分析化學(xué)專業(yè)英語-02

1、Hold your horses. Chapter 3 MatterMatter Structure (物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu))All substances consist of matter.所有物體都是由物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的。所有物體都是由物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的。 Hold your horses. Whats the matter? 口語口語出了什么事出了什么事?怎么一回事怎么一回事? No matter. 不要緊，沒關(guān)系，無關(guān)緊要不要緊，沒關(guān)系，無關(guān)緊要It doesnt matter. 沒關(guān)系沒關(guān)系Hold your horses. Matter is anything which has mass and t

2、akes up space. 物質(zhì)是指具有質(zhì)量且占據(jù)空間的所有事物物質(zhì)是指具有質(zhì)量且占據(jù)空間的所有事物。 Hold your horses. Some important concepts to remember about matter are: 有關(guān)物質(zhì)的一些重要概念如下：有關(guān)物質(zhì)的一些重要概念如下： be of importance = be importantIt is important to do sth.It is of importance to do sth.Hold your horses. Matter is made up of one or more of over

3、92 naturally-occurring elements. 物質(zhì)是由多達(dá)物質(zhì)是由多達(dá)92種自然存在的元素中的一種種自然存在的元素中的一種或多種元素組成?；蚨喾N元素組成。 Hold your horses. Each element is a pure substance, made up of only one type of atom. 每種元素都是一種僅由一種原子組成的純物質(zhì)。每種元素都是一種僅由一種原子組成的純物質(zhì)。 Hold your horses. An atom consists of three types of particles: protons, neutrons,

4、and electrons. An atom does not need to have all three particles, but will always contain at least protons. 一個原子由三種粒子組成：質(zhì)子，中子和電子。它不必要一個原子由三種粒子組成：質(zhì)子，中子和電子。它不必要同時含有三種粒子，但至少包含質(zhì)子。同時含有三種粒子，但至少包含質(zhì)子。 Hold your horses. Electrons are negatively-charged particles, protons have a positive charge, and neutrons

5、do not have an electrical charge. 電子是負(fù)電性粒子，質(zhì)子帶有電子是負(fù)電性粒子，質(zhì)子帶有正電荷，中子不帶電荷。正電荷，中子不帶電荷。 keep the chargeHold your horses. An atom has an inner core called a nucleus, which is where the protons and neutrons are located. 原子有一個由質(zhì)子和中子占據(jù)的被稱為核子的內(nèi)核。原子有一個由質(zhì)子和中子占據(jù)的被稱為核子的內(nèi)核。 Hold your horses. Phases of Matter (物態(tài)物態(tài)

6、) Each phase of matter has its own chemical and physical properties. 每一種物態(tài)都有其特有的化學(xué)和物理性質(zhì)。每一種物態(tài)都有其特有的化學(xué)和物理性質(zhì)。 Hold your horses. The phases of matter you need to know are: Solid - a solid has a definite shape and volume 你需要了解的物態(tài)包括：你需要了解的物態(tài)包括：固態(tài)固態(tài)固體具有明確的形狀和體積。固體具有明確的形狀和體積。 Hold your horses. Liquid - a l

7、iquid has a definite volume, but can change shape 液態(tài)液態(tài)液體具有明確的體積，但可以改變形狀。液體具有明確的體積，但可以改變形狀。 Hold your horses. Gas - the shape and volume of a gas can change 氣態(tài)氣態(tài)氣體的形狀和體積都可以改變。氣體的形狀和體積都可以改變。 Hold your horses. Phase Changes (相變相變)These phases of matter can change from one to another. 這些物相可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化。這些物相可以相

8、互轉(zhuǎn)化。 Hold your horses. Remember the definitions of the following phase changes: Melting - melting occurs when a substance changes from a solid to a liquid 記住下列相變的定義：記住下列相變的定義：熔化熔化物質(zhì)從固態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化成液態(tài)的相變過程。物質(zhì)從固態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化成液態(tài)的相變過程。 Hold your horses. Boiling - boiling is when a substance changes from a liquid to a gas 沸

9、騰沸騰物質(zhì)從液態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為氣態(tài)的相變過程。物質(zhì)從液態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為氣態(tài)的相變過程。 Hold your horses. Condensing - condensation is when a gas changes to a liquid 液化液化物質(zhì)從氣態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為液態(tài)的相變過程。物質(zhì)從氣態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為液態(tài)的相變過程。 condenseHold your horses. Freezing - freezing is when a liquid changes to a solid 凝固凝固物質(zhì)從液態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為氣態(tài)的相變過程。物質(zhì)從液態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為氣態(tài)的相變過程。 Hold your horses. Physical &am

