詞義猜測(cè)—閱讀理解配套練習(xí)題

1、專題一閱讀理解（詞義猜測(cè)題）一、知識(shí)鏈接英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是它龐大的詞匯數(shù)量。即使一個(gè)擁有上萬(wàn)單詞量的人在閱讀英語(yǔ)讀物中也難免會(huì)遇到生詞。如果每遇到生詞，就查閱詞典，不但會(huì)降低閱讀速度，而且往往使閱讀變得索然無(wú)味。據(jù)調(diào)查，影響人們閱讀理解的，首先是詞匯。因此學(xué)習(xí)并掌握一些猜測(cè)生詞詞義的方法，對(duì)排除閱讀時(shí)某些生詞的干擾，降低生詞率是十分必要的。任何一個(gè)實(shí)詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。NMET閱讀理解中猜測(cè)詞義的考查內(nèi)容既可以是文中的生詞，也可以是熟詞新義、短語(yǔ)或句子。但都要求考生根據(jù)上下文線索（即具體語(yǔ)境）作出推斷。此類題的提問(wèn)形式一般有：1. Whichofthefollow

2、ingisnearest/closestinmeaningto"."?2. Theunderlinedword,means.3. Theunderlinedphrase,means.4. Theunderlinedsentence,means.二、真題演練（一）典型例題例1、T-shirtsout;uniformsinSchooluniformsarebecomingmoreandmorepopularacrosstheU.S.A.That'snosurprise,becausetheyoffermanybenefits.Theyimmediatelyendthep

3、owerfulsocialsortingandlabeling（標(biāo)記）thatcomefromclothing.Ifallstudentsaredressedinthesameway,theywillnotpaytoomuchattentiontotheirclothing,andsomeofthemwillnotbelaughedatforwearingthe"wrong”clothes.Somepeopleareagainstthestrictruleofschooluniforms,buttheydonotrealizethatstudentsalreadyacceptakin

4、dofrule-wantingtolookjustliketheirfriends.Thediffereneeisthattheclothingstudentschooseforthemselvescreatessocialbarriers;schooluniformstearthosebarriersdown.InParagraph1,theword"benefits"probablymeans.A.tasksB.messagesC.differencesD.advantages變式練習(xí)Wildlifebelongstoeveryoneandnottothegunners

5、alone.Althoughmostpeopledonotshoot,theyseemtoforgiveshootingforsportbecausetheyknowlittleornothingaboutit.Theonlyanswer,then,istobringthetruthaboutsportshootingtothegreatmajorityofpeople.Now,itistimetorealizethatanimalshavethesamerighttolifeaswedoandthatthereisnothingfairorrightaboutapersonwithaguns

6、hootingtheharmlessandbeautifulcreatures.Thegunnersliketodescribewhattheydoascharacter-building,butweknowthattowoundananimalandwatchitgothroughtheagonyofdyingcanmakenobodyhappy.If,astheywouldhaveyoubelieve,gun-carryingandkillingimprovehumancharacter,thenperhapsweshouldencouragewar.Theunderlinedword&q

7、uot;agony"inthelastparagraphprobablymeans.A.formB.conditionC.painD.sadness(二)課堂練習(xí)10:OOPMScience/HeathIsitpossibletobeathighbloodpressurewithoutdrugs?Theansweris"yes".AccordingtotheresearchersatJohnsHopkinsandthreeothermedicalcenters.Afterastudyof800personswithhighbloodpressure,theyfou

8、ndthatafter6monthsthosedevotedtoweightloss-exerciseandeatingalow-salt,low-fatfood-lostabout13poundsandbecamefitter.Plus,35%ofthemdroppedintothe"normal"category(范疇).Thisweek,Dr.AlanDuckworthwilltellyouhowthesepeoplereducetheirbloodpressuretoalevelsimilartowhat'sachievedwithHypertensiond

