生成過火生石灰留在磚內(nèi)，這些生石灰在磚內(nèi)吸收外界的水分，消化并產(chǎn)生體積膨脹，導(dǎo)致波壞，這種現(xiàn)象被稱為石灰爆

8、裂。什么是瀝青材料：是由一些極其復(fù)雜的高分子碳氫化合物和這些碳氫化合物的非金屬的衍生物所組成的混合物，是一種褐色或黑褐色的有機膠凝材料。性質(zhì)（憎水性，在常溫下呈固態(tài)，半固態(tài)，或黏性液體。能與砂石，磚，混凝土，等材料牢固的凝結(jié)在一起，具有良好的耐腐蝕性）石油瀝青三大組分，油分、樹脂、瀝青質(zhì)油分：賦予瀝青以流動性，油分的多少直接影響瀝青的柔軟性、抗裂性以及施工難度。樹脂：主要使瀝青具有塑性和黏性。瀝青質(zhì)：決定著瀝青的粘結(jié)力。黏度和溫度穩(wěn)定性。蠟對瀝青的影響：它會降低石油瀝青的粘結(jié)性和塑性，并對溫度很敏感。是有害成分，在高溫時，會使瀝青變軟，導(dǎo)致瀝青路面高溫穩(wěn)定性降低，出現(xiàn)車轍。低溫會使瀝青變脆，抗

9、裂性降低，出現(xiàn)裂縫。粘附性降低，在有水的條件下，會使路面石子產(chǎn)生脫落，造成路面破壞。影響行車安全。無論你是多么富有經(jīng)驗的演說家，無論你做了多么充分的準備你都很難在這樣的嘈雜的招待會下發(fā)表演說（no matter how）No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception.就像吉米妹妹的朋友們關(guān)系吉米一樣，吉米也關(guān)心他們（just as）J

10、ust as all his sisters friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them.老師回來時你敢告我的狀的話，我就不再和你說話了（tell on）. If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I wont say a word to you any more.有些老年人愿意獨自過日子，但多大多數(shù)老人選擇和兒女一起生活（on ones own）Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great major

11、ity choose to live with their children.When someone does something for you ,no matter how small and no matter whether he is superior or inferior ,it is proper to say “ thank you”每當(dāng)有人幫了你，無論事情大小，無論他地位高低，你都應(yīng)該對他說聲“謝謝”。The invention of the steam engine changed ships just as it had changed land transport

12、蒸汽機的發(fā)明使船舶發(fā)生了變化，正如其已經(jīng)改變了陸地運輸一樣。Though the manager did his best to help ,he was still unable to track down the source of the problem 盡管經(jīng)理努力幫忙，他還是不能找到問題的根源所在。The girl ,whose life revolved around her brother ,had no difficulty working out what she should do to please him 這個女孩的生活天天圍著哥哥轉(zhuǎn)，完全明白該做什么來使哥哥高興。Ji

13、mmy had his sister to help him get through the painful days alone without his father 吉米有他妹妹幫助他度過那些沒有父親的艱難日子。被告是為年僅32歲的女子，她堅持自己無罪（use an appositive）The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence.正餐時不供應(yīng)飲料，飲料會影響消化（interfere with）No beverages are served with meals because they in

14、terfere with digestion.考慮到那個地區(qū)受歡迎程度，提前訂旅館是明智的（advisable）Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance服藥后若感到嘔吐感，請立即停止服用并盡快咨詢醫(yī)生（throw up）. If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult you

15、r doctors as soon as possible.總結(jié)這次討論會，他說雙方都要好好考慮怎樣以最有效的方法來解決這一問題（sum up）Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem.Endurance athletes , particularly females ,who frequently have iron deficiency, may bounce back if they consume addition

16、al meat or take iron supplements耐力運動員，尤其是女性，經(jīng)常會缺鐵，如果增食肉類食物或服用鐵質(zhì)補劑，能夠恢復(fù)到健康狀態(tài)According to the medicine expert ,it is advisable for those who suffer from fatigue and poor performance to eat red meat ,which contains the most easily absorbed form iron這位運動醫(yī)學(xué)專家認為，感到勞累、工作效率差的人，最好食用牛肉、羊肉，它們含有最易被吸收的鐵質(zhì)People w

17、ith low iron reserves should consult a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying their diet or by taking supplements鐵質(zhì)儲量低的人應(yīng)該去咨詢醫(yī)生，看看是否應(yīng)通過調(diào)整飲食或服用鐵質(zhì)補劑來校正不足。In general ， if you ignore the amount of the iron you take in and do not pay attention to warning signs before iron res