10、p; Chemical Changes (物理和化學(xué)變化物理和化學(xué)變化)The changes that take place in substances may be categorized in two classes: 發(fā)生在物質(zhì)間的變化可以分為兩類：發(fā)生在物質(zhì)間的變化可以分為兩類： Hold your horses. Physical Change - does not produce a new substance (e.g., phase changes, crushing a can) 物理變化物理變化不產(chǎn)生新的物質(zhì)的變化（例如，相變，碾碎不產(chǎn)生新的物質(zhì)的變化（例如，相變，碾碎罐

11、頭）。罐頭）。 Hold your horses. Chemical Change - produces a new substance (e.g., burning, rusting, photosynthesis)化學(xué)變化化學(xué)變化產(chǎn)生新的物質(zhì)的變化（例如，燃燒，生產(chǎn)生新的物質(zhì)的變化（例如，燃燒，生銹，光合作用）。銹，光合作用）。 Hold your horses. The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised

12、 in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. 化學(xué)元素周期表是俄國化學(xué)家季米特里化學(xué)元素周期表是俄國化學(xué)家季米特里-門捷列夫于門捷列夫于1869年首年首創(chuàng)的一種以表的形式來排列化學(xué)元素的方法。創(chuàng)的一種以表的形式來排列化學(xué)元素的方法。 Dmitri Mendeleev(季米特里季米特里門捷列夫門捷列夫)Hold your horses. Mendeleev intended the table to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the properties of the elements

13、. 門捷列夫試圖利用該表來圖解元素性質(zhì)的連續(xù)性（周期門捷列夫試圖利用該表來圖解元素性質(zhì)的連續(xù)性（周期性）趨勢。性）趨勢。 Hold your horses. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior. 隨著時間的推移，由于人們不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)新的元素，并發(fā)展新的隨著時間的推移，由于人們不斷發(fā)

14、現(xiàn)新的元素，并發(fā)展新的理論來闡明其化學(xué)行為，元素周期表的設(shè)計幾經(jīng)修正和擴充。理論來闡明其化學(xué)行為，元素周期表的設(shè)計幾經(jīng)修正和擴充。 theoretical Hold your horses. Various layouts are possible to emphasize different aspects of behavior; the most common forms, however, are still quite similar to his original design. 不同的編排方式側(cè)重于（元素化學(xué)）行為的不同方面；然而，不同的編排方式側(cè)重于（元素化學(xué)）行為的不同方面；

15、然而，（目前）最常用的形式仍然與他的原始設(shè)計極為相似。（目前）最常用的形式仍然與他的原始設(shè)計極為相似。 Hold your horses. Notes：Lanthanides are also known as rare earth elements, a deprecated term. Regarding group membership of these elements, see here. 注：注：鑭系元素鑭系元素也被稱為也被稱為“稀土元素稀土元素”（一個過時（一個過時的說法）的說法）。有關(guān)這些元素的成員，如表所示。有關(guān)這些元素的成員，如表所示。 Hold your horses.

16、Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, actinides, lanthanides, and poor metals are all collectively known as metals. 堿金屬、堿土金屬、過渡金屬、堿金屬、堿土金屬、過渡金屬、 錒系元素、錒系元素、鑭系元素鑭系元素和和賤金屬統(tǒng)稱為賤金屬統(tǒng)稱為“金屬金屬”。 Hold your horses. Halogens and noble gases are also non-metals. 鹵素和惰性氣體是非金屬。鹵素和惰性氣體是非金屬。 一個族是元素周

17、期表中的一個豎排。一個族是元素周期表中的一個豎排。 Groups and periods (族和周期族和周期) A group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements. 族被認(rèn)為是一種最重要的元素分類方法。族被認(rèn)為是一種最重要的元素分類方法。 Groups are considered the most important method of classifying the elements. 一些族中的元素具有非常相似的性質(zhì)，而且這些性質(zhì)隨著族數(shù)的一些族中的元素具有非常相似的性質(zhì)，而且這些性質(zhì)隨著族數(shù)的降低表現(xiàn)出明

18、顯的趨勢降低表現(xiàn)出明顯的趨勢 這些族以（無規(guī)則的）俗名命名，例這些族以（無規(guī)則的）俗名命名，例如堿金屬、堿土金屬、鹵素和惰性氣體。如堿金屬、堿土金屬、鹵素和惰性氣體。In some groups, the elements have very similar properties and exhibit a clear trend in properties down the group these groups tend to be given trivial (unsystematic) names, e.g. the alkali metals, alkaline earth metal