9、rugs.InScience/Health,"JohnsHopkins"is.A.afamousuniversityB.amedicalcenterC.awell-knowndoctorD.adrugcompany三、方法點(diǎn)撥1. 根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義通過(guò)定義、定語(yǔ)從句/詞組或同位語(yǔ)從句/詞組等來(lái)確定詞義. 直接定義：如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。1) 1nslangthetermjamconstitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsituatio

10、n.定義句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,represent等。 同位語(yǔ)：構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)和括號(hào)等。需要注意的是：同位語(yǔ)前還常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orrather等副詞或短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)。2) WilliamShakespearesaid,“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(紗線),goodandilltogether.”Th

11、eunderlinedword“mingled”intheparagraphmostprobablymeans“A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happy3) Maryfeltperturbed,thatis,shewasgreatlydisturbedbyhersister'saction.4) Therearetwotypesoffat,externalfat(fatunderskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall). 定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)起著解釋和說(shuō)明的作用，據(jù)此我們可以推斷出所修飾詞的含義。5) Theherdsman,w

12、holooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.6) Perhapsthedaysaregonewhenwemightlistenquietlytoastoryontheradio,lettingimaginationtakeusintoanotherworld.Whatdoes“thedays”inParagraph3referto?A.Imaginarylife.B.Simplelifeinthepast.C.Timesofinventions.D.Timeforconstantactivity.2. 根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義在一個(gè)句子或

13、段落中，有時(shí)對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞來(lái)猜測(cè)其詞義。英語(yǔ)中表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand禾口while弓丨導(dǎo)的并列句等。7) AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest. 根據(jù)類比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義表示類比關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)主要有similarly,like,justas,also,asw

14、ell等。8) Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。9) Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers. 根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。10) Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunit

15、y,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.3. 根據(jù)上下文及生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義我們可以根據(jù)上下文與生詞密切相關(guān)的句子，對(duì)生詞進(jìn)行合情合理同時(shí)合乎上下文語(yǔ)境的推測(cè)。我們也可以根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納，猜測(cè)生詞的詞義。11) Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachinginSch

16、ools,orEnglishLearning.12) Karen,grownupinaverytraditionalfamilyinthewesternUnitedStates,maintainedhighmoral(道德的)standardsthroughoutheryouth.In1984,attheageof23,shemarriedBill.Theywereblessedwithtwochildren,aboyandagirl.Theunderlinedpartinthepassagemostprobablymeans“”A.wereluckyinhavingB.wereaskedto

17、adoptC.regrettedhavingD.gavebirthto13) Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.14) ButsometimesIjustfeelloathtotalktothesepeople.Sometimes,Ijustwanttobealone,quietly,withoutbeingforcedtolistentotheirgossiporotheruselesswords.Theunderlinedwordloath”inthisparagraphhastheclosestmeaningtoA.unwillingB.eagerC.pl

18、easedD.hurt4. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義英語(yǔ)單詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種，即復(fù)合法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)化法。英語(yǔ)單詞大多是由詞根、詞頭（前綴）、詞尾（后綴）所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達(dá)單詞的基本含義。在詞根前頭或后頭加上前綴或后綴，可以用來(lái)引申或轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~的意義。只要我們掌握了各種詞根、詞頭、詞尾的基本含義，那么就可以很容易地猜測(cè)所構(gòu)成的新詞的含義了。中學(xué)英語(yǔ)中常見的前綴和后綴有:super(超)inter(在之間)able(能的）mini(極少的，微型的）micro（極微小的）re（再，反復(fù)）sub(分支的，底下)co(共同）post(后)pre(前）trans(超越；轉(zhuǎn)換)wards(向

19、）some(易于的)mis(誤；惡）un(不；非）in(不；非）im（不；非）dis(不）non（不；非）less(不；無(wú)anti（反；防)sino(中國(guó)）scope(景）hood(狀態(tài);性質(zhì)；時(shí)期）proof(防的；不能穿透的）ship(身份；資格;權(quán)力；性質(zhì))under(在之下；低于；不足)ish(如的；有點(diǎn)兒的)15)Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.16)Sharksareamongthefewanimalsintheworldthatalmostnevergetcancerandeyecataracts.