18、erves are gone ,you will be in trouble 一般說來，如果你忽視自己攝入的鐵質(zhì)含量，不在鐵質(zhì)儲備失去之前注意警告信號，你會有危險在思維方面，與他的行為一樣，他是非常傳統(tǒng)的In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional從長遠看，大學(xué)畢業(yè)后繼續(xù)深造而不是直接參加工作是值得的（in the long run,worthwhile）In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue ones study after graduating from univers

19、ity instead of going to work directly.據(jù)說，原定于這個月召開的會議將推遲到下個月召開（be scheduled to, put off）It is said that the meeting, which is scheduled to be held this month, will be put off till next month.As in France , during the 1906s in the United States there was a cultural revolution.跟在法國一樣，美國在20世紀60年代也發(fā)生過文化革

20、命。The school stresses the ideal that it is worthwhile for parents to participate in school activities together with their children 學(xué)校強調(diào)的觀點是：家長和孩子一起參加學(xué)校的活動是值得的。At the end of the class ,the teacher asks her students to spend the last five minutes in an energetic exchange evaluating their class perform

21、ance for the day on 1-10 scale快下課時，老師讓學(xué)生用最后的五分鐘來展開激烈的討論，依照110的評分標準相互評價他們當(dāng)天的課堂表現(xiàn)。Not all parents believe in Hyde Schools principle that if you teach students the merit of such values as turth , courage , integrity, leadership ,curiosity and concern ,then academic achievement naturally follows并非所有的家長都

22、相信海德中學(xué)的辦學(xué)原則，即如果你向?qū)W生傳授諸如求真、勇敢、正直領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、好奇心和關(guān)心他人等美德的話，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績就自然會提高。從各個方面考慮，這座城市都是世界上最令人激動的城市. Everything considered, this city is the worlds most exciting city.盡管沒有得到父母的同意，她還是計劃他的計劃出國學(xué)習(xí)Though with no approval from his parents, he went ahead with his plan to study abroad.這座橋是以一個英雄的名字命名的，這位英雄為人民的事業(yè)獻出了自己的

23、生命（name after）The bridge was named after the hero who gave his life for the cause of people.據(jù)說，畫家是以他母親為模特的。他母親的面容滄桑卻不失堅定（it is said）It is said that the painter used his mother as the model in the painting whose face represented suffering yet strength.這位作家于1905年因出版一本小說而一舉成名，小說的靈感來自于他和一位姑娘在農(nóng)場的經(jīng)歷（rise

24、to fame）The writer instantly rose to fame in 1950 with the publication of a novel inspired by his experience with a girl on a farm.The painting shows a serious-looking man and a women standing alongside him front in of a farm house, their models being respectively the painters dentist and sister這副畫上

25、一個神色嚴肅的男子，身旁站著一位女子，身后是所農(nóng)舍。他們的原型分別是畫家的牙醫(yī)和姐姐。Applications made by corporations, whether on their own behalf or on behalf of other persons, muse be signed by an official 公司的申請書，不管是代表自己還是代表他人，都應(yīng)該有官員的簽名After starting out in talk show , John rose to fame with his wife in radio and television programs that

26、 enlightened the general public, not just informed them做了脫口秀之后，約翰和妻子在廣播和電視節(jié)目上出了名，這些節(jié)目給普通民眾以啟迪，而不只是向他們提供信息Although some people did not approve of it, the city leaders decided to go ahead with the plan to build two five-star hotels by the lake to attract more visitors盡管有些人不贊同，可市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)還是決定實施這個計劃，在湖邊建造兩個五星級

27、賓館，以吸引更多的游客。The famous painter died, and his wife, who used to be a model posing for his drawings, immediately came in as a general of his decoration company 那位著名畫家去世了，曾經(jīng)給他當(dāng)模特的妻子立即擔(dān)任了他裝潢公司的總經(jīng)理職務(wù)。At the party, all of them were richly dressed, but it was their way of talking that captured my attention

28、 so much that I feel inclined to talk with them宴會上，他們的衣著都很華麗，但吸引我注意力的卻是他們的交談方式，使得我很想和他們交談。直到看見彌留之際躺在床上的母親，他才意識到自己是多么地愛她Not until he saw his mother lying in bed, dying, did he realize how much he loved her.考慮到他最近的身體狀況，我認為他這次考試成績還不錯Taking into account of his recent physical condition, I think he has d