19、s, halogens and noble gases. systematicadj. 瑣碎的，無價值的瑣碎的，無價值的;平常的，平凡的平常的，平凡的;不不重要的重要的;生生種的種的 周期表中的一些其他族則表現(xiàn)出較低的相似性和（或）垂直趨勢周期表中的一些其他族則表現(xiàn)出較低的相似性和（或）垂直趨勢（例如第（例如第14和和15族），它們沒有俗名，而簡單地以族數(shù)命名。族），它們沒有俗名，而簡單地以族數(shù)命名。 Some other groups in the periodic table display fewer similarities and/or vertical trends (for ex

20、ample Groups 14 and 15), and these have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers. A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements. 一個周期是元素周期表中的一個橫排。一個周期是元素周期表中的一個橫排。 盡管族是最常用的元素分類方式，但在周期表的一些區(qū)域中，盡管族是最常用的元素分類方式，但在周期表的一些區(qū)域中，元素性質(zhì)的橫向趨勢和相似性比縱向的更為重要。元素性質(zhì)的橫向趨勢和相似性

21、比縱向的更為重要。 Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some regions of the periodic table where the horizontal trends and similarities in properties are more significant than vertical group trends. trendd-區(qū)元素（或區(qū)元素（或“過渡金屬過渡金屬”），特別是），特別是f-區(qū)元素是最好的例區(qū)元素是最好的例子，子，鑭系鑭系和錒系由兩行水平排

22、列的元素組成。和錒系由兩行水平排列的元素組成。This can be true in the d-block (or transition metals), and especially for the f-block, where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements. especially第第18族的所有元素，即惰性氣體，具有滿的價電子層。族的所有元素，即惰性氣體，具有滿的價電子層。 ExamplesNoble gasesAll the elements of Gro

23、up 18, the noble gases, have full valence shells. 這意味著，它們不需要通過和其他元素反應(yīng)來獲得滿的最外電這意味著，它們不需要通過和其他元素反應(yīng)來獲得滿的最外電子層，因此活性不如其他族元素。子層，因此活性不如其他族元素。 This means they do not need to react with other elements to attain a full shell, and are therefore much less reactive than other groups. attain由于在該族中活性隨著周期的增加而增高，氦是惰

24、由于在該族中活性隨著周期的增加而增高，氦是惰性氣體中化學(xué)性質(zhì)最弱的元素。更高周期的惰性氣性氣體中化學(xué)性質(zhì)最弱的元素。更高周期的惰性氣體因具有更大的電子層而可能發(fā)生反應(yīng)。體因具有更大的電子層而可能發(fā)生反應(yīng)。 Helium is the most inert element among noble gases, since reactivity, in this group, increases with the periods: it is possible to make heavy noble gases react since they have much larger electron

25、shells. Helium但總體來說，它們的活性還是很低。但總體來說，它們的活性還是很低。 However, their reactivity remains low in absolute terms.被稱為鹵素的第被稱為鹵素的第17族中的元素都僅缺少一個電子來填滿族中的元素都僅缺少一個電子來填滿它們的最外電子層。它們的最外電子層。 Halogens (鹵素鹵素)In Group 17, known as the halogens, elements are missing just one electron each to fill their shells. 因此，這些元素在化學(xué)反應(yīng)中

26、傾向于得電子（得電子的傾向因此，這些元素在化學(xué)反應(yīng)中傾向于得電子（得電子的傾向性被稱為電負(fù)性）。性被稱為電負(fù)性）。 Therefore, in chemical reactions they tend to acquire electrons (the tendency to acquire electrons is called electronegativity). 對于氟（整個表中電負(fù)性最強的元素）而言，該性質(zhì)最對于氟（整個表中電負(fù)性最強的元素）而言，該性質(zhì)最為明顯。電負(fù)性隨著周期的增加而減少。為明顯。電負(fù)性隨著周期的增加而減少。 This property is most eviden

27、t for fluorine (the most electronegative element of the whole table), and it diminishes with increasing period.因此，所有的鹵素與氫反應(yīng)形成酸，例如，氫氟酸、鹽酸、因此，所有的鹵素與氫反應(yīng)形成酸，例如，氫氟酸、鹽酸、氫溴酸和氫碘酸。這些酸的形式都是氫溴酸和氫碘酸。這些酸的形式都是HX。 As a result, all halogens form acids with hydrogen, such as hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hyd

28、robromic acid and hydroiodic acid, all in the form HX. hydrobromic acidhydrofluoric acidhydrochloric acidhydroiodic acid它們的酸性隨著周期的增加而增長。例如，以碘和它們的酸性隨著周期的增加而增長。例如，以碘和氟為例。因為大的氟為例。因為大的I-離子在溶液中比小的離子在溶液中比小的F-離子更離子更穩(wěn)定，穩(wěn)定， 它用于分散電荷的體積相對較小。它用于分散電荷的體積相對較小。Their acidity increases with higher period, for example