20、Understandingwhycanhelpusimprovehumanhealth.Chemicalsextractedfromsharkcartilagehavekilledcanceroustumorsinlaboratoryanimals,aresearchthatsomedaycouldhelpprolongyourlife.Theunderlinedword“prolong”intheparagraphmeansA.saveB.protectC.lengthenD.improve17)Recyclinginthehomeisveryimportantofcourse.Howeve

21、r,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealreadyhavemorematerialthanweneed.Wearedealingwiththeresultsofthatover-consumptioninthegreenestwaypossible,butitwouldbefarbetterifwedidnotbringsomuchmaterialhomeinthefirstplace.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thatover-consumption”referto?A.Usingtoomuchpackaging.B.Recycl

22、ingtoomanywastes.C.Makingmoreproductsthannecessary.D.Havingmorematerialthanisneeded.四、模擬實(shí)戰(zhàn)AMillionsofaircrafttakeoffaroundtheworldeveryyear.Theskiestheyflyinseemlimitless-milesofemptyspace.But,withthenumberofflightsincreasingeachyear,thisemptinessnoIongerexists.Researchersintheworldofaviation(航空)are

23、worriedabouttheincreasingpressureonpilotsandgroundcontrollers.Andincreasingcollisions,occurringatornearanairport,havecalledattentiontotheneedformoreaids(輔助設(shè)備)toaviationcontrol.Peoplewhotraveltheskiesarenotcertainaboutairsafety.Agreatdealofmoneyisspentonnewandbiggeraircraftandairportstodealwiththevas

24、tincreaseinpassengerstravellingbyair.Onlyasmallpercentageofthismoneyisspentonnavigation（導(dǎo)航）andotheraids.Actually,suitableelectronicequipmenthaslongexisted,andmanycompaniesmarketsafetyaidsdesignedtomakeitsaferforaircrafttotakeoff,flyanydistanee,anyland,whatevertheweather.Yet,therearetwoproblemstobeso

25、lved.Thefirstistogetgovernments,airlinesandairportofficialstoagreetobasiclevelsofsafetyaids.Thesecondproblemistofindawayofmeetingthesebasicrequirements.Theunderlinedword"collisions"probablymeansA.accidentsinwhichtwoplaneshiteachotherB.misunderstandingsbetweenpilotsandgroundcontrollersC.qua

26、rrelsamongpassengersD.breakdownsofnewtypesofinstrumentBHaikou:AsharkwaskilledafterbeingdraggedtoshoreatYa-longBerthbeachinSanya,SouthChina'sHainanProvince,onSundayafternoon.Itwasthefirsttimeasharkhadbeencaughtinthebeacharea,apopulartouristsiteinHainan.Localfishermensaidtheycaughtthe3-meter-long,

27、1-tonsharkbychaneewhentheywerefishinginseawater1,000metersdeepnearthebeach.Policetemporarily（暫時(shí)的）protectedthesharkwhileoceanographersdecidedwhetheritwasaspeciesbelongingtoStateprotection.FishermenlaterkilledandsoldthesharkafteroceanographersconfirmedthatitwasawhalesharkandthereforenotunderStateprote

28、ction.ThesharkwasbelievedtohavedriftedintotheareafromthedeepseaduetostrongwavescausedlastweekbyTyphoonImbudo.Ithadnoopeninjuriesbutexpertssaidtheybelieveditsufferedfrominternal（內(nèi)部的）bleeding.LocalpoliceofficerFuChenggengsaidbeachgoersshouldnotfeelthreatenedbysharksbecausethefishneverattackhumanbeingsontheirowninitiative.FusaidhehadneverheardofanysharkattacksattheSanyabeachsincehefirststartedworkthereeightyearsago.However,policesaidtheywillimprovethesecuritysystemtosafeguardtourists'saf