29、one quite well in the exam.克拉克夫人躺在場上一動不動，一時間我都納悶他是否還活著（wonder if）Mrs. Clark lies in bed motionless, and I wondered briefly if she is still alive.整棟樓一片黑暗，只有三樓的某個窗戶透出一絲光（expect for）The building was darkened except for a single light burning in a third-storey window.這些士兵接受了嚴格的訓(xùn)練，并且對完成這項任務(wù)有充分的準備（be equi

30、pped）These soldiers have received very strict training and are well equipped to fulfill the new task.她伸手拿起電話，撥通賓館的號碼（reach for）He reached for the phone, picked it up, and dialed the hotels number.Not until the early sixties did it seem it to be generally acknowledged that Britain was no longer a gre

31、at power as previously understood直到60年代早期，人們似乎才普遍認同英國不再是以前心目中那樣的大國了。Having decided to rent a flat, we set about contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city 在決定了租房之后，我們便著手與市內(nèi)所有的房屋代理商聯(lián)系。I clean her body carefully, trying to avoid hurting her, as she is only skin and bones 我小心翼翼地替她擦身子，盡量避免弄疼她

32、，因為她瘦的只剩皮包骨了。There is a swell of emotion within me for this old man who is dying, his dark yellow skin hanging loosely around exaggerated bones, his sunken chest rising and falling with the uneven breaths 我心間對這位老人涌起了一股感情。他那暗黃的皮膚松弛地裹在顯得異常大的骨頭上，深陷的胸部隨著不均勻的呼吸一起一伏。Did you read about the famous painter i

33、n the newspaper? He actually worked himself to death for his ambition of becoming a master of visual art 你在報上讀到那位著名畫家的消息了嗎？他實際上是為了要成為視覺藝術(shù)大師的抱負而累死的。There had been hints that the old lady wanted to die alone, sparing her family am episode that perhaps they were not equipped to handle 有跡象表明，這位老太太想孤獨地離開

34、人世，不讓她的家人看到他們或許無力面對的人生插曲。我們應(yīng)該盡最大的努力預(yù)測地震，這樣地震造成的財產(chǎn)破壞才會被盡可能避免（so that）一個農(nóng)民注意到很多魚在水面上游動，他說這很可能預(yù)示著有地震發(fā)生（which）要將英漢詞典放在手邊，當(dāng)你不能準確地理解單詞時，你就能隨時查閱（keep sth. handy）如有必要，生活在將要發(fā)生地震地區(qū)的人可以睡在帳篷里（if necessary）對一個想找工作的學(xué)生來說，有沒有碩士學(xué)位的確有很大影響（make a difference）這本書除了告訴我們地震方面的知識外，還告訴我們?nèi)绾巫龊妙A(yù)防工作（in addition to ）As most of th

35、e people who died in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings ,building structures must be improved so that they can withstand the power of earthquakes People should have supplies of water and food at home and at work, which is especially necessary in possible occurrence of an earthquakeIn both J

36、apan and China, people have long believed that earthquake can be forecast by watching the behavior of animals Besides working to improve building structures, people in areas where earthquakes are common should prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake in several other aspectsIt is sensible f

37、or every family to make earthquake emergency plans and all the family members should know how to leave the area during the chaos following earthquakeAs the few remaining working telephone lines will be very busy ,all of the family members should call to check in with a friend or relative who leave f

38、ar away from the earthquake stricken area因此，以蓋茨為首席執(zhí)行官的微軟還能走多遠依然是個有趣的問題（as to） An interesting question therefore remains as to how far Microsoft can go with Gates as its CEO.抱怨是沒有用的，因為抱怨并改變不了什么，重要的是的采取措施預(yù)防類似事件的發(fā)生Theres/Its no use complaining since nothing ever changes as the result of a complaint. Wh

39、ats important is to take measures to prevent similar events from happiness.要學(xué)會接受這樣一個事實：有些你認為是朋友的人結(jié)果是敵人（turn out）Learn to accept the fact that some people you thought were friends turn out to be enemies.正如你能從書名期待的那樣，書里多處提到蓋茨是怎樣的人（expect to）As you would expect from the books title, there are many refe

40、rences to what kind of man Gates is.該公司的興隆源于公司上下人人克勤克儉（steam from）The prosperity of the company stems from hardworking and thrifty of the entire staff.就星期六晚上上演的那出戲，他什么也沒說（on the subject of）He said nothing at all on the subject of the play which was put on for the first time Saturday night.I have in fact no explanation to offer as to how he died that evening ,and it may be that no possible explanation will ever be given . 至于那天晚上他是怎么死的，事實上我無法解釋，而且也許不會有任何可能的解釋了There is no use doing something and then saying you did not mean to do it, ha