29、, with regard to iodine and fluorine, since a large I- ion is more stable in solution than a small F-, there is less volume in which to disperse the charge. I see.(我明白了)Transition metalsFor the transition metals (Groups 3 to 12), horizontal trends across periods are often important as well as vertic

30、al trends down groups; the differences between groups adjacent are usually not dramatic. 對于過渡金屬而言（第3至12族），水平趨勢和垂直趨勢同樣重要；鄰近族之間的區(qū)別通常不大。I see.(我明白了)Transition metal reactions often involve coordinated species.過渡金屬反應(yīng)往往涉及配位元素。I see.(我明白了)Symbol for Some of the Elements 1HydrogenH2HeliumHe3LithiumLi4Beryl

31、liumBe5BoronB6CarbonCI see.(我明白了)7NitrogenN8OxygenO9FluorineF10NeonNe11SodiumNa12MagnesiumMgI see.(我明白了)13AluminiumAl14SiliconSi15Phosphorus P16SulfurS17ChlorineClI see.(我明白了)19PotassiumK20CalciumCa21ScandiumSc22TitaniumTi23VanadiumV24ChromiumCrI see.(我明白了)25ManganeseMn26IronFe27CobaltCo28NickelNi29

32、CopperCu30ZincZnI see.(我明白了)47SilverAg56BariumBa79GoldAu80MercuryHg82LeadPbI see.(我明白了)Chapter 5 Nomenclature (命名法)International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature (IUPAC, 國際純粹與應(yīng)用化學(xué)聯(lián)合會)IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistr

33、y. IUPAC 命名法是一種命名化合物和描述化學(xué)科學(xué)的體系。I see.(我明白了) It is developed and kept up to date under the auspices of the IUPAC.該體系由IUPAC提出，并持續(xù)至今。I see.(我明白了)The rules for naming organic and inorganic compounds are contained in two publications, known as the Blue Book and the Red Book respectively. 有關(guān)有機物和無機物命名的規(guī)則分別

34、刊登在兩本刊物中，即藍(lán)皮書和紅皮書。I see.(我明白了) A third publication, known as the Green Book, describes the recommendations for the use of symbols for physical quantities (in association with the IUPAP), while a fourth, the Gold Book, contains the definitions of a large number of technical terms used in chemistry. 第

35、三本刊物，即綠皮書，涉及物理量符號的使用（IUPAP制定）；第四本刊物，金皮書，則包含了大量的化學(xué)專業(yè)術(shù)語。I see.(我明白了)Similar compendia exist for biochemistry (in association with the IUBMB), analytical chemistry and macromolecular chemistry. 生物化學(xué)（IUBMB制定）、分析化學(xué)和大分子化學(xué)也有類似的概略。I see.(我明白了) These books are supplemented by shorter recommendations for spec

36、ific circumstances which are published from time to time in the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry. 這些書還有一些用于特殊環(huán)境中的補充資料，它們有時候被刊登在純粹與應(yīng)用化學(xué)期刊上。I see.(我明白了) Nomenclature for Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions). 離子化合物由陽離子（正離子）和陰離子（負(fù)離子）組成。I see.(我明

37、白了)The nomenclature, or naming, of ionic compounds is based on the names of the component ions. 離子化合物的術(shù)語或命名是基于組成離子的名稱。I see.(我明白了)Here are the principal naming conventions for ionic compounds, along with examples to show how they are used: 以下是離子化合物的基本命名規(guī)則，并通過實例來演示其用法：I see.(我明白了)Roman Numerals (羅馬數(shù)字

38、)A Roman numeral in parentheses, followed by the name of the element, is used for elements that can form more than one positive ion. 元素名稱后面的圓括號中的羅馬數(shù)字被用于表示能形成多于一個的正離子的元素。I see.(我明白了)This is usually seen with metals. You can use a chart to see the possible valences for the elements. 該法往往用于金屬。你可以列出一個表來

39、顯示這些元素的可能的化合價。I see.(我明白了)Fe2+ Iron (II)Cu+ Copper (I)Fe3+ Iron (III)Cu2+ Copper (II)I see.(我明白了)-ous and -icAlthough Roman numerals are used to denote the ionic charge of cations, it is still common to see and use the endings -ous or -ic. 盡管羅馬數(shù)字被用來指示陽離子的離子電荷，使用-ous或者-ic后綴的情況也較常見。I see.(我明白了) These endings are added to the Latin name of the element (e.g., stannous/stannic f